Indust. Rev. was a major factor Cotton factories needed improved raw

materials and India had those resources, in cheap supply

This led to expansion into India Opp. To increase trading opportunities

Sought to open up new trade routes Hunt for new markets increased as the mass-

manufac. Of new goods in the indust. Rev. increased the amt of trading

Benjamin Disraeli Jewish prime minister of Britain Brought India and the Suez Canal under

Brit. Empi. Control Promoted the glory of an empire on which

“the sun never sets” Marquess of Salisbury

Also promoted Disraeli’s ideas

The idea of Imperial glory reflecting on a gov’t was a clear motivating factor for EU Imperialism of the 19th century.

Justification and motivation Belief that the Christian religion and EU forms

of gov’t, education, and law would improve the lives of indigineous peoples of Africa, Asia, and Australia

Therefore it was seen as a duty to spread EU civilization

Major Eu powers divided up Africa w/o any African leaders present The EU leaders believed they were better,

and that the African ideas were unimportant.

Is necessary to preserve existing social orders in more developed countries, to secure trade, markets, maintain employment and capital exports, and channel the energies and social conflicts of the British onto foreign countries. Very strong assumption of Western

superiority- both racial and ideaological.

Policy choice, not inevitable consequence of capitalism

Increasing the concentration of wealth in richer countries leads to under-consumption for the mass of people. Overseas expansion reduces the costs, and

ups new consumption(although this is not inevitable)

Simply a manifestation of the balance of power

Is the process by which nations try to achieve a favorable change in the status quo

Purpose is to decrease the strategic and political vulnerability of the nation

Objectless expansion, a pattern simply learned from the behavior of other nations Industrialized into the domestic and political

processes of a state by a “warrior class” This class is created because of the need for

defense , but, over time the class will manufacture reasons to perpetuate its existence

Usually through the manipulation of crises.

Entrepreneurs and capitalists looked to engineering projects in Egypt

Muhammad Ali came as officer of reoccupation

Fought to gain governorship and found an independent kingdom

Abolished tax-farming, forced peasants to sell cotton for pittance and replaced craft guilds with slate factories

Under free-trade banner, Britain imposed the price of contrived friendship on Sultan

By 1860s Ali’s private interests were removed from economy

Cotton exports quadrupled in price and doubled in quantity

By 1870s Egypt had railways and a telegraph network

Modernization underway and independence from Britain in sight but by 1882, Egypt under British control again

Enfeeblement of Ottomans forced Britain to give it up

Regional Politics Before GB, Mughal rule was stable It was giving way to separate states British took advantage

Made alliances with states Fought with French and Dutch for Indian territory Crown and head of EIT Co. didn’t want more land, it was

individuals

Nov. 1st, 1858 --- Queen Victoria declares India under British crown

East India Trade Co. Formed under Elizabeth I Owned warehouses and trading posts in India 17th & 18th C

Sales in London up to £2 million Cotton and spice trade 20-30 ships per year

Flora Annie Webster Steel The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook Typical housekeeping book Describes typical Indian life

Lived in India for 12 yrs Wrote books regarding Indian culture as well as

British Very “prim and proper”

In 1768 the British government planned a South Pacific expedition Led by Captain James Cook His maps and descriptions of

Australia's eastern coast inspired the first settlements

1788: British ships arrived at Australia They carried over 700

British convicts First European settlers

Over time, the settlement grew More prison ships arrived, and later ships

containing British citizens Colony growth => Growth of Britain's control Britain laid claim to the entire continent in

1829 The wealthy in Europe invested in

profitable opportunities in other countries Investments were made in the construction of

railroads, ports, and utilities Allowed settlers to buy European rails

Developed sources of cheap food and raw materials

Native people (the aborigines) were decimated by expanding Western society

Throughout the 1800s, civilization spread vastly across the continent

Large growth due to: Sheep and cattle ranching Discovery of gold Expanding immigration

By 1859, six colonies were fully established Decided it was best to be unified In 1901 the colonies became a nation of

the British commonwealth, quickly and peacefully

Government Acts of Union of 1840, united the Lower

Canada colony(French-speakers) and the Upper Canada(English- speakers), forming the Province of Canada

In July 1, 1867, British North America Act created the Dominion of Canada

Resulted in: Postal System(1868) National Banking Act(1871) The first railway system, Intercolonial (1876)

Fur trade Expansion led to the first transcontinental

railroad Canadian Pacific Railway

• Timber trade (St. John River, New Brunswick, Ottawa River)

Bayly, C. A. Atlas of the British Empire. New York: Facts on File, 1989. 67, 73,137-41,145,189+. Print.

"Canada - British Rule to 1867." HowStuffWorks. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. <http://history.howstuffworks.com/canadian-history/history-of-canada4.htm>.

Dolce, Laura. "Australia and the World." Australia. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. 15-19. Print.

Galbraith, Catherine Atwater., and Rama Mehta. India, Now and through Time. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. Print.

Marshall, Peter. "The British Presence in India in the 18th Century." BBC News. BBC, 17 Feb. 2011. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/east_india_01.shtml>.

McKay, John P. "The West and the World." A History of Western Society. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2007. 850+. Print.