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OCTOBER 1971

EBROADCAST MANAGEMENT /ENGINEERING

RESPONSE IS THE KEYTO ITV ACCOUNTABILITY

If you arecontemplating

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You'll find a very flexible package which isdesigned to simplify assembly of systems ofvirtually any size or configuration, and with mostmethods of switch control. And a completemachine -control capability too. A total systemconcept, designed to fill your needs, regardless ofthe complexity of your requirement. And, if youdesire, we will design your system, rack it, wire itand test it as a system. Custom control panels areno problem either.

If a Series -5100 won't fill your needs, checkwith us anyway. We manufacture a variety ofother switching equipment too, including a fullline of inexpensive production switchers, 70-MHzcomputer -controlled IF switching systems, and

of greater than 50 MHz, with full equalization ofall video paths. Much of our equipment will alsohandle high-speed data.

Whether you need a local -pushbutton -controlled12X12 matrix, or a 500X500 computer -controlledaudio -follow system, your best bet is DYNAIR.

So leave your problem with the experts . . . sendus your requirements today. We'll fire back adesign and quotation with a realistic approach tothe solution.r

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We are planning a switching system, please have yourrepresentative call.

Please send a copy of "Video Switching Techniques"

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We dedicate this cover to theBBC which is concerned aboutstudents acquiring knowledgein a passive uninvolved fashion.For a rundown on producingparticipative, responsive ITV,check the article on page 31.

BROADBANDINFORMATION SERVICES, INC.

200 Madison Ave.New York, N.Y. 10016212-685-5320

Editor:James A. Lippke

Technical Editor:Thomas R. Haskett

Assistant Editor:A. E. Gehlhaar

Art Director:Gus Sauter

Production Manager:Arline G. Jacobs

FCC Counsel:Pittman Lovett FordHennessey and White

BROADCAST MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING

OCTOBER 1971/VOLUME 7/NUMBER 10

6 Broadcast Industry NewsNAEB, SMPTE meetings

10 Audio FileFor engineers: How all -talk audio is processed at WINS

12 Interpreting the FCC Rules and RegulationsCan you refuse to sell time?

18 Education in Kentucky-By TelevisionFor engineers: One of the nation's largest instructional TV systems

27 University Extension via TVIt's more convenient and cheaper

31 Making ITV AccountableA handful of pioneers may show how to make ITV cost effective

36 Broadcasters Tell About Their Cost -Effective BuysFor managers and engineers: Make careful equipment surveys beforeyou buy

37 Broadcast EquipmentNew and significant products for broadcasters

44 New LiteratureUseful reading materials

CM /E MAGAZINE: For Cable Readers Only Between pages 36 and 37

BRABM/E, BROADCAST MANAGEMENT/ENGINEERING, is published monthly by Broad-band Information Services, Inc. All notices pertaining to undeliverable mail or sub-scriptions should be addressed to 200 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. BM/E

is circulated without charge to those responsible for station operation and for specifyingand authorizing the purchase of equipment used in broadcast facilities. These facilitiesinclude AM, FM, and TV broadcast stations; CATV systems; ETV stations; networks andstudios; audio and video recording studios; consultants, etc. Subscription prices to others:$15.00 one year, $25.00 two.Copyright © 1971 by Broadband Information Services, Inc., New York City.Controlled Circulation postage paid at Duluth, Minn.

4 October, 197I-BM/E

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BROADCAST INDUSTRY

1971 NAEB MeetingSet for Miami BeachCase reports on successful publicprogramming, new ideas in stationmanagement and in audio and ra-dio engineering, plans for bettereducation for jobs in educationalbroadcasting, the latest programproduction techniques, the politicaland public relations problems ofthe educational broadcaster areamong the talk -session topicsscheduled for the annual meetingof the National Association of Ed-ucational Broadcasters, in the Fon-tainebleau, Miami Beach, October18, 19, and 20th.

On the exhibit floor, the dol-drums in the broadcast industrywill be evident, as they were atlast year's NAEB meet, in the ab-sence of most of the major manu-facturers of broadcast transmittingequipment. Something over 60 ex-hibits will be devoted largely toclosed-circuit television equipment.Among the new items on displaywill be the Magnavox Series 200and Series 300 color cameras, de-signed specifically for closed-cir-cuit TV and CATV.

Dr. Sidney Marland, U.S. Com-missioner of Education, will ad-dress a General Session on Tues-day morning, October 19. A forumon the relations between educa-tional stations and politicians willbe led by Gerald G. Yokom, ofNAEB's educational radio division.

Magnavox Video Sys-tems introduces atNAEB two new colortelevision cameras-the Series 200(Right) and the Series300.

There will be a paper on howfour ETV stations use computersto collect and analyze instructionaldata, by George L. Hall, Researchand Development Officer, NAEB;and a paper on the successful useof broadcasting to improve vocabu-lary skills in inner city St. Louis,by Dr. Gerald H. Moeller, Direc-tor of Evaluation and Research, St.Louis Public Schools.

Among the score of other gen-eral topics are: innovations in edu-cational programming; evaluationof instructional programs; and useof an ETV staff to improve com-munity involvement. Engineeringsessions cover virtually the wholerange of topics that interest theETV engineer, from video tapetechniques to remote transmittercontrol, from 16 -track audio to therole of satellites in ETV.

For a BM/E report on "MakingITV Accountable," see page 31.

Also In Miami-NITA-ITS MeetingOn the same days (October 18,19, 20) that the educational broad-casters exchange ideas and encour-agement (above), and also in Mi-ami Beach's Fontainebleau Hotel,there will be a joint convention ofthe National Industrial TelevisionAssociation and the IndustrialTelevision Society, two groups ofpersons actively concerned withtelevision in a wide range of non -

broadcast applications. The pro-gram will consist mainly of paneldiscussions and presentations deal-ing with better use of television inbusiness, industry, medicine, andother non -broadcasting areas.

SMPTE Conferenceto Emphasize TelevisionAt the Queen Elizabeth Hotel inMontreal, from the 3rd to the 8thof October, the Society of MotionPicture and Television Engineerswill hold its 110th Technical Con-ference, with about 35 papers de-voted to television engineeringtopics, and a two-day symposiumon video cartridge, cassette, anddisc player systems.

The television papers cover avery wide range of broadcast andcable engineering topics, includingamong many others: new magnetictapes; advanced switching systems;studio design; audio monitoringequipment; studio lighting; newcameras; the use of satellites inbroadcasting networks; an analyti-cal study of the image transforma-tion process; a panel discussion onthe need for on -air color correctionof film.

Precise TimeBroadcast by NBSAn experimental television timecode system developed by the Na-tional Bureau of Standards will betested nationally in October. Lineone of the vertical interval has beenchosen for transmitting both ahour -minute -second code and aprecise microsecond code.

The viewer will not be aware ofthe test but broadcasters could usea simple decoder to superimposean alpha -numeric readout on theTV screen. The system can trans-mit, at the same time, a precise1MHz carrier. Thus precise timeand a stable frequency signal canbe delivered on a wide scale basisinexpensively.

Dolby FM Noise Reductionis Getting Continued TrialFollowing a demonstration byDolby and WFMT in Chicago, at

6 October, 1971-BM/E

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NEWS continuedthe time of the Consumer Elec-tronics Show, Dolby encoders havebeen installed on an experimentalbasis by several FM stations.WFMT is continuing to use thesystem, and others that have joinedin are KANU, Lawrence, Kansas;KARK, Little Rock, Ark.; andWLRS, Louisville. Dolby claims areduction in background noise, forFM receivers having the decodercircuitry, of 10 dB. As BM/Epointed out in the May issue, re-porting on a March demonstrationof the system, that amounts to im-proving receiver sensitivity byabout a factor of three, and multi-plying the station's coverage areaby three. Now, if FM receivermakers can be persuaded to put de-coders in (for about $10), FM'erswould seem to have a quick routeto greatly increased coverage.(The encoder costs about $1000.)

New Low -Frequency RadioWarning System On the Way

Under contract from the U.S.Office of Civil Defense, the West-inghouse Corporation will build byJuly 1972 a 50,000 -watt low -fre-quency radio transmitter at Edge -wood Arsenal, Md., and will alsoinstall 500 receivers to bring inthe signals from the transmitter tolaw enforcement of f ices, firehouses, and selected state and localgovernment agencies in eight east-ern states. The system will supplymuch faster and more reliablewarning of both nuclear attack andmajor peacetime disasters. Warn-ings received by the local govern-ment agency are relayed from thereto the local community. The sys-tem is the first in a series pro-jected by the OCD and called"Decision Information Distribu-tion Systems." A second group of1600 receivers will be installedafter the first batch is in workingorder. The OCD wants elevenother similar transmitter and re-ceiver system to cover the wholecountry.

CommunicationsEngineers-They WantYou in Australia!

The Australian Post Office,which controls Australia's postaland telecommunications and pro-vides all TV, radio, and relay serv-ices, is actively seeking communi-cations engineers; in fact, wantsthem badly enough to pay first-class air fares to bring successfulapplicants and their families toAustralia. The APO offers an ini-

tial three-year appointment, withthe possibility of an extension orpermanent job at the end. APO isa $2.5 billion enterprise, the larg-est business in Australia, growingabout $350 million yearly, and isfacing an acute shortage of trainedhelp. Anyone with a degree in en-gineering who would like an inter-view, to be held near him, shouldwrite to L. Mead, Executive Offi-cer, Australian Embassy, Washing-ton, D.C.

Satellite Will TakeEducation via Radio toAlaskan Villages

The U.S. Office of Education,the National Institutes of Health,and the National Aeronautics andSpace Administration are joinedin an experiment to bring educationand health services to remote Alas-kan villages via radio, using anApplications Technology Satellitealready in orbit. Most of the vil-lages to be reached have no tele-phone service. The satellite -radionet will distribute a wide variety ofteacher -training material, healthinstruction, university courses forcollege credit, instruction in nutri-tion, in child development, pro-grams on Alaskan culture andhistory, and information on careerand training opportunities inAlaska.

Association ActionsNational Association of Broadcast-ers charged that a coordinated na-tional movement was behind mostof the complaints and petitionsaimed at denying license renewalsto radio and TV stations. NABsaid it is opposed to a proposalthat each station carry announce-ments each eight days throughoutthe year to stimulate commentsfrom the public. NAB expressedagreement with some other pro-posals, including filing for renewalfour months before expiration,rather than the present 90 days,and for prefiling and post -filingnotices. . . . NAB said that theFCC has no authority to order alltelevision receivers to be speciallydesigned to receive CATV, as re-quested by NCTA, because CATVis not "broadcasting." Without newlegislation, the FCC cannot pro-ceed on this, said NAB. . . . UHFrevenues, said NAB, increased28.2% from 1969 to 1970, withthe per -station average going from$729,400 to $935,000. Of 62 sta-tions responding to an NAB sur-vey, 27 made a profit in 1970. Op-erators expect the average to gopast $1 million in 1971, a level at

which 70% of OF stations havebeen profitable.

National Cable Television Associa-tion, through its Chairman, JohnGwin, expressed general strong ap-proval of the FCC proposals of thepast summer for the future ofCATV. As BM/E pointed out inthe editorial in the August issue,in essence the FCC proposes to letcable import distant signals if cablewill also move promptly into thosemuch -heralded, non -broadcastingcommunication services it isuniquely equipped to provide. "Wewill do everything in our power toinsure the successful implementa-tion of the FCC's hopes for cableTV," said Gwin, indicating that onthe national level at least cablewill accept the challenge. . . .

NCTA has issued a revised editionof the "Code of Ethical Practices"for cable systems. A new sectioncovers advertising standards, re-flecting growth in the use of adson cable. . . . Irving Kahn, Chair-man of TelePrompTer, the coun-try's largest cable operator, hasbeen named head of the NCTASatellite Committee, which will in-vestigate and report on all aspectsof the use of satellites in distribut-ing cable programs. . . . NCTA isseeking a new Government Rela-tions Director who can work withdiverse groups in the industry andinform legislative and regulatorybodies on cable issues and the fu-ture of broadband communica-tions. Association members or oth-ers should submit nominations toBruce E. Lovett, Vice President,American Television and Commu-nications Corp., 1629 K Street,N.W., Washington, D.C., 20006.. . . Recent NCTA appointmentsinclude Don Anderson as directorof membership services, Amos B.Hostetter as Chairman of the Pub-lic Relations Committee, WilliamF. Karnes as Chairman of the En-gineering Committee, and W. R.Brazeal and L. W. Kliewer to theExecutive Committee.

National Association of Educa-tional Broadcasters has formed anad hoc task force to examine thestate of instructional radio and de-velop guide lines for its future de-velopment, in the light of changesin education and in radio tech-nology. Members are Kenar Char-koudian, KRVM, Eugene, Oregon;Dick Forsythe, WBAA, Purdue Uni-versity;Claire Kentsler, WHA,Madison, Wisconsin; Elinor Rich-ardson of the Los Angeles CountySchools; and James Macandrew,WNYE, New York.


AUDIO FILE:FOR BETTER IDEASFROM AUDIO ENGINEERS

All -TalkAudioProcessingFor years, many radio men havestruggled with the normal situa-tion of music and talk program-ming. Because of the differencebetween music and speech wave-forms, accurate level control is aproblem.

Recently, however, the all -talkformat has become viable and it'spossible to forget about music andset up equipment for speech alone.(Exceptions are musical commer-cials, but these occupy only a smallfraction of the broadcast day.)What sort of audio signal process-ing would you do if your stationwent all -talk?

In New York City, wiNs(Am) isall news 24 hours a day. Mostprogramming is live (announcerin studio), but with a good amountof actuality tapes, feeds (live ortaped) from other Group W sta-tions, and remotes from mobileunits or reporters on foot.

The WINS studios are in mid-town Manhattan, while the remote -controlled 50 -kW transmitter isacross the Hudson River in NewJersey. To put the most intelligiblesignal into the station's coveragearea, Chief Engineer Bruce Rattsuses the lineup of audio signal -processing gear shown in the dia-gram.

In the studio, the master controlroom switcher has six inputs fromsix studio consoles. There are 12output lines. The first element inthe chain is a Kahn Symmetra-Peak, which equalizes nonsym-metrical audio peaks, compensat-ing for microphone polarity or anyother similar defect in a tape orremote feed.

Next, a CBS Labs Audimaxcompresses dynamic range some-what to fit audio within the windowimposed by the amplitude modu-lation system.

(Continued on page 10)

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Audio File continued

The CBS Labs Dynamic Pres-ence Equalizer is useful becausemany news tapes and remote feedshave degraded frequency responsedue to less -than -optimum tape gear(dirty or mis-biased heads) or low-grade telco lines The DPE boostsor attenuates midrange audio(2000-4000 Hz) which contains theconsonants that supply most of theinformation in speech.

Last element in the studio chainis a McCurdy line amplifier. Itdrives a 15 -kHz leased telco lineout to the transmitter site.

At that point, a CBS Labs Volu-max peak limiter establishes theaudio ceiling. Some feel a limitershould be the last element beforethe transmitter, but WINS uses anexception to this rule-the Loud-ness Controller developed by CBSLabs. It makes the final dynamicjudgment, preventing excessiveloudness. Certain tape feeds andcommercials sound louder thannormal programming because ofprocessing: shelf equalization,compression, echo, reverb. Thecontroller insures that loudnesswon't exceed a predeterminedlevel. As a peak -limiting device itdoesn't increase low -amplitudepassages, and holds high -amplitudesegments within a certain level.

The last three elements in thechain are attenuators used to trimaudio level to match the transmitterinput. First is a rough attenuator,adjustable over a 30 -dB range in1 -dB steps. Second, a fine attenu-ator covers a 3 -dB range in 0.1 -dBsteps. Both of these are manual at-tenuators which are set at the trans-mitter whenever anything ischanged.

The third attenuator is a motor -driven pot, remote -controlled fromthe studio. Range is 4.5 dB, in0.1 -dB steps. This attenuator isused for trimming working levelfrom the studio, while observingthe modulation monitor.

Finally, the equipment chain justdescribed is one of two identicalsystems from studio to transmitter.And WINS has two transmitters andstandby power, for maximum re-liability.

There you have it-one station'sidea of all -talk audio processing.How would you do it? BM/E

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October, 1971-BM/E

KDALIV moved out to move upto full color. The timing was perfect, says RonLund, Director of Photography for the Duluth station."Management had already decided to move the entirestation to a new building, and this fits our plans for awhole new photo department-complete with colorprocessor.

"The Kodak ME -4 process gave us the flexibility weneeded to stay on top of color news and sports. Nowwe can do more, and do it faster. We've had film come

in at 9:15 PM., and had it on the air for the 10 o'clockevening news. And we've had tremendous communityresponse to our documentaries. We've shot everythingfrom an anniversary of a forest fire to local sports fishing.

"And it's paid off in other ways. We process quite alot of commercials and industrial films. And we've in-stalled the Kodak Silver Recovery System to add a littlemore to the profits.

'Color quality? JiJst great! And we've had excellentresults with Kodak's packaged chemicals. In short, we'rejust glad we moved when we did. -

Want to know more about the advantages of ME -4or mini ME -4 processing? You don't have far to go. Justcall your nearest Kodak Representative at one of thenumbers below. And make your move.

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INTERPRETING THE1FCCRULES &REGULATIONS

New Dimensions To "Fairness"The United States Court of Appeals for theDistrict of Columbia Circuit has just issued adecision which is reverberating around broadcastlicensee's control rooms throughout the country.The Court has, in effect, added a new dimensionto "fairness" by declaring that, as a general policy,a broadcaster cannot refuse to sell any of itsadvertising time to groups or individuals wishingto speak out on controversial public issues. Thatis, if a broadcaster sells time on its facilities toregular commercial advertisers, it must also selltime to groups or individuals who wish to speakon controversial issues.

There is still much controversy over the exactscope of the Court's order. However, the reality toyou, the broadcaster, is that you may very wellface some knotty legal questions in refusing tomake time available to groups or individuals whowish to use your facilities to speak out on con-troversial subjects.

Before discussing the Court's pronouncements,a review of the broad precepts of the "FairnessDoctrine" is in order.

Basic Fairness Doctrine

The Fairness Doctrine concerns a broadcastlicensee's broad obligation to air all sides of acontroversy of public importance. In general, thisdoctrine requires that the broadcast licensee: (1)encourage, implement and foster the carriage ofprogramming designed to expose public issues;and (2) afford a reasonable opportunity for allsides of important, controversial issues to beaired by the licensee's station.

The Fairness Doctrine has evolved out of aseries of cases. Its definitive policy statementappeared in the Federal Communication's 1949Editorializing Report, and was the subject of the1969 landmark case, Red Lion BroadcastingCompany, Inc. v. FCC. The Commission believesthat the full implementation of the Fairness Doc-trine places an "affirmative obligation" on broad-cast licensees:

If . . . the public interest is best served in ademocracy through the ability of the people tohear expositions of the various positions taken byresponsible groups and individuals on particulartopics and to choose between them, it is evidentthat broadcast licensees have an affirmative dutygenerally to encourage and implement the broad-cast of all sides of controversial public issues overtheir facilities, over and beyond their obligationto make available on demand opportunities for theexpression of opposing views.'

1. 3What is meant by an "affirmative obligation?"

FCC 1246 (1969)

The Commission attempted to explain its inter-pretation in a letter to Mid -Florida TelevisionCorporation:

The mechanics of achieving fairness will neces-sarily vary with the circumstances and it is withinthe discretion of each licensee, acting in good faith,to choose an appropriate method of implementingthe policy to aid and encourage expression of con-trasting viewpoints. Our experience indicates thatlicensees have chosen a variety of methods, andoften a combination of various methods. Thus,some licensees, where they know or have reasonto bel:eve that a responsible individual or groupwithin the community holds a contrasting view-point with respect to a controversial issue presentedor to be presented, communicate to the individualor group a specific offer of the use of their facili-ties for the expression of contrasting opinion, andsend a copy or summary of material broadcast onthe issue . . . As stated, it is within the discretionof the licensee, acting reasonably and in goodfaith, to choose the precise means of achievingfairness."

However, in view of the Court's recent deci-sion, can it now be correctly stated that it is, infact, "within the discretion of the licensee . . . tochoose the precise means of achieving fairness?"

The Court's Decision

According to the decision of the Court ofAppeals in Business Executives' Move for Viet-nam Peace v. FCC, et al, the broadcaster stillretains considerable discretion in methods ofachieving fairness. The Court simply says thatbroadcasters may not refuse to sell advertisingtime to groups or individuals wishing to speakout on controversial issues. Obviously, many donot agree with the Court's "simple" pronounce-ment; industry reaction has been swift and vocal-much of it adamantly against the Court's de-cision.

The case arose before the Court as a resultof The Business Executives' Move for VietnamPeace attempt to purchase time on a station inWashington, D.C., for broadcast of several re-corded one -minute announcements which it be-lieved "offered the public a unique viewpoint onwhat is no doubt one of the great political andmoral issues of our time."

The announcements urged "immediate with-drawal of American forces from Vietnam andfrom other overseas military installations," andfeatured statements by leading businessmen andretired military officers.

The Washington radio station, over a periodof eight months, repeatedly refused to sell anytime to the business executives. According to


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FCC continuedthe Court, the station cited no particular objectionto the planned announcements. Rather, the stationrelied solely upon an across-the-board policy bar-ring all editorial advertisements, recognizing "itslong-established policy of refusing to sell spotannouncement time to individuals or groups toset forth views on controversial issues."

In essence, the Federal Communication Com-mission agreed with the station. Before the Court,the Commission argued that it is permissible fora licensee to follow a general policy of rejectingall editorial advertisements, because (1) the fair-ness doctrine should be interpreted to all rejectionof paid controversial advertisements since li-censees have a broad leeway to exercise theirprofessional judgment as to the format for pres-entation of controversial issues. Therefore, ac-ceptance of the particular format of paid adver-tising was by no means compulsory; and (2) theFirst Amendent was equally permissive and to dootherwise would create chaos in broadcasting.

Noting that the broadcast media "functionas both our foremost forum for public speech andour most important educator of an informedpeople," the Court rejected the arguments setforth and noted that the narrow question at handwas whether such groups or individuals have alimited right of access to radio and television forpaid public issue announcements, and whetherthe Commission's ruling that a total exclusion ofsuch announcements was permissible.

In response to the argument that chaos wouldresult from non -exclusion of paid advertisements,or that those groups with the most amount ofmoney would tend to dominate the airwaves(since they could afford to purchase more airtime), the Court indicated that regulations mustbe developed by the Commission and broadcast-ers. But in so doing, basic guidelines of im-mediate importance to broadcasters were devel-oped. The Court declared,

Clearly, for example, broadcasters are entitled toplace an outside limit on the total amount of edi-torial advertising they will sell. To fail to imposesome such limit would be to deny the public theother sorts of programming which it legitimatelyexpects on radio and television. Similarly, "reason-able regulation" of the placement of advertise-ments is altogether proper. No advertiser has aright to air his presentation at any particular pointin an evening's programming. Nor does he have aright to clog a particular time segment with hismessages. A relegation of all editorial advertisingto 'non -prime time' or any other major discrimin-ation in the placement of editorial advertisementswould no doubt go too far. But there is still roomfor broad exercise of the broadcasters' discretion.

We need not define the precise control whichbroadcasters may exercise over editorial adver-tising. Rather, the point is that by requiring thatsome such advertising be accepted, we leave theCommission and licensees broad latitude to de-velop "reasonable regulations" which will avoidany possibility of chaos and confusion. The spec-tre of chaos and "mike grabbing" raised by theCommission and intervenors here is, as petitionerssay, a "bogus issue." Broadcasters, after all, havedealt quite successfully with the scheduling prob-lems involved with commercial advertising. Werequire only that non-commercial advertisers betreated in the same evenhanded way. Althoughmany broadcasters already do allow editorial ad-vertisements on the air, we have not been shownone reason, drawn from their experience, to sug-gest that chaos has resulted.

Beyond the mistaken suggestion of administra-tive apocalypse, the Commission and intervenorshave raised a more plausible and important claim,involving the danger that a few individuals orgroups might come to dominate editorial advertis-ing time. Of course, the mere fact that wealthypeople may use their opportunities to speak moreeffectively than other people is not enough to jus-tify eliminating those opportunities entirely. Ittakes more money to operate a magazine or news-paper-or, for that matter, a broadcast station-than to buy a segment of time for an editorial ad-vertisement. Yet we are not reluctant to providestrict First Amendment protection for the opera-tors of magazines, newspapers and broadcast sta-tions. The real problem, then, is not that editorialadvertising will cost money, but that it may bedominated by only one group from one part of thepolitical spectrum. A one-sided flood of editorialadvertisements could hardly be called the "robust,wide-open" debate which the people have a rightto expect on radio and television.

Again, however, invalidation of a flat ban on edi-torial advertising does not close the door to "rea-sonable regulations" designed to prevent domina-tion by a few groups or a few viewpoints. Withina general regime of accepting some editorial adver-tisements, there is room for the Commission andlicensees to develop such guidelines. For example,there could be some outside limits on the amountof advertising time that will be sold to one groupor to representatives of one particular narrow view-point. The licensee should not begin to exercise thesame "authoritative selection" in editorial advertis-ing which he exercises in normal programming.However, we are confident of the Commission'sability to set down guidelines which avoid thatdanger."

In a scathing slap at the industry, the Court,in conclusion, declared as follows:

The principle at stake here is one of fundamentalimportance: it concerns the people's right to en-gage in and to hear vigorous on thebroadcast media. More specifically, it concerns theapplication of that right to the substantial portionof the broadcast day which is sold for advertising.For too long advertising has been considered avirtual free fire zone, largely ungoverned by regu-latory guidelines. As a result, a cloying blandnessand commercialism (sometimes said to be char-acteristic of radio and television as a whole) havefound an especially effective outlet. We are con-vinced that the time has come for the Commissionto cease abdicating responsibility over the uses ofadvertising time. Indeed, we are convinced thatbroadcast advertising has great potential for en-livening and enriching debate on public issues,rather than drugging it with an overdose of non-ideas and non -issues as is now the case.

Under attack here is an allegedly common prac-tice in the broadcast industry-airing only thosepaid presentations which advertise products orwhich deal with "non -controversial" matters, andconfining the discussion of controversial publicissues to formats such as the news or documen-taries which are tightly controlled and edited bythe broadcaster. In the Commission's view, an at-tack on the permissibility of this practice "goes tothe heart of the system of broadcasting which hasdeveloped in this country."

We disagree. The actual issue before us is relativelynarrow and we decide it narrowly. We do not haveto cut to the "heart" of our system of broadcast-ing; we leave undisturbed the licensee's basic rightto exercise judgment and control in public issueprogramming and the sale of advertising time. Allwe do is forbid an extreme form of control whichtotally excludes controversial public debate frombroadcast advertising time.

We hold specifically that a flat ban on paid pub-lic issue announcements is in violation of theFirst Amendment, at least when other sorts of paidannouncements are accepted. We do not hold,



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October, 197I-BM/E 15

RCA proudlyannounces thefailure of its new headwheel

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When we introduced ournew, long -life headwheel, weguaranteed it for 200 hours.

Reports back from thefield indicate a general lifeaverage of more than 500hours.

Some 35 users are alreadymembers of our 1000 -hourclub-and that used to be anincredible life for anyheadwheel.

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17

Educationin KentuckyBy Televisionby Forest H. Belt

The nation's largest instructional TV system buildsfor the future and operates for everybody.

VISIT THE LEXINGTON HEADQUARTERS of Ken-tucky Educational Television, as I did recently,and at first you'll think it's just another TV broad-cast facility-minus the confusion. Studios, controlrooms, and racks house tons of the latest tele-casting apparatus. Technicians move quietly hereand there. You'd hardly suspect you're in thecenter of the largest state education network inthe United States. (In the world, only Japan'sNHK network is larger.)

Touring the halls, offices, and studios, yourealize KET is more than an aggregation of mod-ern equipment. Kentucky Educational Televisionis a concept. A certain pride glows in the peoplewho walk those halls, think in the offices andconference rooms, and manipulate that multi-million -dollar complex of electronics. They feelthat running 16 transmitters hundreds of milesapart, tutoring 325,000 youngsters in 175 ofKentucky's 195 school districts, and putting tele-vision into the state's remotest boondocks are ac-complishments.

A quick ramble through the technical instal-lation helps you begin to appreciate what's goingon at KET. The setup there stands as a modelfor other states planning and equipping ETVsystems.

Director of engineering Ron Stewart con-ducted me around. "Only two ETV studios inthe country are bigger," he said. Studio A meas-ures 40 by 60 feet; studio B, 40 by 50. "Missis-sippi and Maryland built studios since these. Weaccuse them of copying our better ideas-afriendly rivalry." Ron chuckled. "But then, wedid that too."

Ron showed me a receiver for Vega wirelessmikes. "We also use a lot of AKG, Electro-Voice,and RCA mikes in the studio. Hey, see this wire?"He pointed to a thin insulated wire near the floorbehind a wall drape. "This runs the perimeter of

the studio. It's a wireless cue line. Audio fromthe director's booth drives this huge inductiveloop, and floor headsets pick it up." One of thosebetter ideas.

Each studio accommodates three GeneralElectric PE -350 color cameras. Accessories in-clude Telesync prompters and crawl. Overheadon lazyboys hang enough Kliegl quartz lights tosatisfy any director. An 800 -amp patching andSCR -dimmer panel allows lighting techniciansalmost endless combinations for either studio.

The cameras feed custom-built GE switchersthat have 20 inputs and 6 output buses. Eachprogram or preview bus takes 7 composite inputs.Both studio switchers include chroma keying andRiker special effects. Master control takes 19 in-puts to 4 output buses. Four sync generators areavailable to any control point by pulse -assign-ment switching. A VITS is inserted continuouslyso engineers at sites all over the state can checktelco circuits and transmitter operation.

The control for each studio has dual -channelaudio, an Ampex AG -440 tape machine, QRK-12/C turntable, and Spotmaster cartridge player/recorder.

We went next to the VTR room. Two VR-2000B Ampex high -band recorders are color -equipped; one has automatic timer and Editec.They and four VR-1200A machines have dropoutcompensators, intersync, Amtec, Colortec, andvelocity compensation. The room they're in isspecial. Air is cleaned electronically. Humidity isheld below 60%; temperature constant at 65°.

VTR engineer Wayne Bell explained: "Allthis extra care pays off in reduced maintenance.We almost never have an outage. We use 15-ips10 -mil heads, and I've been getting 500 hours ormore on them; 300 hours was normal before."Wayne stores KET's extensive tape library in aroom adjoining, which shares the special climate.

I8 October, 1971-BM/E

The telecine room at KET spreads threeislands over a roomy floor. Two are alike, eachwith GE PE -240 color film chain, a pair of RCATP-66 projectors, an RCA TP-7 slide drum, anRCA TP-15 multiplexer, and a CBS Labs imageenhancer.

The orphan island mounts a GE PE -27 mono-chrome film chain, another TP-7 and TP-15,plus an International Nuclear colorizer with aGrass Valley keyer ". . . for cheap and dirty-orrather, cheap and clean-color in our ident cardsand stuff like that," Ron explains.

He opened up a cabinet to show me anelectric clock with digital readout. A little mono-chrome camera focused on the time numeralsfeeds a continuously updated time signal to theswitchers. The time can be keyed into whateverprogram is on the line.

KET personnel run more than just a neat,clean operation. It is innovative. "A real brightbunch of engineers, I have here," boasts RonStewart. "We make up a lot of our own specialequipment. I'll have to show you Fredd."

Fredd, it turns out, is the KET staff's ownelectronic animator. It's in the haywire state. "Iprobably shouldn't let you see Fredd like this.We've got him working; next we clean up hisappearance and put him in a rack."

Fredd means field reference effects displaydevice. "He can do just about any of thoseplasticizing -motion tricks you'd want to dream up.We're kind of proud of him. He cost us only afraction of what a big commercial animatorwould."

Out back is parked a 30 -foot Gerstenslagermobile van on a Dodge chassis. Clean, white,antiseptic -looking (on a recent tour of smalltowns, the staff got requests for chest X-rays),the van carries and controls three of those PE -350 color cameras (appropriated from the studios

as needed). A storage box holds 1000 feet ofcables for them. The van's telecine island putsa Marconi film chain and RCA TP-7 slide pro-jector through a GE "uniplex" optical system.An Ampex VR-1200A has Colortec and anelectronic editor.

A 25 -kW Onan generator supplies powerwhen commercial current is insufficient. At home,the Onan is kept plugged into the station switch -box for auxiliary power; changeover takes onlya minute or two.

A portable Kliegl quartz lighting system fillsmost remote -taping needs. A power hoist liftscamera or microwave antenna to the truck topfor mounting on rails. Engineers can fire up a6000 -MHz Microwave Associates remote linkfor live telecasts.

Mission: TV statewide

The KET network was born September 1968,but gestation began 10 years earlier. Marryingeducation to technology became the self-appointedtask of 0. Leonard Press, who in 1958 was headof the radio -TV -films department at the Universityof Kentucky (UK). Out of much consulting witheducators around the state evolved the ideal thatdrives KET today:

Kentucky's network should: 1. improve edu-cation in Kentucky classrooms; 2. make teachersmore effective without working them harder;3. reach every schoolchild in the state; 4. enrichthe community around each school; 5. supple-ment college and university instruction; and6. help state agencies serve Kentuckians. Highgoals, for sure. Press wrote proposals to convincethe Kentucky legislature to get behind his plan.

The technical challenge excited an employeeof Press's, the young chief engineer of UK radiostation WBICY (FM), Ronald B. Stewart. Kentuckyhas hills at one end, mountains at the other, and


some pretty ragged country in between. To coverit all by television was a fascinating and difficultorder. Stewart got out his maps and slide rule.Phase one was under way.

In 1960 the Kentucky general assembly agreedto a feasibility study. In 1962 it created the Ken-tucky Authority for Educational Television. 0.Leonard Press became executive director of theAuthority, and Ron Stewart was appointed direc-tor of engineering. The legislature authorized abond issue to yield $8.6 -million. By 1963 Pressand Stewart began working to prove the systemthey proposed would work. But they had five moreyears to struggle before the network would beready.

Press methodically recruited employees. Heexpected them to understand his concept of aneducational TV system. He expected them towork toward realizing it. His success reflects inthe dedicated KET staff today.

Meanwhile, Ron Stewart bought transmitters,antennas, and studio equipment. He put togethera staff of engineers and technicians to install andoperate the gear. Ron's goal sounds presumptuousnow: he figured some bright afternoon he wouldflip a switch and turn on a network that wouldsend television simultaneously over Kentucky's40,000 square miles. To anyone who has installedand fired up a uhf -TV station, one is headacheenough. Ron and his crew had to install a dozen.

Ten 30 -kW RCA transmitters, model TTU-30A, were placed at sites near Bowling Green,Elizabethtown, Hazard, Lexington, Madisonville,Morehead, Murray, Owenton, Pikeville, and So-merset. RCA TFU-30J pylon antennas weremounted on towers ranging from 100 to 950 feettall. The antennas pushed visual erp up close to500 kW. (One, at Pikeville in the easternKentucky mountains, pushes a strong lobe north-ward, sending 1.4 megawatts erp in that direc-tion.) Two TTU-2A transmitters, working 2 kWinto TFU-6J pylons for about 10 kW erp, wentin at Ashland and Covington.

Some of the transmitter sites are virtually in-accessible except by jeep or helicopter. So . . .

with tenacity typical of KET, jeeps, powerwagons, and helicopters officiated at various in-stallation stages. (Ron and another engineer flythe KET helicopter.) Meanwhile, the head-quarters building back home in Lexington wasgoing up -35,000 square feet of it, room for astaff of 70 or so.

And then, just as predicted, one bright sunnyafternoon. September 23, 1968, Ron Stewartpunched up an ID slide on island two. GovernorLouie B. Nunn dialed a phone in his office inFrankfort and turned on the Kentucky Educa-tional Television network for its first statewidebroadcast. In 6500 classrooms, upward of 200,000youngsters watched the governor deliver his dedi-cation speech.

Thus phase two of Leonard Press's visioncame to pass. Kentucky owned the largest andmost modern educational television network inthe country.

Kentucky's 1400 schools lie in 195 schooldistricts. They vary in character from modernmetropolitan through small-town to rural. Wordslike "disadvantaged" and "poverty" fit the Ap-palachian section of east Kentucky. West Ken-tucky is rural. The rolling central section, theBluegrass, is farm country but it's not poor.Eight Kentucky cities boast populations above25,000 and many towns have 10,000 or more.

No one kind of programming can adequatelyserve a population that diverse. So, the networkis laid out in five divisions. Right now, all fivecarry the same programming. Later, as the needdevelops and program material becomes available,the network can suit interests in each region.

The flagship station, WKLE-46, rises atop ahill at Clay's Ferry, 12 miles southwest of Lexing-ton. WKLE blankets the Bluegrass region, which isconsidered one division, with 525 kW erp.

Transmissions to other stations go by AT&Tcircuits. Early in their planning, Stewart and Pressagreed network connections should be an operat-ing expense, not an investment. A spokesman forSouth Central Bell says his company and AT&Thave spent thousands of manhours and almost$4 -million interconnecting KET transmitters andstudios.

The western division is the longest. It com-prises five transmitters. In telco sequence, they are:Louisville (wicmJ-68), Elizabethtown (wiczi--23 ) , Bowling Green (wiccs-53), Madisonville(wKMA-35), and Murray (wKMu-21). (TheLouisville station, with a GE model TT57-A trans-mitter running 30 kW into a GE TY106F helicalantenna, was added since the network was turnedon.) All these stations radiate 500 kW visual ormore. A 100 -watt uhf translator (W73AN) con-verts WKMA-35 signal to channel 73 to bolstercoverage of the Owensboro metropolitan area.

The northern division is Owenton (wicoN-52)and Covington (WCVN-54 ) . WKON radiates 550kW visual from a high location, and serves a broadarea. WCVN concentrates its 10 kW erp into theCovington/Newport metropolitan area, just acrossthe Ohio River from Cincinnati.

The northeastern branch hauls into river andmild mountain country. The stations sit nearMorehead (wKMR-38) and Ashland (wicAs-25).The Morehead transmitter puts out more than550 kW erp. Ashland, on the river near Hunting-ton, West Virginia, gets by with 10 kW erp aimedinto the river valley. Both stations will be sup-plemented later by translators, especially in weakspots along the river.

The southeastern region gives engineers themost trouble. Some federal funds-slightly over$1 million-have supplemented KET dollars inthis area, under the Appalachian Regional De-velopment Act. Three transmitters spread the sig-nal over the Cumberland Plateau and the PineMountain range. In sequence, the telco circuits gothrough Richmond to stations at Somerset(wicso-29), Hazard (wKHA-35), and Pikeville(wKPr-22).

20October, 1 97 1 -BM/ E

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Studio A at Lexington center is plenty large for indoorETV productions. Cyclorama was built to order and putin by Tiffin Scenery. Tracks switch electrically for a

variety of arrangements.

Library of 750 video tapes and 200 films, plus someoriginal footage in bulk cans, gets same steady humidityand temperature, and dust -free atmosphere, as the VTRroom.

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Climate -controlled video tape room keeps equipmentand tapes in A-1 shape. Increases the life of both. VTRtechnician Del McGill makes a maintenance check ofmachines regularly.

TIME NO'

L7.

Real-time clock sig-nal from digitalclock with Nixiereadout is pickedup by inexpensivemonochrome CCTVtype (camera). Timecan be punched upand superimposedon any program.


Field services truck surveys field strength withreference dipole on telescoping mast. Truck hasown AC power to run test instruments inside. KETalso surveys transmitter patterns with helicopter.

Reaching everyone

Valleys in these southeast mountains createdead spots. Only translators and cable systemscan reach into some of the deep canyons. PaulSmith of KET directs a crew of field -service en-gineers who solve these problems of poor re-ception.

Paul has outfitted a slick little Ford "Econo-line" van with just about everything he needs tosurvey reception. A telescoping Andrew masthydraulically pushes a standard reference dipole30 feet into the air. Inside the truck, an EmpireDevices model NF -105 measures field intensity.

It took a 100 -watt Emcee translator, convert-ing wKHA-35 to channel 73 (W73AP), to fill theWhitesburg area near the Virginia border. Aworse shadow fell over Pineville, on the PineMountain ridge near the Cumberland Gap. Here'sthat story.

Bell County school authorities put in receivingequipment and discovered that only two out of15 schools could get usable signals. Al Brock,in charge of visual aids in Bell County, got acouple of portable Ampex VTR's (a model 5000and a 5500). The cable -TV company in Pinevilleput a pretty good signal into one school. So Brockwent there and to the KET center in Lexingtonand taped the telecourses needed most. Then hehauled them to Bell County schools and playedthem for the students. Brock's Ford pickup be-came familiar up those Pine Mountain hollows.

Called to Bell County by the board of edu-cation, Paul Smith found a mere 50 ital at thetwo schools that could watch KET telecasts. AtStraight Creek Elementary, a worse case, he meas-ured three ghosty microvolts from channel 29 inSomerset and nothing at all from Hazard.

A translator seemed the only answer. RonStewart decided on a 1 -watt Emcee, convertingSomerset channel 29 to channel 8. The translator

Engineer Paul Smith begins set of field tests withtypeapproved Empire meter. Jerrold model 727backs up main instrument and serves when portableunit is needed.

(WO8BL) is situated 2500 feet up a mountain.The impossibly rugged terrain forced Ron Stewartto fly materials in with the KET helicopter.

Eleven schools now get hot signals. A coupleof distribution amps even had to have their agcmodified. But the way terrain is in Kentucky'seastern mountains, four schools still sit in signalblackouts. Tests continue. Al Brock is tapingagain this year. But KET field services won'tquit till every school in Bell County has television.It may take tall towers on hilltops, holding upyagis and preamps, but they'll do it.

A dozen or two more translators are scheduledalready to fill in other deadspots around the state.Everybody is to get TV in Kentucky. 0. LeonardPress promised.

The halls of ivy

A 700 -mile network of television for elemen-tary schools and their communities seems laudableenough. But the KET miracle goes on to highereducation. Almost that many more miles of telcochannels link up a closed-circuit TV systembetween universities and colleges.

Often, the closed-circuit telco channels runparallel to the others. Eastern Kentucky U is atRichmond, on the southeastern branch. Theclosed-circuit line patches on through there toSomerset and then to Hazard; at both locations,short telco links tie community colleges into theclosed system.

In the western region, a link from WKMJ tiesJefferson Community College into the closed-circuit channel. A link at Elizabethtown serves acommunity college there. At Bowling Green aline ties in Western Kentucky U. A tapoff atMadisonville routes closed-circuit telecasts downto Hopkinsville Community College. And Pa-ducah Community College has a link from Mur-ray.

22October, 1971-BM/E

Northeast, the Morehead connection ties toMorehead State U. Further out the same branch,a short link connects Ashland Community Collegeto the Ashland closed-circuit channel. A link atLexington connects the University of Kentucky.

The KET schedule calls for community -col-lege connections soon at Henderson, Prestonburg,Maysville, and Cumberland. Kentucky State Col-lege at Frankfurt, North Kentucky U at Coving-ton, and the University of Louisville all get tie-inssooner or later.

Students at every public college and universityin Kentucky can eventually take advantage oflectures, exhibits, and shows too costly for anyone school to stage. These forward schools canshare exceptional talent and teaching facilities.Furthermore, five state hospitals are hooked intothe closed-circuit system. Upward of 3000 statemental -health employees receive training and ori-entation telecasts in hospitals at Anchorage (nearLouisville), Danville, Dawson Springs, Hopkins-ville, and Lexington.

Not many college or university telecourseshave been produced by the national ITV librariesyet. KET is doing something about that, too. Onestep has been to equip the larger campuses withproduction facilities. Programs developed in thesestudios follow another 250 miles or so of telcoreturn circuits, all terminating at the Lexingtoncenter. There, the programs are taped or stored.Or, they can be sent out immediately or later toother schools on the closed (or on the open)circuits. If preferred, they can be held for onlyselected regions.

You can trace return circuits on the map. Thestudio return from Western goes through BowlingGreen and Louisville on its way to Lexington. Areturn circuit from Richmond pipes productionsfrom Eastern. Morehead State and UK both havestudios and return lines. Programs originating atwicPc-15, a cooperating station owned by Jeffer-son County schools, come to Lexington througha return link from WICMJ. The studio at KentuckyState College will be tied in later.

Roll your own

With all that capability, it's no wonder KETis on the way to becoming a foremost producer oftelecourses. While I was at KET, Ron Stewart(who is in charge of production too) and hisstaff were viewing rushes of film for a segment of"Images and Things." That's a new social -rela-tions series for youngsters, developed by a con-sortium of educators and ITV people broughttogether by National Instructional Television, asupplier of taped and filmed courses. KET per-sonnel are influential in NIT national consortiums,and presently are deep into planning a new tele-vised health course.

KET undertakes some pretty large projectson its own. A film soon to be shown nationallyfollows a group of drug addicts through reha-bilitation and back to the street. Renick McLel-lan, a young producer/director, shot about 40

Special Tyler camera mounting fits Airflex-M 16 -mmcamera into helicopter. Ron Stewart (left) and KETcameramen go to great lengths sometimes for anunusal bit of footage.

hours of color/sound film. When I met him hehad just finished six months of cutting and edit-ing. He had it down to a rough two hours and wasmixing sound.

Ron, in the helicopter, has logged some ex-citing hours around the state shooting footage forfascinating specials dreamed up and produced"right down home."

Little TV schoolhouse

TV education in Kentucky doesn't end atschool, either. The state has 750,000 adults whodidn't finish high school. Sixty half-hour TVlessons help them prepare for diplomas. "TVHigh School" is telecast two lessons a week. KETrepeats each lesson three times at well-spaced in-tervals, so everyone has a chance to watch.

The courses encompass five subject areas:1. English grammar, vocabulary, spelling, anduse of the dictionary; 2. social studies such ashistory, geography, politics, and social concern;3. science, physics, and chemistry; 4. literature,writing, poetry, drama, and criticism; 5. mathe-matics, of a kind people can use.

In its first year in Kentucky, the 1970-71season, "TV High School" attracted nearly athousand registered participants. Around 300 ofthose passed their General Educational Develop-ment (GED) exams for high school equivalencycertificates. Many others watched and learnedfrom the lessons, evidenced by letters of thanksto KET. The idea of getting a high-school di-ploma at home draws viewers in remote areasespecially. This season enrollments are higherthan ever.

That's a mere beginning, according to Ken-tucky education officials. Next comes a tele-vision university-and soon. Students would earncredits through any state college or university . . .

but at home, by television.


The Haves and Have-Nots

People in Kentucky, as in other places, oftenignore what's good for them. Then, perversely,they envy the better things others have. Here'swhat one remote community did about its wants.

The large auditorium dwarfed the few parentsand teachers scattered in seats near the stage.Bob Shy, utilization coordinator for KentuckyEducational Television, had been speaking.

"Crittenden County should grab this oppor-tunity," he told them. "You're only 35 milesfrom our Madisonville station. I can even showyou how to apply for matching funds underNational Defense Education Act (NDEA) TitleIII. Your children deserve the broadening in-fluence of instructional television as we'll sendit over the new KET network."

You'd have to know Crittenden County peopleto understand the lack of enthusiasm in hisaudience. Population 9000 at most, sleepy, stillenjoying the past, Crittenden in 1968 felt toopoor to spend school -tax money frivolously-and what could be more frivolous then TV?"Kids see enough junk on TV at home," onecitizen grumbled.

But Bob Shy's words had captured the imag-inations of a few. Helen Robinson, principal thatyear at Tolu Elementary, one of the county'sfour grade schools, caught the significance ofwhat KET could offer youngsters. So did NellieLowry, president of Tolu's Parent-Teacher Asso-ciation, and Elizabeth Weldon, school secretary.They set out next day to do something about thisnew idea.

Tolu is a tiny river town, barely on the map.But the folks there believe in their kids. WhatTolu did about ETV has been repeated in severalsmall Kentucky communities.

Teachers, parents, and students all pitchedin to help. People from neighboring farms andtowns were invited to pie suppers, bake sales,chili dinners, a PTA carnival. Young people sold

151

awditilt

Pupils at Tolu Elementary, near the Ohio River inwest Kentucky, are the only ones in their countywith ITV. Work by parents, teachers, and youngstershelped pay for the installation.

popcorn at ball games. In just a few months, theTV fund grew to over $700. Mrs. Robinson,anxious to put instructional television to work atTolu, committed $1000 of the school's operatingfunds.

Early in 1969, a contractor wired all theschool's classrooms for TV, erected a 75 -foottower with a channel 35 yagi pointed towardMadisonville, and installed four monochrome re-ceivers. He was paid with a Tolu ElementarySchool check for and an NDEA Title IIIcheck for $1216.

So, while other pupils in Crittenden Countyhave-not, the 200 pupils at Tolu have a cur-riculum enriched by expert television instruc-tors and by filmed geographic and historic "ex-periences." They learn social insights otherwiseunavailable in a rural community like Tolu. In-terest and a little work made the differencebetween the haves and the have-nots.

Way hack in the planning years, Press andStewart foresaw this eventuality. Every KET net-work station has room for another transmitter.and every tower can hold another antenna. TheKET system will then be three complete state-wide networks: the closed net among highereducation centers; an open net for elementaryschools in daytime and for community "culture"and entertainment at night; and another open netto high schools in daytime, and broadcastinggeneral and vocational education to adults atnight. The third net includes Kentucky TV Uni-versity.

England already operates a program some-what similar. One proposal is that Kentucky rentBritish telecourses, to get TV University underway sooner. Meanwhile, KET and university com-mittees are planning courses that will fit the col-lege -credit -by -TV notion. They include nursing,public administration, black studies, use of lan-guage, and how to teach reading, science, and new

math. In less than 5 years, even a homeboundKentuckian may find access to schooling from firstgrade through college-right in front of his tele-vision set.

Go thou ...

Educational television in Kentucky sets apattern any state could follow. Money will buyequivalent facilities and electronics. Careful anddedicated planning could get it all installed andworking. But an important ingredient in Kentuckyhas been people.

The people at KET impress me with threequalities. One is competence; they seem to knowwhat they're shooting for and they hit targetregularly. Another is seriousness; they reallyhonestly think what they're doing is important.The third quality is fun; they're excited andpleased at what they're accomplishing. If you canheat that combination, maybe you should hesetting up an ETV system somewhere. BM/E


Now There's aDifferenceRCA VISTACON

The RCA Vistacon is a direct replacement forthe lead -oxide target camera tube you maynow be using. It has direct interchangeability,with exactly the same physical dimensions,the same performance characteristics.

TUBE FOR TUBE REPLACEMENTRCA

4592/R, 4592/G

4592/B, 4592/L

4591/R, 4591/G4591/B, 4591/L

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55875R, 55875G55875B, 55875L

And equally important, it's fully compatiblewith any mix of tubes. For example, you canput a Vistacon 4592/G in a camera withXQ1020L, R and B tubes.The difference? Vistacon is made by RCA andserviced by RCA. That means a top qualitytLbe backed by the same RCA Field Engi-neers you have come to depend upon for con-sultation or help whenever you want them,Next time you need a replacement, try anRCA Vistacon. Then maybe you won't thinkabout interchangeability any more - you'll goRCA all the way.For complete specifications and delivery in-formation, call your RCA distributor.RCA I Electronic Components, I Harrison,N.J. 07029.

Reil

October, 1971-BM/E

End Fuzzy Arguments

',11111111111111.

with CBS Laboratories Mark III Image Enhancer-it sharpens the picture automatically!The Mark III Image

Enhancer is a solid state device that for the first timehelps to produce a perfect picture automatically. Itadjusts vertical and horizontal elements to eliminatecolor softness. It produces highest stability and low-est drift. It rearranges all the ingredients of the pic-ture so that contrasts are sharper and details moreclearly defined. Even numerals on football jerseys canbe easily identified. All things being equal, the CBS

Laboratories Mark III Image Enhancer will focus alleyes on your station and make you the undisputedleader in viewer ratings.

CBS 1.B(RATORIESA Division of Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.227 High Ridge Road, Stamford, Connecticut 06905

26


October, 1971-BM/E

UniversityExtension Via TVby Robert Dyment

Thousands of employees are receiving in -plantcollege training without ever leaving plant. Coursesbeing piped in via TV-a growing trend among industrialplants throughout the country.

DURING THE PAST FOUR YEARS several thousandprofessional employees of industries within a 60 -mile radius of the Southern Methodist Universitycampus at Dallas, Texas, have participated fully asdegree -seeking students in SMU's on -campus en-gineering graduate courses-without leaving theirplaces of employment.

Thousands more industrial employees aredoing the same, taking a wide range of coursesright at their industrial plant site. The same istrue of industrial plants in Florida; the Buffalo,New York area; Ann Arbor, Michigan; DenverColorado (see BM/E November, 1970); SanFrancisco Bay area and elsewhere. Industriesare taking advantage of a growing trend of keep-ing their employees on the job, while keepingthem posted on the latest industrial developmentsthrough educational programs being piped directlyinto the plant during the normal working day,without the employee ever leaving his place ofemployment. And, the trend continues.

Updating and upgrading educational experi-ences through continuing education programs isa way of life for many engineers who want toavoid falling behind the information explosion.Many engineers continue to work for advanceddegrees. The process becomes easier when edu-cational programs are piped directly to one's placeof employment.

The Institute of Technology of SouthernMethodist University was one of the originatorsof such a program via a closed-circuit talkback-equipped television network that enables indus-trially -employed personnel to participate fully asstudents in on -campus courses-without onceleaving their respective plants to attend a class.Over four years of experience have shown thissystem to be highly satisfactory.

Potentially, every graduate course offeredto on -campus students by the SMU Institute ofTechnology is available also to off -campus stu-dents via talkback TV.

One industrial firm, Vought AeronauticsDivision, LTV Aerospace Corporation, foundthat the TV instruction received by 92 of its em-ployees during one academic year was rated assuperior to conventional instruction by a rangeof from 10 to 90 percent of the students. Overall,talkback TV is judged to be superior to the con-ventional classroom. These results are charac-

teristic of those found in other surveys of studentresponse to this system.

The future holds promise-at least as soonas the current economic slump ends-of expandedin -plant educational systems that will includemore colleges and universities, both private andpublic, and more industrial concerns.

The Association for Graduate Education andResearch of North Texas (TAGER), headquar-tered at SMU, is a non-profit corporation devotedto the advancement of higher education in thehighly industrialized Dallas -Fort Worth region ofTexas. The establishment of a television networkamong the industries and area institutions hasbeen a great boon to the programs, particularlysince many of the large industrial plants arelocated just out of convenient reach of universityclasses.

A typical SMU transmitting studio consists oftwo rooms-a control room and a studio/class-room. The two rooms were constructed so that anoperator sitting in the control room can viewaction taking place in the studio, but under nor -

Thousands of employees throughout the countryare receiving in -plant college training without everleaving the plant. Courses are being piped in viaTV-a growing trend.

October. 197 1-BM/E 27

The Free -EnterpriseVideotape Network Next?The ITFS-, microwave-, or telephone networksdescribed by Mr. Dyment are institutionalapproaches to distributing valuable educationalmaterial. And more is coming. A university -of -

the -air is planned for Alaska by HEW. An adultSesame Street is underway. Many state univer-sity educators are talking about emulatingBritain's extensive university -of -the -air programwhich started this year.

But these distribution systems are not ableto deliver the full load of valuable educationalmaterial that is now available. Thus we see thebirth of free -enterprise videotape network. Thesemiconductor course developed by Texas In-struments, described on these pages, for closedcircuit presentation is one example. Hewlett-Packard is trying to sell some 70 assortedvideotapes it has produced for internal trainingprograms to the outside public. RCA Institute isnow offering a complete engineering series onvideotape to industry and community colleges.These courses were originally developed to up-date the corporation's engineering staff.

New companies are forming to produce anddistribute material to cable TV. Videomation,Inc. is one such company which has tied inwith some educators with John Hopkins Univer-sity affiliations to produce courses directly forthe public. The Videorecord Corp. of Americahas lined up 30 franchised dealers and sevenarea distributors to commence selling in 1972training materials to hospitals and business andindustry using either EVR or videotape.

TeleMation has set up a production companyto produce and sell videotape courses to in-dustry. It is applying expert production tech-niques to its efforts to make difficult subjectmatter as clear (and interesting) as possible. Allof these courses use workbooks. Some com-panies, such as The Videorecord Corp., HersheyVideo, and Data-Plex are creating programs thatare inter -active. (See "Making ITV Accountable")By designing programs that deliberately involvethe student, and anticipate student responses,live feedback is not essential.

Stanford University's net-work is a four -channelsystem (ITFS) which tele-casts classroom lecturesto part-time student engi-neers at company loca-tions. Monitors show theclassroom scene as wellas lecturer's notes.

At SMU, notes on monitor aretaken by overhead camera;head shot by rear classroomcamera. Both are zoom cam-eras. This is what plant em-ployees in the Dallas -Fort Wortharea see right at their place ofemployment.

mal conditions the instructor cannot see or hearfrom the studio into the control room.

In the studio/classroom there are two tele-vision cameras, both completely remote -con-trolled from the control room. One camera ismounted on the rear wall of the classroom andprovides a picture of the instructor and the class-room. The other camera is mounted over the in-structor's head and takes a picture of whateveris placed upon his desk. Normally a specially -designed pad is placed in camera view and theinstructor uses this pad as he would use a black-board. Both cameras are equipped with a remote -controlled 10:1 zoom lens. In case of equipmentfailure or instructor preference there is a black-board available behind curtains at the front ofthe room.

The types of lighting used in the studio/class-rooms are completely different from the type oflighting normally found in television studios. Theinstructor is illuminated to the 225 -ft -candle levelby fluorescent tubes. The students' areas are in-dividually lighted by incandescent fixtures re-cessed in the ceiling. With this method of lighting,students, the instructor, and the television camerascan coexist comfortably.

All audio, like the video, is completely re-motely -controlled from the control room. Stand-ard microphone complement consists of a control -room microphone, an instructor's microphone,and students' microphones hanging from thestudio ceiling.

All studios have special effects generators thatcan be used to place the instructor's picture andthe overhead camera's picture on the air simul-taneously.

The signal from each studio is sent to theTAGER distribution point via microwave, whereit is distributed among the industries and institu-tions that request the programs.

TAGER Talkback TV is in operation betweenSMU and industrial classroom locations at BellHelicopter, General Dynamics, Texas Instruments,Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., and many others.

GENESYS, the University of Florida's wea-pon against technical obsolescence in industry,has been in operation for over six years. Duringthis time the system has been expanded and im-proved. Two -hundred two advanced degrees havebeen awarded. GENESYS is the acronym for theUniversity of Florida's Graduate Engineering Edu-cation System. It is a closed-circuit television net-work with talkback.

There is little doubt that GENESYS works.The comprehensive exam results prove that thematerial can be absorbed even though the class-room instruction is different.

The need for advanced graduate work andretraining by thousands of men in industries in theFlorida area now gearing up for consumer -ori-ented programs, rather than just space, is over-whelming and acute for industry. The lack ofsuch opportunities endangered the companies'competitive position, as well as employees' pro-

28 Oc+ober, 1971-BM/E

fessional competence, which, in turn, reduced thecompetitive strength of their companies. GEN-ESYS is now helping solve this problem.

The concept of cost effectiveness indexes isvital to modern industrial management, and com-munities which desire to maintain and expandtheir industry must develop a low educationalcost of effectiveness index. GENESYS TV doesjust that. The TV network clearly maximizescourse availability and permits the enrollment ofmany students who would otherwise be excludedfrom organized instruction. Students using the re-mote points must register in the regular way andpay all of the standard fees. Companies pay forthe receiving classroom.

Stanford University, Stanford, California, is

another educational facility working hand -in -handwith industry in providing in -plant educationalcourses. Stanford University's new InstructionalTelevision Fixed Services (ITFS) network is afour -channel system which telecasts classroomlectures to part-time student engineers at theirown company locations.

More than 200 enrollees in companies fromSan Francisco to San Jose are now taking week-day classes from 8 a.m. to 4:14 p.m. via thetelevision network at their company locations.

In addition there are more than 700 en-rollees in noon -hour and evening courses beinggiven over the network. These are non-academiccourses sponsored by the Association for Con-tinuing Education, composed of companies par-ticipating in the Stanford ITFS network.

The Standard 1TFS network first went onthe air in April, 1969, and now has more than26 firms participating. The member firms paythe entire cost of the network operation, pro-rated on the basis of gross sales. Some companieshave found the network costs less than the timelost when engineers have to come to the campusfor classes.

There has been some research, as well as agreat deal of experience from operating courses,which indicates that televised lectures, when usedin combination with an audio talk -back systemand regularly assigned homework, outside read-ing, and tests, are just as effective as face-to-faceteaching methods.

In October of last year, the University ofMichigan at Ann Arbor started a new televisionlink between special classrooms at the Universityof Michigan's College of Engineering and indus-trial subscribers in the Detroit area.

The system offers firms within about 25miles of downtown Detroit the convenience ofreceiving continuing employee education coursesin their own plants. The closed-circuit microwavenetwork offers 19 graduate level courses-withfull academic credit-in business administrationand mechanical, industrial and electrical engineer-ing.

Students in the remote industrial classroomsare involved in the classroom activity in everyway except bodily. Again, a two-way telephone

link makes it easy for students to ask the instruc-tor questions and to participate in class discus-sion. A courier service will pick up and distributeclass materials, tests and homework.

Production costs of the typical instructionalTV network are not high. Scripts or rehearsalsare not used. Instead, a professor merely agreesto meet his regular class in one of the TV class-rooms instead of a conventional room. There,he is encouraged to substitute a pad of paper forthe blackboard. An overhead camera fitted witha zoom lens picks up what he writes or draws onthe pad. TV monitors in the Ann Arbor class-room and in remote classroom act as "electronicblackboards" for students.

A second camera in the back of the class-room allows the instructor to use the blackboardif he prefers. Other equipment lets him showslides, transparencies and motion pictures onthe TV monitors.

The instructor's desk is equipped with a smallmonitoring screen. It also has telephone lines

IN for ExecutivesA few weeks ago a senior vice president of one ofthe country's largest publishing companies strodeonto the stage of a small meeting room in the of-fices of Communispond Inc., 420 Lexington Ave.,New York, N.Y. He was at session number one ofa new kind of course in business communication.His assignment was to give a ninety-second talk tofifteen executives from other companies who werealso in the program.

Duck soup for such a man you say. Of courseit was. He had made hundreds of importantspeeches and presentations during his businesscareer. And it showed. He was at ease, he wasarticulate, and he was to the point.

But never before were his previous speechesaccorded the scrutiny that this effort got. The in-structor was grading it against a list of fixed criteria. The fifteen "students" were grading it on amore subjective basis. And a television camerawas taping every word and movement for the mostsevere critic of all, the speaker himself.

Later when both the speech and critique werefinished, the senior vice president was aghast."Have I been doing that all my life?" he asked."Have I really been doing that?"

The "that" was not a devasting thing-it wassimply that he could not talk without clutching ortouching the lecturn. Television showed him tohimself.

The course developed by Communispond, a di-vision of J. Walter Thompson Advertising, hasproved worthwhile to over 300 top executives whopaid $425 to take it for many reasons other thanthe use of videotape. But the use of videotape asa means of revealing one to oneself was symbolicof an essential aspect of the course-that com-munications means responding as well as talking.In this sense the Communispond program is asensitizing course designed to improve the busi-ness leader's ability to relate and work withothers. You don't believe it's possible. Would youlike to see an ITV documentary?

October, 197 I-BM/E 29

that permit a teletypewriter hookup with theU of M's computing center.

The overhead camera can be moved in ceiling -mounted tracks to pick up the teletypewriter asit "talks" with the computer.

GEMS -ITV, an acronym for Graduate Engi-neering, Management and Science InstructionalTelevision, is the University of Buffalo's programto assist Western New York industries. GEMS -TV, now getting underway, will bring the class-room to local industrial and business firms via aclosed-circuit television network. The project, acombined effort of the University's Faculty ofEngineering and Applied Sciences and theSchool of Management, is similar to the pro-grams underway elsewhere.

Dr. Lauren Hitchcock, Director of GEMS -ITV and a University professor of engineeringat the University of Buffalo, is responsible forthe numerous technical and economical aspectsof the project. Dr. Hitchcock motes that while

World's Largest TrainingCourse on CCTV

Last month Texas Instruments undertook to up-date an entire industry in a new technology injust three days. To do so it hired the closedcircuit General Electric Command PerformanceNetwork with its big -screen displays in 17 cities.The subject was how electronic engineers coulduse state-of-the-art metal -oxide -semiconductortechnology in large -scale -integrated circuits todesign hand-held calculators and other advancedelectronic equipment.

As we go to press we don't know the enroll-ment but it's likely to be the largest single classever assembled for such a purpose. More than600 registrants (at $195 each) are expected.The cost to use the network is less than sendinginstructors to these locations but of more im-portance to Texas Instruments is the speed inwhich important material can be disseminatedto the industry. The cost to attendees is reducedsince there is minimal travel expense involved.

The course consists of ten concentrated, re-hearsed and edited lessons on videotape, plusseveral hours of practical live discussion withinstructors. The course was developed in con-junction with the Electronic Science Dept. ofSouthern Methodist University.

Talk back allows the employee taking part in theprogram at the plant site to ask questions of theinstructor back at the studio.

The plan-. employee is visually and audibly partici-pating in the live classroom, electronically. HereDr. Lauren B. Hitchcock, of GEMS -NET, gets readyto reply to a question from a plant employee.

participating companies will share in the expenseof setting up the program, the savings for indus-tries concerned will more than make up for theinitial investment:

"Since it takes valuable time and energy forfull-time employees to travel to campus forgraduate courses, we calculate that industrieswill be saving from $3000 to $30,000 per year-depending upon the numbers enrolled-afterthe project gets underway.

"Furthermore, should a crisis arise at theplant, employees will be easily accessible if theyare needed."

A graduate engineer or scientist has a "half-life" of about 10 years-half of what he haslearned will be obsolete in a decade. It is clearthat the traditional means of providing profes-sional education to production executives, plantmanagers, mechanics, foremen, chief engineers,and production engineers in industry, is some-times not keeping pace with this acceleration inthe growth of knowledge. In -plant courses pipedin via TV, coupled with Talkback, is one wayof keeping up. BM/E


Making ITV Accountable

Can ITV be made cost effective?Can it be truly integrated into the curriculum?Is eliciting a student response the answer? Who says so?

PERHAPS SOME DAY educators will declare visualliteracy as an objective. When they do begin toacknowledge that visual literacy is the naturalroute to learning for that generation of kids whosechief governess has been commercial TV, then,hopefully, film and the electronic medium willtake its place with the lecture and the book.

But as long as television continues to be a6MHz bandwidth channel for primarily verbalcommunications, it will remain a thousand timesless effective than it need be from a spectrum uti-lization point of view. But more importantly, itwill be wasteful of human and dollar resourcesas well.

Recognition of the importance of visual liter-acy may help integrate TV into the daily curricu-lum, but it is not the real answer to making ITVmore effective or efficient. Designing the TVprogram for active learner participation ratherthan passive viewing, gets closer to the answer,say the learning theorists, and they are beginningto be heard.

Modern learning theory demands that instruc-tional designers get a desired response as a con-sequence of a planned stimulus. The surest wayof getting the desired response is to use reinforce-ment, i.e., let the student know immediately whenhe is responding correctly. And if an acceptableresponse is not obtained, it means revising thestimulus until you do get what you set out to get.The outcome is known. This is accountability.

Until recently, instructional TV course de-signers rather ignored stimulus -response and rein-forcement concepts. The TV expert was there toadvise on production techniques. It was assumedthe course teacher knew what the content shouldbe. The TV specialist's job was to work in theuse of visuals to make the teacher's point morevivid. No one asked if that point was a good oneor the right one to make in the first place.

This team approach to ITV has not beenunsuccessful. Students have generally learned asmuch from TV teaching as from conventionalteaching, and if the program is done exceptionally

well, the TV presentations are enjoyed more.Although ITV has not been unsuccessful,

neither has it been very successful. Rarely has aTV course been better than that taught by ateacher in the classroom. The role that TV playsin school today is merely supplemental. Only inthe case of a serious teacher shortage, is it usedextensively and then as a next -best substitute.

ITV is not looked upon as a real alternativeor as a first logical choice medium. As an enrich-ment device, it's been nice; as a means of closingan educational gap, its been a stop -gap.

But now that we're coming into an era ofaccountability, ITV could come into its own. Ac-countability has been described as a focus on theoutput of education, not the input; on what doesa youngster learn-not on how many teacherswere used, how many books ordered, etc.

When the score is kept this new way-on out-put-the individual teacher, as a fount of all in-formation and learning, is on the spot. So, ofcourse, is TV but now the evaluators are going tomeasure something different. They're not going to

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To make ITV accountable you have to measure stu-dent input and output. To get an intended output,you need behaviorial objectives and a process toattain those objectives.


measure marks obtained by TV -taught studentsversus marks obtained by live -teacher taught stu-dents. Instead, they are going to measure what astudent knew before instruction and what he knowsafter. In other words, accountability means ananalysis of the entire instructional system will beperformed. The designer of effective instructionbecomes an expert at a process that has built intoit, self -correction. The process includes setting anobjective for the learner (behavioral objectives),diagnosing what the student can do now (criteriontesting), designing and prescribing learning activi-ties, measuring results (more criterion testing), andthen modifying and altering the learning activitiesuntil objectives are met.

Because this is a process requiring clearlystated objectives and measurement of knowledgeor skills before and after learning activities, theeffectiveness of learning activities is always underclose scrutiny. When performance incentives areadded, i.e., when compensation to the person incharge of learning is based on gains scored bythe learner, the learning agent soon becomesadept at picking effective learning activities. KingNelson, president of the Institute for the Develop-ment of Educational Auditing, recently told anAmerican Management Assn. audience that whenaccountability and incentives are combined (per-formance contracting) entire programs are alteredwithin a time span of six months or less.* Nor-mally it takes well over a year for a program to beevaluated and in most schools a hard evaluationthat leads to a deliberate, marked change in ap-proach is rarely made.

Answers to IN effectiveness

Thus, the process of instructional design, whichtakes a systems look at learning achieved (alsoknown as instructional technology or programmedinstruction), does make it possible to answer thequestion, "Can ITV be made cost effective?" Theanswer can be affirmative for not all but manysituations. The question really has to be posedfor every learning -activity choice that has beenconceived as a means of achieving the stated ob-jective. TV must be measured against a teacher'slive presentation, standard textbooks, programmedtexts, motion -picture films, film strips with orwithout audio, etc., etc.

Since the question of ITV effectiveness has tobe asked hundreds of times, i.e., for every objec-tive, we can now also answer the question, "CanITV truly be integrated into the curriculum?"The answer is again yes, but it depends on thesituation. A videotape sequence may become avital segment but it may be only one segment ofmany that go to make up a course. (The wordcourse, is archaic.) What we are really after isgetting the learner to master a series or sequenceof behavioral objectives. For any given objective,TV may be the one -and -only cost-effective answer.For another, it is an extravagance.

*The Individualized Learning Letter, Vol. 1, No. 4, 67 East ShoreRoad, Huntington, N.Y. 11743.

Positive reinforcement needed

As soon as one orients his thinking to thesystems design point of view (stating achievementobjectives and measuring student performance allalong the way to see if the objectives have beenobtained), one has to accept the fact about learningthat has been posited by behavioral scientists towit: behavior is lawful and a systematic deliveryof positive reinforcement following a specific be-havior will produce an increase in that behavior.

The process is one of programmed instruction,characterized as a step-by-step method. A smallunit of information is presented. A response iselicited. The material is designed so that it is easyto make a correct response. As soon as a responseis made, the student gets immediate feedback-which is usually positive because the right answerwas made easy. Once this positive reinforcementhas occurred, the learner is well on his way toacquiring the behavior that is desired in the firstplace.

How to incorporate immediate feedback as apositive reinforcement step poses a big problemin TV. In the classical Skinnerian approach, thepattern is small sequences followed by a methodof eliciting overt responses (usually questions).Following this routine is a means of providingimmediate feedback to the student-telling himif he gave the correct answer.

As Corki Williams, writing on this subject,"Instructional Technology Accountable and Effec-tive," in the June -July issue of MERP Memo(Medical Educational Resources Program, IndianaUniv. School of Medicine) says, "there is no rulethat requires that the sequence style must followSkinner's minute sequencing." Miss Williams con-tinues, "In fact, the trend has been toward de-signing longer sequences according to the amountof material the target audience can digest in onedose."

In TV this may be several minutes of straightpresentation followed by some opportunity for anovert response.

Since no behavioral scientist or instructionalsystem practitioner is willing to say that a responseis unnecessary, we must answer the earlier ques-tion, "Is eliciting a student response the answer?"in the affirmative.

Who says so?

The first ITV practitioners to take seriouslythe notion of soliciting a response-of makingthe viewer an active participant and not a passiveobserver, were those who used television to teachpsychomotor skills. This was to be expected be-cause the outputs are easier to measure. Manyskills involved in dental health fall in this categoryand Dental Health Center, San Francisco, whichis part of the Public Health Service, HEW, isactively using TV both as a tool in doing be-havioral skill analysis and also as a final presenta-tion mode for some skills.

In fact, Jack Handley of the Dental HealthCenter has produced a two-hour video tape en -


titled "Teaching: Exploring the Process" whichcovers seven steps to systematically designingteaching products that effectively meet pre -estab-lished educational criteria. (The seven steps: for-mulating objectives in terms of student accomplish-ments, making criterion tests, selecting subjectmatter to meet objectives, designing the course,teaching it, testing results, and final revision.)

The videotape hammers home the point thatthe stimulus must belong to the real world, thatthere must be a response, and that the studentmust receive knowledge of the results. At onepoint the script declares, "Response is the keyword-it indicates a total change in emphasis.Before, the student spent a great deal of timelistening to us . . . now he practices doing . . .

our attention shifts from showing him how towatching him do . . . and helping when needed."Providing knowledge of results is the most im-portant single improvement that can be made inthe instruction process, the videotape tells us.

The Dental Health Center expects to get au-thorization to proceed on a giant systematic ap-proach to designing new audio-visual materials tofacilitate the training of thousands of dental aux-iliaries (aides) needed by the nation in the seven-ties.

A pioneer in the application of programmedlearning principles to television is Dr. Ed Eismanof the Naval Amphibious School, Coronado, SanDiego. Eisman says, "People learn in many differ-ent ways but common to all these ways is aninteraction between the learner and the materialto be learned, or, in other words, learning involvesresponding to stimuli."

Eisman says the problem is that TV is notnormally thought of in stimulus -response terms-except by those who write TV commercials. Thestimulus is considered by educators when the dis-play is determined but no consideration is givento the response.

Eisman organizes his TV instructional materialto go from simple to complex concepts and he getshis students to make frequent overt relevant re-sponses to which he provides feedback. Eismanalso says the stimulus has to be relevant; if theobjective is reading a flash light code or disassem-bling and assembling the M-1 rifle, the visualhas to be on flashing lights or the rifle and not theinstructor talking about these items.

It is not difficult to envision how one couldincorporate response modes into TV instructionthat is teaching simple motor skills. But Eismanhas used the approach in teaching concepts. Forexample, a student is given a copy of an intelli-gence estimate and the objective is to teach himhow to use the report.

In videotapes on teaching Vietnamese phrasesto security guards, the student is told to respondout loud when he sees the guard's lips move.

In other tapes, the attitudes the students de-velop are measured. The Naval Amphibious Schooluses three specialists in videotape preparation:The content specialist, the television production

The Responsive TV system by Data-Plex Systems forcesinteraction between the program and the learner. A prob-lem is posed and the student must make a response. Thenext TV frame is a function of that response. The pictureabove presents information....

. . . below is a frame which ask the learner to pick ananswer. Operating the response box is Dr. Mary C. Mc-

Laughlin, Health Commissioner, N.Y.C. Dept. of Health.Inventor Charles Morchand is pointing out a detail. Drs.Harris and Swart are looking on.

AIN AM KC OP.[se .4 into a* '

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specialist and the learning theory specialist.Criterion tests are always prepared after ob-

jectives are written, to measure the degree thatobjectives are attained. A major portion of timespent in developing ITV that meets programmed -instruction principles is devoted to the tryout -revision phase-the validation process.

Eisman believes that ITV can be cost effectiveand he cites an Air Force Logistics Commandstudy that shows $3 million in savings over fiveyears for a training objective involving 9 millionstudent hours annually. The $3 million calculationincluded a saving in instructors' time plus students'time (since students were paid a salary) minus the


television system implementation costs.For ITV or any instructional systems -tech-

nology approach to be cost-effective, teacher timehas to be cut. Two years ago, BM/E reported ona major research effort by the New York Instituteof Technology in developing a cost-effectivemethod of teaching sophomore -level physics tomidshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy. The finalreport is now being written. Evaluation shows thatan automated self -instructional program can teachand that instructor's time can be saved. Whetheror not such a system will save money in the longrun depends on how long the run is. Courses thatare fairly stable such as introductory physics andmath need not be changed frequently and para-professionals in conjunction with self -instructionalsystems can save professional salaries. NYIT usessuch systems for several groups of undergrad-uates at its Westbury campus.

The NYIT research does not demonstrate anygreat value or virtue for ITV per se. Videotapesegments have been used to teach single conceptsand the medium has been effective. But no clearcut evidence emerges to show that videotapes weresuperior to various other a -v or illustrated text-book approaches.

A modest but more pointed experiment to findhow effective ITV is in terms of saving teachertime is underway at the Baldwin Public Schools(N.Y.) under the direction of Dr. HowardSchivera, Director of Instructional Communica-tions. There is no significant funding available toSchivera to permit him to gear up for an elaborateexperiment, nor is Schivera going to prove thatITV can be used in the core curricula area. Whatis being demonstrated, though, is that you canwrite several behavioral objectives and prepare aprogram that can be administered by TV monitorsand clerks in the classroom either in lieu of ateacher or as meaningful instruction prior to ateacher's arrival.

As a consequence, it is conceivable that thetotal professional time spent in the classroomcould be cut. What Schivera is shooting for is asystem whereby teachers become more effective.A teacher need not be tied to a classroom and agroup of youngsters but can be a resource personfor many youngsters. Modern media can be usedto teach content and handle rote learning situa-

Involvement ITV from ITCA number of videotape courses that are designedto get active student participation are availablefrom The Instructional Television Center, SchoolBoard of Broward County, Fort Lauderdale,Florida. Several courses in phonics, oral expres-sion and handwriting get both verbal andwritten participation. Constant reinforcement isstressed.

tions-the teacher is used for more human activi-ties such as conducting group discussion.

Unfortunately there is very little TV materialavailable on the market that meets the tests of alearning -theory specialist-Schivera couldn't findmaterial to fill even two days. The Baldwin dem-onstration was planned around using TV for two-and -one-half hours each day. Actually only 40minutes of TV time was needed because the bulkof the time was allocated for making responses tothe TV stimuli and performing other reinforcingactivities. After viewing over 100 films and tapes,Schivera and his associates, Emil Maurer and AnnEdson, found only four or five that met theircriteria of clear behaviorial objectives. None reallyprovided appropriate criterion tests that could beadministered to determine if objectives were met.The task then was to find and select items thatcould be appropriately adapted to a locally -pro-duced effort that contained behavioral objectivesand criterion testing.

The target population was fifth graders. Thetopics picked covered music, drugs, conservation,perception, poetry (Haiku) and values guidance.The first step was to write behavioral objectives.For example, the program on drugs required thatthe student be able to identify and label correctlyat least 8 out of 12 still frames on a photo quiz.The still frames (stimuli), taken from the kine-scope or film, were printed on sheets of paper.Verbal concepts that related to photos werehanded out to be matched to the photos (theresponse). A quick guide to scoring these sheetswas provided (feedback). A chief criticism of theTV material previewed by the Baldwin group wasthe irrelevant visuals. Too much film did nothave visual integrity, and this made it difficult todesign response modes.

In the music program, activities included mak-ing simple musical instruments from a preparedkit. The conservation program included as a workactivity, filling in a cross word puzzle and makingresponses which could be self -checked by thestudent using the Data Scope teaching device.

The Baldwin demonstration was, in a sense,an extension of the Rochester experiment of theyear before (Using ITV to Cut Instructional Costs,BM/E, Nov. 1970). One of the problems en-countered in Rochester was allowing for the rightamount of time for student activity. Baldwin pre-tested its program with a small group of childrenand modified the program when necessary. Musi-cal interludes and musical clues were used forpacing, clean-up time, etc.

The two days proved to Schivera's satisfactionthat TV programs could teach a great deal. He isskeptical, however, about instituting a daily dietof TV fare; he is sure effectiveness would drop.However, new programs to build reading skillsare being prepared and Baldwin Public Schoolswill garner more information this coming termon how to use TV that is accountable.

Dialogue with TV

All of the examples that we have discussed

34 October, 197 I-BM/E

thus far assume that TV transmission is one-wayand open ended, any response that is elicited fromviewers in no way affects the actual TV program.This need not be so. Data-Plex Systems, Inc.(BMIE Nov. 1970, page 12) has developed a pat-ented method of controlling the TV program as afunction of which 16 different push buttons on aresponse box were pressed by the viewer.

For example, when given a driver educationquestion, "When driving on wet pavement and yousee a sign 'danger ahead slow down' should you:

Take your foot off the accelerator and slowdown gradually (press X) or-Apply brakescarefully (press Y).If you pressed button Y the screen switches to

a printed message telling you that you are incor-rect and you see a picture of a car going into aspin.

If the person next to you (with his own re-sponse box and TV set) pressed X, he would seea car safely reducing speed.

How is this achieved? All of the answers aretransmitted simultaneously on a single channel.What the individual does when he presses a keyis to blank out portions of the screen and leavevisible only that section that shows the appro-priate response for that key.

A screen can be divided into four sectionswith four different correspondingly appropriatevoice messages or it can be subdivided into 16sections each with a different alpha -numericprinted display.

The program material can be live (over -the -air or close -circuit), or it can be all prerecordedon a 1/2 -inch videotape player.

Although 16 different printed responses arepossible simultaneously, a multiple choice ques-tion would typically have two, three, or four an-swers. A correct answer is followed by reinforce-ment and further information. If an incorrectsegment comes up as a result of pressing a wrongbutton, the viewer can be told to press a differentbutton or he can be told the correct answer andgiven a clarification.

The buttons are arranged four -in -a -row infour rows. Branching can be introduced by pos-ing a new question in the response to a previousquestion and then telling the student to press abutton in the second or third row. (The secondrow answer can be allocated to branching fromcorrect answers and the third row to answersbranching from incorrect responses.) Thus everystudent could be on his own individual path. Inplanning a program, rows 1 and 2 are generallyused for written alpha -numeric print-out re-sponses. Row 3 and row 4 are generally used forgraphic response. Still or motion pictures can beoptically placed in a quadrant format (row 3) or ahalf -split format (row 4).

A drama could go in four directions at anymoment. The viewer can choose actions to takeplace-such as directing a puppet-or he seeslife presented before him as a result of his actionssuch as the view through an airplane cockpit dur-ing maneuvers.

Programmed Learning VideoVideotape presentations that go hand -in -handwith programmed learning workbooks have beendeveloped by Hershey Video Systems Inc., JohnHancock Center, Chicago, Illinois. Courses aredesigned to help students pass tests preparedby the National Association of Security Dealers,The New York Security Exchange, and the FAA.Neither the videotape or workbook is sufficientby themselves. This is by design-not so muchas a pedagogical consideration but rather as apractical one. If Hershey Video were to sell onlyvideotapes the cost would be high and usagesmall. If they sold only workbooks, the coursewould be be dry and the volume would have tobe high to be profitable. To get the best of video-tapes and workbooks, including proven pro-grammed learning effectiveness, Hershey Videohas come up with a cost of $50 (typically) fora 12 -hour course. But for this price you obviouslydon't get to keep the videotape. This combination,the company says, sells better than would eithera textbook or TV course because it is effective.

A current customer is the Harlem HospitalCenter of New York. They have a program onFamily Planning which includes instruction onhow to use birth control methods-the opportuni-ties for participation stagger the imagination!

Hoffman -La Roche Labs use the method forsales training and the method is about to be triedby the West Hartford Public Schools. The com-pany is developing, in conjunction with Ira J.Singer, Assistant Superintendent in Charge of In-struction and Special Services, a program entitled"Taking That First Picture" which will be avail-able on West Hartford's Dial Select system.

Charles A. Morchand, president of Data-Plexand inventor of the system trademarked Respon-siveTV, says the responsive box, which can simplybe hooked to the antenna terminals of any TV set,costs about $285. This cost will drop to under$100 in large production. The response box hasan output jack which can be used to feedbackinto a two-way cable system information onswitch settings. It can thus serve as a cable TVpolling device.

These few samples are certainly sparse, andwe hope other groups are beginning to apply thesystems concept to achieve accountability. Hope-fully those that attended the NAEB workshopsconducted by General Programmed Teaching ofPalo Alto will be encouraged to try their hand atwriting behavioral objectives and designing pro-grams that elicit responses and provide feedback.A source of future information on programmedtelevision instruction specifically for public schoolswill be the Central Midwestern Regional Educa-tional Laboratory, Inc. at St. Louis, Mo., LannyE. Morreau, program director. Morreau has agrant to work in this area and his research shouldprove valuable to those who want to make ITVaccountable. BM/ E


Broadcasters Tell AboutTheir Cost -Effective BuysSome very cost- and quality -conscious broadcastersanswered BM/E's invitation in' the May issue toshare with us their experiences in cost-effectiveequipment buying. There are some importantguidelines in the accumulated experiencesdescribed here.

Radio1560

1000 WAITS - 4.11S llaP. O. Mt 770 CHICKASHA. OKLA. 7301B

11

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on -lieu ovneseen s ;L...,0 04.>,A 50 ca st, ,,,, a,

a 45,0, -,.._

Alrel INw

Invoice at KWCO issimply an electro-static copy of ac-count ledger card.Saves typing andmistakes.

THREE POWERFUL APPROACHES tocost-effective purchasing emergedas the most important among thoserelated by station operators whoreplied to BM/E's invitation in theMay editorial:

Automation, both in bookkeep-ing and in programming, can makespectacular savings if carefully ad-justed to the station's needs.

Equipment surveys, before buy-ing, should be fairly wide-rangingamong the multitude of alterna-tives today for almost any equip-ment function, because very oftena somewhat unorthodox choicewill save a lot and do the job aswell or better than the "standard."

Reconditioned equipmentshould always be considered whenthe budget is tight; it can be liter -


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Smooth, gentle film handling at upto 400 ft./min., without intermittentmovement of usual claw or Genevagear drive. Stable, positive focus.2,000 foot film capacity.

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10041


October, 1971-BM/E

BROADCAST

EQUIPMENTNew and significant

For more information,circle boldfaced

numbers on ReaderService Card.

Low-cost color TV camera com-bines new silicon diode tube withPlumbicon tubes, to give bothsuperior red response of silicontube and excellence of Plumbi-con in green and blue channels.IVC-150 is claimed to produceexcellent pictures under fieldconditions with light below 10foot-candles. The camera can beused as a self-contained unit withbuilt-in sync generator and color

encoder, and in nonbroadcast ap-plications can be operated fromexternal drive pulses while con-tinuing to use internal encoder.Adding an external encoderbrings it up to full FCC and EIAbroadcast specifications. From$14,800. INTERNATIONAL VIDEO.

275

Audio tape duplicator makes cop-ies and allows on-line tailoring ofaudio signals in any 150 -mil or1/4 -inch tape format-open-reel,cassette, four- or eight -track car-tridges. Pre-set plug-in headstacks and guides allow quickchange to desired format. Up tothree slaves can be driven. TheModel AD -15 has servo -con-trolled reel and capstan drives,referenced to a precision oscil-lator to hold speed within±-0.08% from beginning to endof reel. Signal-to-noise ratio iswithin 3 dB of the master. Sys-tem can produce up to 168 1200 -foot copies in one eight -hour

shift. $5000 to $16,000. AMPEX.276

Access floor for cabling pro-vides space under block -sup-ported floor panels for power,control, or signal cable runs.Mini -Floor can be installed ina few minutes by laying support

blocks and panels on top of ex-isting floor, can cover a wholeroom or any selected part. It hasa factory -applied carpet finish.Forms platform approximately 3inches above original floor.About $2.00 a square foot. MINI -FLOOR COMPANY. 278

Tiny, cylindrical AM radio canbe pre-set to receive any chosen

station, is intended to help sta-tion attract advertisers and buildratings and audiences. StationMaster also has full -band AMtuning. Price allows it to be usedas self-liquidating promotionpiece. CONCEPT PLUS. 279

Sweep -frequency test tape is in8 -track cartridge format, includesall necessary correction factorsfor direct reading on oscillo-scope screen. Model 113T Tapecovers 60 Hz to 15 kHz, hasmarker pulses at 1, 3, 5, 10, and15 kHz. Under $7.00. PACIFIC

TRANSDUCER. 281

Communications headsets weighless than 8 ounces, can be hadeither with soft foam ear -en-

veloping cushions, or with venti-lated cushions that let wearerhear local speech as well as head-

phone output. Astrolite headsetscome in 24 variations, with sin-gle or double phone, carbon ordynamic mike. TELEVISION As-SOC IATES. 280

Non -interfering sweep -frequencytest set Includes two units forautomatic testing of cable sys-tems, has two operating modes.Model CT -1000 Cable Trans-mitter originates test signal athead end, with frequency rangeof 5-300 MHz, ±1.0 dB,Sweep frequency is 30 Hz, con-tinuous. Output return loss is10 dB minimum, and tempera-ture range is 0° to 140° F. TheModel CR-1000 Cable Receiveris a portable unit which displaysthe entire swept frequency re-

sponse on a large, 5 -inch oscillo-scope screen. In the second op-erating mode, the CR-1000 canbe used as a spectrum analyzer,independent of the CT -1000Transmitter. One mark of ca-pability in this mode is the meas-urement of undesired beats atleast 60 dB below the video car-rier level. AVANTEK. 313

(Products continued on page 38)


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Turn to HF full -range support equip-ment-tripods, pedestals, mounting heads,and dollies-for totally engineered,dependable service. Rugged construction,precise controls, and unparalleled per-formance are built-in each unit to ensurecontinued operation and remarkablylong life.

If you require technically perfect equipment support,you need HF Photo Systems' planning service. Call or write us today!

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TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATEDHF PHOTO SYSTEMS DIVISION

itManufacturers of Houston Fearless Products

Dept. N, 11801 W. Olympic Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90064 (213) 272-4331GSA NO. G5.005.87062

Circle I I I on Reader Service Card

Compact, solid-state time -weather -message channel uses an optical scan-ning system to feed weather data to abuilt-in pre -focused TVC-500 vidiconcamera, which provides both videoand RF outputs. TMW-5 is mountedin a small, table -top box. It gives acontinuous digital display of time,except when a message is being tele-vised. Temperature, wind speed, and

wind direction are picked up by out-side sensors, automatically displayedin rotation for five seconds each.Messages are written, drawn, or typedon 3x5 in. transparent cards, in-serted into cabinet on message board.Message time is adjustable, 5 to 15seconds. A side port allows a Car-rousel slide projector to be substi-tuted for the message card. By-passswitches allow operator to skip anydisplay as desired. $1450. JERROLD.

277

Microphone combining "shotgun"and cardioid characteristics is highlyresistant to wind noise, has very longreach for efficient outside work.MKH-415 is a condenser mike, alsohas high pop resistance and extended,flat frequency response, allowing per-formers in studios to be close-mikedwithout need of a windscreen or bassfilter to compensate for blast orproximity effect. It uses a combina-tion of pressure -gradient and inter-ference design principles, with super-cardioid pattern below 2 kHz; above,the pattern is beam shaped. $396.SENNHEISER. 282

Circularly -polarized FM antennas arenormally adjusted for equal powerradiation in horizontal and verticalplanes, can be had with other splitson order. Dual -Cycloid is high -powermodel; Dual -Cycloid II is mediumpower; Dual -Cycloid III is lowpower; and Directional Dual -Cycloidallows for special radiation patterns.Null fill and beam tilt are availablewith the first two models. Antennasare available in any number of baysfrom one to 16. Icing protection canbe provided with accessory heaterelements of varying wattage, withmanual or automatic controls. GATES.

283

Quartz lighting kit, designed espe-cially for location TV, motion picture,and photographic work, has threelights: a 600 -watt focusing broad,and two 600w quartz focusing spots.


38October, 197 I -BMA

Shopping for lenses?Compare Canon !

Draw up a checklist that includesprice, specifications and image bril-liance, then start comparing cata-logues. You'll probably come up withthe Canon answer, like so many majorcamera producers-for broadcast 1"or 11,'4" PLUMBICON'' or CCTV 1"2/3" vidicon.

Stack these two Canon popularityfavorites against anything else on themarket and see what we mean.The Canon TV Zoom LensP17X30B2 has an impressive1:2.5 relative aperture at

focal length range (440-500mm), in spite of its17X zoom ratio. At 30-440mm it's a remarkable1:2.2, offering the same per-formance as our P10X20B,specially designed for maximum ver-satility with three different rangeextenders.

Both are ideal for a variety of situa-tion, including dim lighting and openareas like field events.

Here are some other examples ofthe wide Canon line:

PlOX 20B

ManualName Range of Focal Length Zoom Ratio Maximum Relative Aperture

114 PLUMBICON P17 x 3062P10 x 20

30-500mm20 -200mm

1 : 17

1 : 10

F 2.2

F 2.2

1" PLUMBICON PV17 x 24BPV1O x 16

PVIO x 15B

24- 400mm16-160mm15-150mm

1 : 171 : 101 : 10

F 1.8F 1.6F 2.0

1" Vidicon VIO x 15V6 x 16V5 x 20V4 x 25

15-150mm16.9 95mm

20-100mm25-100mm

I : 101 : 6

1 : 5

1 : 4

F 2.8F 2.0F 2.5F 1.8

%" Vidicon 110 x 131 6 x 131 5 x 151 4 x 12

13-130mm13- 76mm15- 75mm

12.5- 50mm

1 : 101: 6

1: 5

1: 4

F 2.8F 1.9F 2.1F 1.8

Servorized/MotorizedName Range of Focal Length Zoom Ratio Maximum Relative Aperture

1 1/4"PLUMBICON P10 x 20B4 20-200mm 1 : 10 F 2.2

1" Vidicon V10 x 15R (DCV6 x 16R (AC/DC)V4 x 25R (AC/DC,EE)

15 -150mm16.9-95mm25-100mm

1 : 101 : 6

1 : 4

F 2.8F 2.0F 2.5

N.V. Philips of Holland

CANON U.S.A.. INC.: 64-10 Queens Blvd., Woodside, New York 11377, U.S.A. Phone) 212-478-5600 CANON U.S.A.. INC.: 457 Fullerton Ave. Elmhurst, Illinois 60126, U.S.A. 'Phone) 312-833-3070 CANON OPTICS & BUSINESS MACHINES CO.. INC. 3113 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles.California 90005. U.S.A. .Phone' 213-384-3113 CANON AMSTERDAM N.V.: Gebouw 70, SchipholOost, Holland CANON LATIN AMERICA, INC.: Apartldo 7022. Panama 5, Panama CANON INC.:9-9, Ginza 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan

Circle 112 on Reader Service CardCa-non

October, 197 -BM/E 39

DITCH WITCH 71...

THE NEW J20B

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THE NEW J20B DITCH WITCH, an 18 -HP workhorse that gives you big -machine performance plus the advantages of a compact. The J20B has asteering wheel, controlled power steering, fully -hydraulic backfill bladeand conveniently arranged controls for operator efficiency. Four -wheel-drive and high -flotation tires take it over the toughest terrain with easeand safety. It has all the design advantages of larger Ditch Witch unitsincluding hydraulic travel speed, independent of three mechanically-se-lective digging speeds, plus reverse. The J20B Ditch Witch is an econ-omical and rugged production tool that trenches to depths of 5', widthsof 12" at speeds to 900 FPH. A Roto Witch boring attachment is avail-able as an option. You name the time and place - and your Ditch WitchPro will be there to demonstrate the J20B.

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Circle 113 on Reader Service Card40


Three 600w lamps are supplied.Featherlite Quartz Lighting Kit alsoincludes three stands, Gaffer Grip,extension cords, and carrying casethat fits under airplane seat. CEN-TURY STRAND. 284

Line -layer attachment goes on Fleet-line Trencher, buries cable, flexibletubing and wire up to 30 inchesdeep, even in hard, dry soil. P-80Line Layer operates at speeds to4,000 feet an hour. Skid shoes holdboth sides of cut in place. DAVIS.

285

Vertical -interval production switcheris designed for CATV, educationalTV, remote studios. VS -153A is re-mote -controlled, has full -color pro-gramming capacity, 11 video inputswith basic single re-entry effects andmixing. Special effects: inserts fromeach corner, full horizontal and ver-tical wipes, internal and external key-ing. $2895. DYNAIR. 286

Portable color VTR uses 1/2 -inchtape, rotary two -head system, hashorizontal resolution of over 230lines. FV-3500 takes 7 -in. reels, is

Ill ,0'

available with electronic editing, hassignal/noise ratio above 40 dB. JvcAMERICA. 287

Triple, five -inch monitor shows threedifferent video programs simultane-ously on three 5 -in. screens mountedside by side. Setchell Carlson Triple

Five can be rack or table mounted,has resolution of 540 horizontal lines,fast AFC for good display of helicalscan signals. $695. SC ELECTRONICS.

288

High-speed RF coaxial switches comein both 31/2 -in. and 61/2 -in. rigidcoaxial line sizes, have cycle time ofless than 500 milliseconds, usuallyabout 250 milliseconds. 61000 Seriesuses rotary solenoids for high speed,operates to 1000 MHz, with 55-70


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Telex headphones and headsets give you that comfortable feelingof assurance when you monitor broadcasts or communications.Signals come through loud and clear - intelligibly and reliably.

Telex professional monaural or stereo headphones incorporateaudiometric -type transducers that are impervious to temperatureor humidity changes and provide you with absolute performanceconsistency day in, day out. These sensitive dynamic transducersproduce high output levels with minimum consumption of trans-mission power. Available in single or dual muff configuration andwith noise cancelling dynamic or carbon boom microphones.

And you'll never miss a cue or program buss with a TelexAnouncers Earset® . Inconspicuous for 'on camera' work, it haspractically become standard in the industry.

Or you can select a Telesete , Twinsete or. Earset9 for light-weight, comfortable and inexpensive private monitoring. And forspecial applications in business or home, industry or institution,Telex makes a listening device to fit your requirements. Availableat better sound dealers or write for free information. You'll hearmore from Telex.

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dB isolation, handles high powercompatible with transmission lineSize. MICRO COMMUNICATIONS. 289

Electronic videotape timer readsdown to an individual frame, for ac-curate timing and editing of 15-ipstape. Series 800 Video Tape TimingSystem displays hours, minutes, sec-onds, and frames on Nixie tubes. Itcan drive up to five remote displays.From $1335. HOLLAND ELECTRON-ICS. 290

Cue and identification board providesboth aural and visual cues for a full10 -second count down. Electronic QBoard has large, center -located read-

LAIRD TELEMEDIA INC

out that permits zoom to full screen:and speaker to alert personnel. $395.LAIRD TELEMEDIA. 291

Video hard -copy unit makes perma-nent facsimile copy of static TVsignals. Model 4602 is completelyself-contained, needs only connec-tion to power source and to video. Ithandles video signals from 0.2 v to 3v, p -to -p. $3750. TEKTRONIX. 292

Video hard -copy unit is a proprietarymodification of Tektronix Model4601, converting standard TV sig-nals to narrow -band format accept-able to the fiber -optics, line -scanCRT of Tektronix 4601. CVI Model4601 has resolution of 600 lines orbetter, table -top mounting, can beconnected to wide -band or narrow -band video source. $6000. COLORADOVIDEO. 293

Extended range field -strength metermeasures all UHF, VHF, and FMchannels, plus mid -band and super-band CATV channels. Model 747 isportable, all solid-state, and is fullyintegrated, with a single input andsingle -knob tuning. $450. JERROLD.

294

Zoom lens for TV cameras is ratedf/1.8 and comes in 10:1 and 6:1versions. Ultrafast TV Zoom Lenscan also be had in either manual ormotorized form. A wide selection ofmatching accessories and controls arealso ready. WOLLENSAK. 295


Further proof...sound has neverbeen in better shape!

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sional microphones. Reasons dramatically proved bythe rapid success of the Model 635A and the RE15.Now we've added the RE55 to this handsome group.

The RE55, like its predecessor the 655C, is anextremely wide -range omnidirectional dynamic. Andin most electrical particulars it is not greatly different.RE55 frequency response is a bit wider, and perhapsa trifle flatter. An impressive achievement when youconsider that the 655C has been extensively used asa secondary frequency response standard. Outputlevel is 2 db hotter, and the exclusive E -V Acoustalloy®diaphragm of the RE55 can provide undistorted out-put in sound fields so intense as to cause ear damage.

The biggest changes in the RE55 are mechanical.For the microphone is even more rugged than the655...long known as one of the toughest in the busi-ness. There's a solid steel case and new, improvedinternal shock mounting for the RE55. Plus a fawnbeige Micomatte finish that looks great on TV long aftermost microphones have been scarred and scratchedalmost beyond recognition.

For convenience we've made thebarrel of the RE55 just 3/4" in diameter.It fits modern 3/4' accessories. It alsofits the hand (and its length makes the RE55perfect for hand-held interviews). We alsoprovide XLR-3 Cannon -type connectors to helpyou standardize your audio wiring. Detailrefinements that make the RE55 more dependable,easier to use.

Finally, the RE55 has the exclusive Electro-Voice2 -year unconditional guarantee. No matter what hap-pens, if an RE55 fails to perform during the first twoyears - for any reason - we'll repair it at no charge.

Try the Electro-Voice RE55 today. The more youlisten, the better it looks!ELECM-VOICE. INC., Dept. 1011EM, 614 Cecil St., Buchanan, Michigan 49107

high fidelity systems and speakers tuners, amplifiers, receivers public address loudspeakers microphones phono cartridges and styli aerospace and defense electroeics

Circle 116 on Reader Service Card a GULTON subsidiary

LITNENFor copies of these literature offer-ings, circle numbers for appropriateitems on Reader Service Card.

Bulletin on audio connectors de-scribes new PF series of "Q -G"(quick ground) units, which comewith 3, 4, or 5 contacts, mount di-rectly on a gooseneck or mike stem.Switchcra ft. 200

Condensed 1971 catalog covers signalgenerators, frequency synthesizers,RF power amplifiers and amplifiermodules. RF Communications Inc.

201

Automatic logging systems, compactaudio control systems, and multiplecartridge playbacks, are covered in aseries of bulletins, each two pages.International Good Music. 202

Random-access audio and video re-trieval systems are covered in a bro-chure which describe philosophyand design of computer -controlledsystem for schools, universities, in-dustry, medicine, government. Am-

Multiple Cartridge Playback Units

Ten . Spot Model 6108 Five Spot Model 605B

... bringing a new dimension topushbutton broadcastingSpotmaster Ten Spot (holding 10 cartridges) and Five Spot (holdingfive) will reproduce any NAB Type A or B cartridge instantly at the pushof a button ... at random or in sequence. They may be operated manuallyor incorporated into programmed automation systems, using one, two orthree NAB standard electronic cueing tones.

The Ten Spot is designed for 19" rack mounting while the Five Spotis available either in an attractive walnut-finished case or with a 19" frontpanel containing a cartridge storage cubicle. Both are backed by Spot -master's iron -clad full -year guarantee.

For further information about these and other Spotmaster cartridge tapeunits, call or write today. Remember, Broadcast Electronics is the No. 1designer/producer of broadcast quality cartridge tapeequipment worldwide!

I ==BROADCAST ELECTRONICS, INC.8810 Brookville Road, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910; Area Code 301, 588-4983

pex Corporation. 203

Broadcast color film camera is cov-ered in Bulletin 1500, with features,ordering information, specifications.Cohu. 204

Catalog of cable connector com-ponents shows units for RG-6/U andRG-59U coax, as well as for alumi-num and autoseized aluminumCATV connectors for polyethyleneand polystyrene foam cables. LRCElectronics. 205

Collection of papers on flying spotfilm scanners includes four technicaltreatises on design and use of scan-ners for 16mm and 35mm film, andassociated equipment. Rank PrecisionIndustries. 206

Catalog of glass -bonded ferrite mag-netic recording heads includes de-scriptions and complete specificationsof models for all standard track for-mats. Ferroxcube. 207

Exposure meters, brochure includestutorial material comparing incidentwith reflected light methods in pho-tography. Photo Research. 208

Study on causes of unionization isbased on research at several hundredcompanies for which author wasconsultant, describes what actuallypromotes unionization. Write A. A.Imberman, 209 South LaSalle Street,Chicago, 60604, for copy.

Product selection guide covers digitalmultimeters, oscilloscopes, digit almeasuring systems, data collectionterminals, card and industrial read-ers. Hickok. 210

Bulletin describes color film proces-sor which can operate with CR-100chemistry or standard ME -4 process.Called "Little Max," unit includesdryer with complete RH and tem-perature control. Technology Incor-porated. 211

Tunerless CATV converters brochureshows mid -band and super -bandmodels which can add seven chan-nels each to system, along with blockdiagrams of use in various single -and dual -trunk applications. AELComm. Corp. 212

Real time -time compression spec-trum analysis is studied in detailin a 12 -page technical bulletin byDr. Ira Langenthal, Director of Re-search, Signal Analysis IndustriesCorp. Saicar. 209

Guide to Radio and TV BroadcastEngineering Practice is a handbookfor engineers which covers opera-tion, maintenance, troubleshooting,FCC regulations, use of consultants,etc. $2.95. TAB Books, Blue RidgeSummit, Pa. 17214.


Cost -Effective Buys continued

ally "as good as new," and costvery much less.

These are hardly startling dis-coveries, but it is eminently worth-while to see these principles ac-tually at work-that constitutesa strong reminder that the princi-ples are there, available to every-one.

Kwco in Chickasha, for exam-ple, has made a thorough appli-cation of automation to bookkeep-ing, traffic, and programming. Thewhole bookkeeping and traffic op-eration, reports Manager McKee,centers on an SCM Coronstat 88copy machine. With the help of the88, and some consolidation ofbookkeeping and traffic records,one full-time employee does bothjobs more easily and more accu-rately than two persons did in thepreautomation period. And the sta-tion's business is up 40%.

Bookkeeping is all carried on aledger card for each account towhich all charges and paymentsare posted. The monthly invoiceis simply an 88 -model copy of theledger card. The basis of the trafficsystem is a master journal with acolumn for each day of the monthand lines for each account. Thejournal shows in one compositelocation every account runningduring the month, the number ofprograms, the announcements, the

Fifty -Dollar WinnersWinners of $50 each forgetting in the first fiveletters:Michael McKee, Sales and

Operations Manager,KWCO, Chickasha, Okla-homa.

Don Michel, President,WRAJ, Anna, Illinois.

Morton C. Flora, Chief Engi-neer, WTWA, Thomson,Georgia.

David P. Hebert, Chief Engi-neer, KXRO, Aberdeen,Washington.

Jerry W. Milligan, Sr., VicePresident and GeneralManager, WULA, Eufaula,Alabama.

days they ran, the number of timesper day, the time periods, etc.The journal also shows in thecomposite location the rate infor-mation for each account and thetotal amount of money spent.


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October, 1971-BM/E

-C77-EIVTr7on Realer Service Clra45

WhatFM

transmitterpowerdo youneed?

Gates has the most complete line of FMtransmitters in the industry. From 10 to40,000 watts. All with a 100% solid-stateexciter employing DCFM (direct carrierfrequency modulation) and DAFC (digitalautomatic frequency control).

The TE-3 exciter is the heart of all H3series transmitters-one tube (1 kW), twotube (2, 3, 5 and 10kW), and three tube(20kW). All FCC -type accepted, ready forprompt shipment.

Tell us the power you need and ask fordata on our FM antennas. Write Gates,123 Hampshire St., Quincy, Illinois 62301,or phone (217) 222-8200 today.

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46

GATESA DIVISION OF HARRISINTERTYPE



Here again, the copying machinegives the book record completeversatility: copies of the journalpages can be furnished to sales,programming, traffic and book-keeping, each department gettingvital information in this way.

The daily program log is alsoprepared from the traffic journal.Since the format changes littleduring a month, a program logcan be made up for the first dayof the month and copied on the88 for the other days, with minorhand -posting to make changes oradditions later.

In the programming end, Kwcouses two IGM Instacarts to operate118 hours a week with one full-time announcer. The program for-mat is " . . fast paced MOR music,information, and a lot of adver-tising-in fact, we are mostly talk,"says Mr. McKee. One Instacartholds all the commercials. On theother, 42 of the 48 trays hold themusic, which plays in sequence andthen repeats. The rest of the trayshold news, weather, network back -fill, etc.

"The Instacart lets us walk awayfrom our routine announcing tasksand do more productive things,"explains Mr. McKee. "We soundbetter and more consistent . . . . Of8 full-time people, 5 are in salesfull or part-time. Sales are upand employment has stabilized."Equipment choices that saved

Which tape recorder, micro-phone, modulation monitor, con-sole etc., do you buy? The experi-ences of BM/E's correspondentsemphasize strongly that it pays tolook the field over. Probably manystations in smaller communitieswould have microphone require-ments somewhat like those ofWRAJ, which has 4800 people inits service area. President DonMichel reports that a need for twoauxiliary mikes was admirably metwith two Sony condenser models,the lavalier ECM -16 and the largerECM -19B, at $29.95 each.

He finds the sound far superiorto the "garden variety of dynamicmicrophone," and except for alittle less fullness in the bass, prac-tically identical to condenser mikesat $200 and up.

Mr. Michel also has high praisefor the Sony TC-80 cassette re -

(Continued on Page 47)

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October, 1971-BM/E

Cost -Effective Buys continuedcorder with built-in electret micro-phone and automatic control ofrecording level. "Most of the net-work people have standardized onthese, but most smaller townbroadcasters have not used them,"he says.

Tape machines turned up inseveral other letters as the focusof big saving through slightly un-

WINS science reporter Roger Fielduses Sony TC-80 to interview BlairBenson, CBS-EVR.

orthodox choice. Morton Flora ofWTWA says that he found himselfwith three worn-out reel-to-reelmachines, and an urgent need forat least two machines in the sta-tion's operation. A transmitterpower increase from 250 to 1000watts, with several items of newequipment to go with it like a CBSVoluMax and AudiMax, left littleimmediate financial maneuvera-bility. On the advice of the con-sulting engineer, WTWA bought twoWollensak reel-to-reel machines(model not specified). "Both Wol-lensaks have been in operation forabout a month and have proved tobe perfect for our reel-to-reelneeds," he says. "With the moneysaved on the Wollensak purchasewe were able to order a third tapecartridge playback."

Jerry W. Milligan, Sr., of WULAreports a parallel experience. "Ilooked for tape machines that wecould use in recording our owntapes, and also use in an automa-tion system. I chose two Revox1302 recorders, complete with re-mote controls, at a cost of only$608 each-quite a saving overmany models, and the perform-ance is simply great."

Mr. Milligan lists several otherilluminating choices in a stationoverhaul that was budgeted for atotal of $20,000 and includedadding an FM station to an existingAM station. The FM modulationmonitor was a factory -recondi-tioned unit, which cost $1000 lessthan a new one. For a recording


BRAND-NEW-Indispensable for Anyone in TV News-Or Who Wants to Makethe Transition from Radio to TV-Or Improve Local Organization via CATV.

Television News HandbookBy David Dary, Professor of Broadcast Journalism, WilliamAllen White School of Broadcasting, Univ. of Kansas.

Whether you're involved in TV news activitynow, or have a sincere desire to be, here is anall -in -one guide to TV news departmentoperation-how to gather, write, produce,and present TV news.

Learn what it takes to be a TV news reporter,cameraman, or news director-particularly as relatedto local station origination, and regardless of the size ofthe station budget. Here, in one concise, compactvolume is the expertise of an experienced journalist whohas "lived" TV news, working with two major networksin various capacities, plus setting up and managing thenews department for a midwest radio -TV group, and isnow professor of broadcast journalism, activelyteaching the subject. Regardless of your status-working or would-be newsman, or even stationmanager-you'll benefit from the behind -the -scenesinsight incorporated into this work, an amalgamation ofall the practical knowledge and experience gleaned framdozens of top-flight experts. If you're now in radio news,and aspire to step up into the higher -paying and moreexciting world of TV, this new book will start you up theladder. If you are associated with the growing number ofCATV operations becoming involved in programorigination, you'll find a wealth of information to helpyou in planning and improving the quality and format ofyour programming.

You'll become familiar with the typical TVnewsroom, the qualifications of each staff member, andthe functions each fulfills. The author explains how workis scheduled and equipment is utilized to realize ef-ficient, effective news gathering. All the sources for TVnews are revealed to help the practicing or buddingjournalist quickly establish his contacts or "beat."Interviewing techniques are covered in detail-basic"blueprints" for on -camera as well as off -cameraconfrontations. Since the ultimate value of news dependson the reporter's evaluation, the author goes into detailon what is really news and why it is news, then explainshow to write news copy for the ear. Then you'll learn howto add "visuals" and how a newsman "writes to"newsfilm and how other visual aids are employed tocomplement and clarify TV news stories. Examples ofscripts will acquaint you with the presentationtechniques and formats followed by leading stations incoordinating voice and video production. Various soundrecording techniques are described, also, along withmotion picture cameras-both sound and silent types-newsfilm shooting techniques, film processing, andediting.

As you observe a TV newscast being put together-the planning and organization required-you learn howeach staff member contributes to the overall production.In fact, the author has included a "log" of a typical TVnews day showing howeach detail is handledfrom assignments tostories, from coveragepreparation and in-tegration of variouselements into a conciseon -the -air presentation.Attention is given, also, toon -camera reportingtechniques and thedemands placed on thereporter. 192 pps. 11Chapters, plus Appendixand Index. Hardbound.

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CONTENTSA History of TV News: How it allstarted, network news, commercialapplication, first televised politicalconvention, first regularlyscheduled news programs, the waryears and post-war years, newsreelfilm, TV News in the 60's and 70's-The TV Newsroom: News director,assignment editor, reporter,newsfilm cameraman, newsroomscheduling, equipping the TVnewsroom-TV News Sources-Wire services, wirephotos, localnews sources, interviewingtechniques, public service monitors,National Weather Service, localnewspapers, mail handouts,stringers and tipsters, local angle,future file-TV News Writing:Evaluating news, writing for theear, clarity, style for broadcastnews writing-Adding the Visuals:Types of visual material, TV newsscript form, writing to news film,examples of news film stories, tohervisuals-Newsfilm: Film sizes andtypes, optical and magnetic soundrecording, "tools of the trade",silent and sound cameras, ac-cessories, shooting newsfilm, filmprocessing and editing-Putting theNewscast Together: Planning andorganization, a typical TV "newsday", film board-TV News On theAir: On -camera delivery, voice anddiction, eye contact, news "set", on -camera movement, personal ap-pearance, on -camera problems andhow to solve them-Video TapeUsers: Video tape characteristics,editing video tape, uses of video tapein news programs-Laws, Courts &TV News: Privacy, libel, privilegedinformation, state laws, Canon 35,Fairness Doctrine, Section 315,understanding court procedure,types of court action, glossary oflegal terms-Editorializing: Whystations editorialize, types ofeditorials, editorial staff, editorialsubjects-Typical TV News Script-News Operation Check List-U.S. &Canadian Radio -Television NewsDirector's association Code ofEthics-NAB TV News Code. Index.

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48


console, he bought a Sparta A -15B five -mixer model. This boardwas actually used in the controlroom while that position was re-worked. For the permanent con-trol room board, he needed a dual -channel model, with a fairly largenumber of inputs, and general ver-satility. After looking over a num-ber of new and used models, hebought a "factory engineeringmodel" of the Bauer 910-D atabout half the regular price.

For transmitter and antenna,wanted the station to have the bestwe could find for a 3 kw operation. . . I got the Sparta -Bauer 2.5 kwtransmitter and the Jampro circu-larly polarized antenna. In myestimation that's a combinationthat's hard to beat." He alsobought a used Sparta cartridgemachine, one that had just beencompletely overhauled at the fac-tory. He had a local engineer builda small automation system thatcontrols the two Revox recordersand the cartridge machine. "Wemet our $20,000 figure and stillhave quality equipment," he con-cludes. "It took some careful plan-ning, but the results are very pleas-ing."

Another console choice thatproved highly cost-effective wasreported by Andrew Jackson, Di-rector of Engineering, LIN Broad-casting Corp., Louisville, Ken-tucky. "Recently one of our sta-tions needed a remote radio studiofacility," he writes. "A surveybrought to light the MTM unitmanufactured by Bogen. With thepurchase of their compensated in-put cards-$10.00-the total costcame to $175 for a six -input, 500 -ohm output console with cueswitches on the turntables, tonecontrol -equalizer, microphonemuting circuit, separate monitorgain and all solid state . . . theunit has proved to be quite satis-factory."

We are reminded that the vac-uum -tube -to -solid-state switch isstill an ongoing affair by the letterfrom David P. Hebert of KXRO.The station's Gates BC5-P2 trans-mitter used six 8008 mercury-va-por rectifiers in the high -voltagesection, and they had to be re-placed about three times a year, ata cost of $216 total. Hebert re -

(Continued on page 49)Circle 121 on Reader Service Card Circle 122 on Reader Service Card

October, 1971-BM/E

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ports that he recently replaced the8008's with six Wilkinson Elec-tronics solid-state rectifier units,model 18-3, which supply about275% of voltage reserve and200% of current reserve. "Wehave had superb high -voltage reg-ulation since the transition," hesays. "And the economics of themove were also quite advanta-geous." The solid-state rectifierswill have an indefinite life, andcost a total of $360. Thus theywill start saving money beforetwo years are over, and save thefull cost of the rectifiers there-after.

A much more elaborate form ofcost -saving equipment is the Cross -reed electronic private automaticbranch exchange installed by WestMichigan Telecasters, operators ofwzzm in Grand Rapids, Michigan.The Crossreed exchange 'is theheart of a private communicationssystem, using push-button dialingphones, and having many con-venience features that are said tobe unique in private branch equip-ment. For example, the systemwill automatically call back when

a line that was busy is no longerbusy; either outgoing or incomingcalls can be transferred to anotherextension by dialing the new num-ber; the user can dial up a con-ference and add other parties tothe line; he can connect any phoneto any of the 65 others in a merefraction of a second. Dean Switzer,vice president of TPI, says thatthe system will save more than$100,000 over a 20 -year period,as compared with renting the mostsophisticated Bell PBX system,which lacks some features of theCrossreed system. Crossreed ismade by Stromberg-Carlson andwas installed by Telephone Power,Inc., of Grand Rapids. The sys-tem uses solid state componentsand sealed reed switches, virtuallyeliminating service.

Obviously, numerous other sta-tion operators have made cost-effective purchases that parallelthose described, or come in othercategories not covered here. Butthose mentioned should remindus that really substantial savingsare there to be had. You just haveto look for them with care. BM/E

the newmcmartin consoles

sew.. SIB

now NEWER THAN NEWTHE 8-802-S1 DUAL CHANNEL STEREO MODEL AND THEB -802-S2 FOR STEREO AND SIMULCAST MONO OUTPUT

13-802-S1 $3450. B -802-S2

The B -802-S1 provides dual "line level" stereo out-puts. The VU meters are switchable to either outputpair. In addition to the "split -board" stereo capabil-ity, the B -802-S1 permits FM stereo programming,and by utilizing either of the second channels, inde-pendent AM mono feed.The B -802-S2 is designed for FM/AM simulcast oper-ation. The FM stereo programming is actively com-bined, with no deterioration of separation, to providea continuous line level mono AM output monitoredby a third VU meter.The B -802-S1 and B -802-S2 join the growing familyof McMartin audio consoles...incorporating flexi-bility and human engineering to meet the broad-caster's needs...today...and tomorrow!

$340C.

MONAURALB-801 $2,350.

STEREOB-802 $3,200.

DUAL CHANNEL8-803 $2,650.

For details, contact:Broadcast Product Manager

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For complete details on the CB -77 12 -inchturntable, write Gates, 123 Hampshire St.,Quincy, Illinois 62301.

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A DIVISION OF HARRiS.INTERTYPE


October, 1971-BM/ECircle 124 on Reader Service Card

49

the Tracor 6500Carrier Generator System

stops"grade B"coverage lossCo -channel interference is essentiallyeliminated adding solid audience to yourcoverage.

With a TRACOR 650() Carrier GeneratorSystem driving each transmitter, co -channelcarriers are held so constant (within 0.05 Hz)that visibility of the beat pattern is reduced16 dh. The inherent stability of atomic fre-quency standards also eliminates the need

for constant adjustment ... making the 6500ideal for remote -site operations.

For more information, contact TRACOR,manufacturers of the 6500. Carrier stabili-zation systems. sub carrier sync systems.and video failure alarms.

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FCCcontinued from page 14

however, that the planned an-nouncements of the petitioners-or for that matter, of any otherparticular applicant for air time-must necessarily be acceptedby broadcast licensees. Rather,we confine ourselves to invalidat-ing the flat ban alone, leaving itup to the licensees and the Com-mission to develop and adminis-ter reasonable procedures andregulations determining whichand how many "editorial adver-tisements" will be put on the air.

ConclusionIn sum, all broadcast licensees

are faced with the requirement thatthey must make paid advertise-ments available to groups or indi-viduals wishing to speak out onissues of public importance.

Guidelines must yet be estab-lished by the Commission. TheCommission may even elect to at-tempt to have the Court's decisionreconsidered.

As a practical matter, many sta-tions may welcome the source ofadditional revenue such "advertis-ing" may produce. Nevertheless,the broadcast licensee must pro-ceed with caution before consider-ing to refuse to sell air time to suchgroups or organizations. In allcases, your legal counsel should beconsulted. BM/F,

...,..a...0.e......2.42.a..e..e...4._.

Compressor -Limiter

Amplifier

ornim.

11:53 -

(The Great Leveler)You can stop riding gain now, even whena shouter and whisperer are on thesame talk show. The Model CLA 20/40Compressor -Limiter Amplifier does itautomatically . . . instantaneously . . .

for both AM and FM. Switchable controlspermit symmetrical (FM) or asymmetri-cal (AM) peak limiting; pre -emphasizedor flat response; compress/limit, com-press only, or compress/limit off. Auto-matic gain control range is 40 dB dy-namic, and the compression ratio isbetter than 10:1. All solid state, plug-inmodular construction assures trouble -free reliability. Write for complete de-tails.

BROADCAST ELECTRONICS, INC. FIlmwya Company

8810 Brookville Rd Silver Md 20910Spring



BM/E CLASSIFIED MARKETPLACECLASSIFIED ADVERTISING RATES

DISPLAY CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING: $22.50 per inch lx; $22.00 per inch 3x; $21.00 per inch 6x; $20.00per inch 12x. ALL OTHER CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING 25¢ per word; minimum $3.00. BLIND BOX NUMBER:No extra charge. Replies sent to address below will be forwarded to you. PAYABLE IN ADVANCE; sendcheck with order. CLOSING DATE: 5th of 2nd month preceding issue date.

BM/E, Monterey and Pinola Avenues, Blue Ridge Summit, Pa. 17214 Phone 717/794-2191

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES EQUIPMENT FOR SALE (cont'd)

CATVRG

\7-

The City of Richmond, Virginia(Population 249,000) is request-ing bids for a 20 -year exclusiveCATV franchise to be awarded inearly 1972.

Address inquiries to:City of Richmond

Director of General Services2907 North Boulevard

Richmond, Virginia 23219

FRANCHISE

POSITIONS WANTEDNegro announcer, 9 y rs. experience, top forty orsoul . . . present employer is informed of thisad . . . seeking major market opportunity . . .

Rick Ricardo, 6516 N. University #1305, Peoria,III. 61614 ... (309) 691-8763.

EQUIPMENT FOR SALENEW FILM CAMERA FOR TV NEWS. 16minCP-16, extremely lightweight, crystal -controlcamera specifically designed for the TV newscameraman and documentary filmmaker. In-corporates Auricon centerplate mechanism, sin-gle system sound, magnesium body, maximumportability and comfortable hand -holding bal-ance. Write for specs and price. Orders nowbeing taken by Alan Gordon Enterprises, 1430Cahuenga, Hollywood, Calif. 90028. (213) 985-5500.

SURPLUS EQUIPMENT3-TEAC A-4000SU four track play deck, auto-

matic reversing, used for one year. Verygood condition. $160.00 ea.

1 -Collins P-150 cart mach. Needs a littlework, sold as is. $75.00 will work with216C-1 record unit

2 -Collins P-150 cart. mach. Needs a littlework. Was working when removed from serv-ice, sold as is. $50.00 ea.

1 -Collins COPY (Home Brew) R-150 record unitfor P-150 working condition. $45.00.

1 -Collins 216C-1 record unit for above P-150good condition. $100.00

1-Tape-O-Matic 728 recorder, good condition$50.00

1 -Herald 3 -channel mixer, good condition$20.00

1 -Ampex 450 play deck, switching not wiredwith amplifiers $150.00

1-Magnecord control panel, PT -6V, good con-dition, $50.00

2-Invicta 701 recorders, excellent conditionbarely used. $50.00

1 -Zenith Fix -Tune FM receiver. MONO (100 to108 MHz.) needs work $15.00

7 -Collins FM antenna rings, one mounting sec-tion tuned to 107.1 MHz. $200.00. Any rea-sonable offer will be considered.

1 -Gates MO -2890 AM frequency monitor, tunedfor 1400 Kc., remote metering extension in-cluded, working when removed from service.$250.00

NOTE: Equipment may be held for sale by phonecall but sale must be confirmed in writ-ing by purchasing agent.

WSJM INC.414 STATE ST.ST. JOSEPH, MICH. 49085TEL: (616)-983-3992

SCULLY TAPE RECORDERS: Mono, 2, 4, 8,12. & 16 track models plus 270 automatic play-ers. Some models in stock now. W.A.L. customaudio control consoles & console modules.Solid state 120 Watt power Amps. We buy andrebuild Scully lathes. WIEGAND AUDIO LAB-ORATORIES, INC. R.D. 3, Middleburg, Pa.17842. 717-837-1444.

SOLID-STATE AUDIO PLUG-IN OCTAL (1"Dia x 2" H) modules. Mic preamps, disc &tape preamp-equalizers, tape bias osc. & recordampl.. power amps & power supplies. Send forfree catalog and audio applications. OnampLabs.. 172 So. Alta Vista Blvd., Los Angeles,Cal. 90036.

FM ANTENNA -ten bay circularly polarizedCCA FM antenna type 6811. Antenna matchingtransformer included. Only 18 months old andpart of present system producing best multiplexsound and finest stereo separation. Can be tunedfrom present frequency 100.7 MHz. Stationgoing to higher power. Contact John Kreiger,KASE, 705 N. Lamar, Austin, Texas 78703. (512)478-8521.

FIELD STRENGTH METER. 540 KHz to5MHz, Ten microvolts to 10 volts per meter.New solid state design, long battery life.Stable, accurate calibration. Free literature.Solar Electronics, 901 No. Highland Ave.,Hollywood, Cal. 90038.

ELECTRO-VOICE microphones and all acces-sories; stands, windscreens, etc., sold at com-petitive broadcast wholesale prices. We canalso handle your Electro-Voice microphonerepairs. PROFESSIONAL AUDIO SERVICES,P.O. Box 1953, Fort Worth, Texas 76101.

Heliax-styroflex. Large stocks -bargain prices -tested and certified. Write for prices and stocklists. Sierra Western Electric, Box 23872, Oak-land, Calif. 94623. Phone (415) 8324527.

4-650 ft. towers $6500.00 each. Many more.Ground wire 85¢ per xx. lb. Bill Angle, Box55, Greenville, N.C. 27834. Tel. 919-752-3040.

AMERICA'S LARGEST STOCK AND CON-SIGNMENT LISTING of new and used broad-cast and recording equipment. We trade -sell andbuy. THE MAZE CORPORATION, P.O. Box6636, Birmingham, Ala. 35210.

The complete and reliable source for new andused broadcast equipment. Request our freelistings. Broadcast Equipment and Supply Co.,Box 3141, Bristol, Tennessee 37620.

CAPSTAN IDLERS for AMPEX 300, 35 440Series, self aligning with replaceable ball bear-ings, $22.50 net. VIF INTERNATIONAL, Box1555, Mtn. View, Ca. 94040.

Our latest used equipment bulletin is out! If youhave not received your copy, write us. The MazeCorporation, P.O. Box 6636, Birmingham, Ala-bama 35210.

EQUIPMENT WANTED

Do you have "leftover" TR-22D modules afterhi -banding? Would you donate them for use inMedical Education (TRT-18 update)? Universityof Michigan, Medical Television, 56432 Univer-sity Hospital, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Tel. 313-764-2275.

MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE

ATTN: BROADCAST STATION HISTORYBUFFS: Learn the history of ycur station. Air -date, ownership, location, power, etc: Send forfree catalogue listing profiled stations. Price:Only $5.00 each AM; $2.50 each FM: accuratelyresearched by pro. $10.00 for custom profile.STATION PRO -FILE, P.O. Box 982, Holly-wood, Cal. 90028.

MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE (cont'd)

Are you sure there's not an FM frequency avail-able for your area? COMPUTERIZED SEARCHtakes the guess work out. $300.00 per location.Engineering Associates, Inc., Post Office Box510, Versailles, Ky. 40383, 606-873-8311.

PROGRAM SERVICES

"Free" Catalog . . . Everything for the dee-jay! Comedy, books, airchecks, wild tracks, oldradio shows, and more! Write: Command, Box26348-A, San Francisco 94126.

TECHNICAL SERVICES

CUSTOM CARTRIDGE RELOADING and re-furbishing. Fidelipac replacement parts andcartridges. Write us today for prices. PROFES-SIONAL AUDIO SERVICES, BOX 1953, FT.WORTH. TEX. 76101.

CONSULTANTS

JANSKY & BAILEYTeleCommunications Consulting

DepartmentCATV & CCTV

Phone 202/296-64001812 K Street N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20006Atlantic Research

The Susquehanna Corporation

INSTRUCTIONS

FCC FIRST CLASS RADIOTELEPHONE LI-CENSE IN SIX WEEKS. Classes in El Paso,Dallas, Atlanta, Chicago, Cincinnati, Denver,Ft. Worth, Hartford, Houston Memphis, MiamiBeach, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Nashville, NewOrleans, Oklahoma City, St. Louis, San An-tonio, San Francisco, and Seattle. For informa-tion contact Elkins Institute, 2603 Inwood Road,Dallas, Texas 75235 (214)-357-4001.

First phone through tape recorded lessons athome plus one week personal instruction inWashington, D.C., Atlanta, Boston, Detroit,New Orleans, Minneapolis, Seattle, Denver,Portland, Los Angeles. Proven results. Our 17thyear teaching FCC license courses. Bob JohnsonBroadcast License Training, 1060D Duncan,Manhattan Beach, Calif. 90266. Phone 213-379-4461.

ATTENTION VETERANS! First class licensein five weeks with complete theory and R.C.A.-equipped laboratory training. Approved forveterans. Tuition $333.00. Housing cost $16.00per week. American Institute of Radio, 2622Old Lebanon Road, Nashville, Tenn. 37214.615-884-0469.

EXISTENTIAL PHILOSOPHY

THE PASSIONATE TRANSMITTERWhat was going on behind the 3X2500-A3's? Was there some hanky-panky in therack panel? Who is raping; Americanbroadcasting Read the KTAO programguide and find out. Intro rate: $3 for 20issues. Or, for $7.50 the guide plus TheMyrkin Papers, the first literate statementon radio in the U.S. KTAO, Los Gatos, Cal-iforniia 95030.

October, 197 I-BM/E 51

TheCompactCriterion.

Only81/2 inches

wide.

We've taken the world's finest tape car-tridge playback system and reducedboth cost and size. Two units now fit inthe space formerly occupied by one!

The Compact Criterion, developed forcrowded control rooms, retains the fea-tures that made the Criterion tape car-tridge system the industry standard forexcellence. New features include: sin-gle -card electronics for mono or stereounits and air -damped solenoid for whis-per quiet operation.

For complete information on the Com-pact Criterion playback unit, write Gates,123 Hampshire Street, Quincy, Illinois62301.

HARRISINTERTYPE GATES

1==1 A DIVISION OF HARRIS-iNTERTYPE

ADVERTISERS' INDEX

Acrodyne Industries Inc. 45

Belar Electronics Laboratory Inc. 15

Broadcast Electronics, Inc. 9, 44, 50CBS Laboratories, A Division of

Columbia Broadcasting System Inc.. 26

Canon Inc. 39

Conrac Corp. 41

Ditch Witch, A Division of CharlesMachine Works Inc. 40

Dynair Electronics Inc. Cover 2Eastman Kodak Co. 11

Eleclro-Voice, Inc. 43

Fort Worth Tower Co., Inc. 52

GBC Closed Circuit TV Corp. CM/E-3GTE Sylvania Electronic

Components CM/E-13

Gates, A Division of Harris-Intertype 10,46, 49, 52

Grass Valley Group, Inc., The 5

Imperial Plastics, Inc. CM/E-14

International Video Corp. CM/E-5, 6Jampro Antenna Company 46

Lipsner-Smith Corp. 36

McMartin Industries, Inc. 49

Magnavox Co. Cover 4RCA 16, 17RCA Electronic Components 25

Rank Precision Industries, Inc. . 13

Sarkes Tarzian, Broadcast EquipmentDiv. 48, 50

Sony/ Su perscope 3

TAB Books 47

Technology Inc., H. F. Systems Div. 38

TeleMation 7

Telex Communications Division 42

Tracor Industrial Instruments Div. 50

Wilkinson Electronics, Inc. 10, 48

SALES OFFICES

Broadband Information Services, Inc.200 Madison Avenue

New York, New York 10016

Charles C. Lenz Jr.Advertising Director

EASTERN & MIDWESTERN STATES200 Madison AvenueNew York, New York 10016212.685-5320Charles C. Lenz Jr.

WESTERN STATESThompson & Healey Inc.1111 Hearst BuildingSan Francisco, California 94130415-362-8547William J. Healey

6290 Sunset BoulevardLas Angeles, California 90028213-466.8321Art Mandell

JAPANNippon Keisoku Inc.P.O. Box 410Central Tokyo, Japan535-6614Yoshi Yamamoto

THE

LEADE

IN

C V

TOWERS

U all tY-S erviceand Price!"

Yes, quality, service and priceon CATV systems are the rea-sons for Fort Worth Tower's po-sition as the industry's leadingsupplier. Experience gained asa pioneer supplier of CATV en-ables Fort Worth Tower to pro-vide you with a quality productat a price that is reasonableand attractive.

Take advantage of our experi-ence. For assistance in systemsplanning, engineering and com-plete systems quotations . . .

CALL OR MUTE TODAY

9a/a Weld ?eonCOMPANY, INCORPORATED

P.O. Box 8597, Fort Worth, Texas(817) JE 6.5676

-Associated Companies-Tommy Moore, Inc.

Big State Engineering, Inc.Tower Construction Finance, Inc.


USE BM /E's CLASSIFIEDMARKETPLACE TO REACH

OVER 26,000 BROADCASTERS!

Please run the ad attached in BM/E'sCLASSIFIED MARKETPLACE in your next:El 12 issues 111 6 issues 3 issues CI 1 issue

NAME

Station or Co.

Address

City State

BM/E, Classified Adve g Department,Blue Ridge Summit, Pa. 17214.



Vt5 0000T EITCOPTI

45 Q..111.1 10 NW 1r

Presto! Change -o!Before your very eyes, the flick of aswitch converts the output of any3- or 4 -channel camera, no matter whatits price, into an encoded signal thatmeets all applicable EIA and NTSC specs!

The switch is on the 3M color videoencoder, and it's loaded with features andperformance like nothing you've everseen before:

Its all -digital color bar generator,accurate to within 1/2%, requires noadjustments and has already earned a

reputation for being rock solid with tem-perature variations.

Its video input clamping circuits elimi-nate low frequency hum and noise, andprevent APL changes and ground loopsfrom causing color errors.

Its amplitude -dependent apertureequalizer provides noise -free picturecrispening.

Its luminance -enhancement circuitsincrease the resolution of 3 -channelcameras, improve the color fidelity of4 -channel cameras, and provide auto-matic green channel luminance whenswitching to monochrome.

And maybe best of all, its price islower than you'd expect.

As we said, like nothing you've everseen before, so why not let us show you?Ask for a demonstration. There'll be nohocus-pocus, no mumbo jumbo -welet the 3M color video encoder speakfor itself.

We've made more believers that way.Mincom Division, 3M Company,

300 South Lewis Road, Camarillo, Cali-fornia 93010. Telephone (805) 482-1911.

VIDEO PRODUCTS

Mincom Division 3 COMPANY'


Who is introducingthe smallest,lowest cost,most versatileCOLUR cameras?MAGNAVOX..WHO ELSE!

The Magnavox Series 200 (Self -Contained) Color TV Camera.

Smallest. Lightest. Lowest -cost. No registration problems.Uniquely simple to operate (only 2 controls).

The Magnavox Series 300 (Driven) Color TV Camera.Smallest. Lightest. Lowest -cost. No registration problems.Uniquely simple to operate (only 2 controls).

Let MAGGIE show you our great family of color camerasat the Magnavox Video Systems Booth, NAEB Convention,October 18, 19, 20.

From the same company that gave you the exciting,innovative Magnavox Series 100 Color TV Camera.

ALVA IVICigriCiNfCCVIDEO SYSTEMS

2829 Maricopa Street Torrance, California 90503 (213) 328-0770


broadcast management /engineering€¦ · pulses 1.111'esin3 cufing the fericd of the he_ical...

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