2015

Introduction Book

• Is a commercial company which started its

activity in the beginning of 2014, the

fundamental basis of this company is linked to

big factories, refineries and old-aged experts of

international trade.

• If we want to talk about the products, which

this company supplies, we should divide it into

two industrial and non-industrial products. Its

industrial products consist of Bitumen,

Petrochemical products, Steel, Alloy Steel,

Aluminum, Gasoil, Mazut, LPG and etc. And

its non-industrial products involve Handmade

Persian Silk carpet (which supplies directly

through Iranian workhouses), Saffron and

Barberry.

• Industrial – Steel

– Aluminium

– petrochemical Products

• Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)

• Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)

• High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

• Bitumen

• non-industrial products

– Berberis

–Saffron

–The Persian Carpet

Every steel is truly an alloy, but not all steels are called "alloy steels". Even the simplest steels are iron (Fe) (about 99%) alloyed with carbon (C) (about 0.1% to 1%, depending on type). However, the term "alloy steel" is the standard term referring to steels with other alloying elements in addition to the carbon.

Common alloyants include manganese (the most common one), nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and boron. Less common alloyants include aluminum, cobalt, copper, cerium, niobium, titanium, tungsten, tin, zinc, lead, and zirconium.

The following is a range of improved properties in alloy steels (as compared to carbon steels): strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, hardenability, and hot hardness. To achieve some of these improved properties the metal may require heat treating.

Some of these find uses in exotic and highly-demanding applications, such as in the turbine blades of jet engines, in spacecraft, and in nuclear reactors. Because of the ferromagnetic properties of iron, some steel alloys find important applications where their responses to magnetism are very important, including in electric motors and in transformers.

Alloy Steel Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed

with a variety of elements in total

amounts between 1.0% and 50%

by weight to improve its

mechanical properties. Alloy

steels are broken down into two

groups: low-alloy steels and high-

alloy steels. The difference

between the two is somewhat

arbitrary: Smith and Hashemi

define the difference at 4.0%,

while Degarmo, et al., define it at

8.0%. Most commonly, the phrase

"alloy steel" refers to low-alloy

steels.

Steel is an alloy of iron and

carbon that is widely used in

construction and other

applications because of its high

tensile strength and low cost.

Carbon, other elements, and

inclusions within iron act as

hardening agents that prevent the

movement of dislocations that

naturally exist in the iron atom

crystal lattices.

Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's lowdensityand for

its ability to resistcorrosiondue to the phenomenon

ofpassivation. Structural components made from aluminium

and itsalloysare vital to theaerospaceindustry and are

important in other areas oftransportationand structural

materials. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at

least on a weight basis, are theoxidesandsulfates.

Despite its prevalence in the environment, no known form

of life uses aluminiumsaltsmetabolically. In keeping with its

pervasiveness, aluminium is well tolerated by plants and

animals.Owing to their prevalence, potential beneficial (or

otherwise) biological roles of aluminium compounds are of

continuing interest.

Aluminium is achemical

elementin theboron groupwith

symbol Alandatomic number 13.

It is a silvery white, soft,

nonmagnetic,ductilemetal.

Aluminium isthe third most

abundant

element(afteroxygenandsilicon),

and themost abundant metalin

theEarth'scrust. It makes up about

8% by weight of the Earth's solid

surface. Aluminium metal is so

chemically reactive thatnative

specimensare rare and limited to

extremereducingenvironments.

Instead, it is found combined in

over 270 differentmineralsThe

chieforeof aluminium isbauxite.

Theyield strengthof pure aluminium is 7–11MPa,

whilealuminium alloyshave yield strengths ranging from

200 MPa to 600 MPa.Aluminium has about one-third

thedensityandstiffnessofsteel. It is

easilymachined,cast,drawnandextruded.

Aluminium atoms are arranged in aface-centered cubic(fcc)

structure. Aluminium has astacking-fault energyof

approximately 200 mJ/m2.

Aluminium is a goodthermalandelectrical conductor, having

59% the conductivity of copper, both thermal and electrical,

while having only 30% ofcopper'sdensity. Aluminium is

capable of being asuperconductor, with a superconducting

critical temperature of 1.2Kelvinand a critical magnetic

field of about 100gauss(10milliteslas).

Physical Aluminium is a relatively soft,

durable,

lightweight,ductileandmalleablem

etalwith appearance ranging from

silvery to dull gray, depending on

the surface roughness. It is

nonmagnetic and does not easily

ignite. A fresh film of aluminium

serves as a good reflector

(approximately 92%) ofvisible

lightand an excellent reflector (as

much as 98%) of medium and

farinfraredradiation.

Also, chlorides such as common sodium chloride are

well-known sources of corrosion of aluminium and are

among the chief reasons that household plumbing is

never made from this metal.However, owing to its

resistance to corrosion generally, aluminium is one of the

few metals that retain silvery reflectance in finely

powdered form, making it an important component of

silver-colored paints. Aluminium mirror finish has the

highest reflectance of any metal in the 200–400 nm (UV)

and the 3,000–10,000 nm (far IR) regions; in the 400–

700 nm visible range it is slightly outperformed by tin

and silver and in the 700–3000 (near IR) by silver, gold,

and copper.

Aluminium is oxidized by water at temperatures below

280°C to produce hydrogen, aluminium hydroxide and

heat:

2 Al + 6 H2O → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 H2

This conversion is of interest for the production of

hydrogen. Challenges include circumventing the formed

oxide layer, which inhibits the reaction and the expenses

associated with the storage of energy by regeneration of

the Al metal.

Chemical Corrosion resistance can be

excellent due to a thin surface layer

of aluminium oxide that forms when

the metal is exposed to air,

effectively preventing further

oxidation.[10] The strongest

aluminium alloys are less corrosion

resistant due to galvanic reactions

with alloyed copper.[7] This

corrosion resistance is also often

greatly reduced by aqueous salts,

particularly in the presence of

dissimilar metals.In highly acidic

solutions aluminium reacts with

water to form hydrogen, and in

highly alkaline ones to form

aluminates— protective passivation

under these conditions is negligible.

Linear low-density polyethylene

(LLDPE)

LLDPE is a substantially linear polymer (polyethylene), with significant numbers of short branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with longer-chain olefins. Linear low-density polyethylene differs structurally from conventional low-density polyethylene (LDPE) because of the absence of long chain branching. The linearity of LLDPE results from the different manufacturing processes of LLDPE and LDPE. In general, LLDPE is produced at lower temperatures and pressures by copolymerization of ethylene and such higher alpha-olefins as butene, hexene, or octene. The copolymerization process produces a LLDPE polymer that has a narrower molecular weight distribution than conventional LDPE and in combination with the linear structure, significantly different rheological properties.

• it is used for plastic bags and sheets

(where it allows using lower thickness

than comparable LDPE), plastic wrap,

stretch wrap, pouches, toys, covers, lids,

pipes, buckets and containers, covering of

cables, geomembranes, and mainly

flexible tubing.

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)

LDPE is not reactive at room temperatures, except by strong oxidizing agents, and some solvents cause swelling. LDPE has more branching (on about 2% of the carbon atoms) than HDPE, so its intermolecular forces (instantaneous-dipole induced-dipole attraction) are weaker, its tensile strength is lower, and its resilience is higher. Also, since its molecules are less tightly packed and less crystalline because of the side branches, its density is lower. LDPE contains the chemical elements carbon and hydrogen.LDPE is widely used for manufacturing various containers, dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing, plastic bags for computer components, and various molded laboratory equipment. Its most common use is in plastic bags.

High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

HDPE is a polyethylene thermoplastic made from petroleum. Known for its high strength to density ratio. Although the density of HDPE is only marginally higher than that of low-density polyethylene, HDPE has little branching, giving it stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength than LDPE. The difference in strength exceeds the difference in density, giving HDPE a higher specific strength.[4] It is also harder and more opaque and can withstand somewhat higher temperatures (120 °C/ 248 °F for short periods, 110 °C /230 °F continuously). High-density polyethylene, unlike polypropylene, cannot withstand normally required autoclaving conditions. HDPE is resistant to many different solvents and has a wide variety of applications, including

Industrial Products petrochemical Products

High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

Swimming Pool installation.3-D printer

filament,Arena Board (puck

board),Backpacking frames,Ballistic

plates,Banners,Bottle caps,Chemical resistant

piping systems,Coax cable inner

insulator,Food storage containers,Fuel tanks

for vehicles,Corrosion protection for steel

pipelines,Electrical and plumbing

boxes,Natural gas distribution pipe

systems,Fireworks,Plastic bags,Plastic lumber

….

It is a kind of bitumen, which is provided during the process of oxidation of vacuum bottom

(the bitumen production feedstock that derives from distillation tower residue in vacuum oil

refineries) at bitumen production units. In a manner that its penetration point (kind of test to

indicate the hardness of bitumen) becomes between 40-50.

The main common usage of this product is to use in road making at tropical regions.

Bitumen 40/50

BITUMEN GRADE 40/50 Specification Test Method

Specific gravity @25/25 C 1.01-1.06 D-70 Penetration @25 C 40-50 D-5 Softening point C 52-60 D-36 Ductility @25 C 100 min D-113

Loss on heating (wt)% 0.5 max D-6 Drop in penetration after heating % 20 max D-6 & D-5

Flash point C 250 min D-92 Solubility in CS2 (wt)% 99.5 min D-4

Spot test negative *A.A.S.H.O.T.102 *American association of state highway officials

Industrial Products petrochemical Products

Bitumen 60/70

It is a kind of bitumen, which is provided during the process of oxidation of vacuum bottom (the

bitumen production feedstock that derives from distillation tower residue in vacuum oil refineries)

at bitumen production units. In a manner that its penetration point (kind of test to indicate the

hardness of bitumen) becomes between 60-70.

Usage: The main common usage of this product is in road making at temperate regions.

BITUMEN GRADE 60/70

Specification Test Method Specific gravity @25/25 C 1.01-1.06 D-70

Penetration @25 C 60/70 D-5 Softening point C 49/56 D-36 Ductility @25 C 100 min D-113

Loss on heating (wt)% 0.2 max D-6 Drop in penetration after heating % 20 max D-6 & D-5

Flash point C 250 min D-92 Solubility in CS2 (wt)% 99.5 min D-4

Spot test negative *A.A.S.H.O.T.102 *American association of state highway officials

Bitumen 85/100

It`s kind of bitumen which is provided during the process of oxidation of vacuum bottom

(the bitumen production feedstock that derives from distillation tower residue in vacuum

oil refineries) at bitumen production units. In which its penetration point (kind of test to

indicate the hardness of bitumen) becomes between 85-100.

Usage: The main common usage of this product is in road making at cold regions.

BITUMEN GRADE 85/100 Specification Test Method

Specific gravity @25/25 C 1.01-1.05 D-70

Penetration @25 C 85-100 D-5

Softening point C 45-52 D-36

Ductility @25 C 100 min D-113

Loss on heating (wt)% 0.5 max D-6

Drop in penetration after heating % 20 max D-6 & D-5

Flash point C 232 min D-92

Solubility in CS2 (wt)% 99.5 min D-4

Spot test negative *A.A.S.H.O.T.102

*American association of state highway officials

Berberis

Berberis (/ˈbɜrbərɪs/) is a large genus of

deciduous and evergreen shrubs from 1–5 m

(3.3–16.4 ft) tall found throughout the

temperate and subtropical regions of the world

(apart from Australia). Species diversity is

greatest in South America, Africa and Asia;

Europe and North America have native species

as well. The most well-known Berberis species

is the so-called European barberry, Berberis

vulgaris, which is common in Europe, North

Africa, the Middle East, and central Asia.

Many of the species have spines on the shoots

and along the margins of the leaves.

• Description

– The genus Berberis is characterised by dimorphic shoots, with long shoots which form the structure of the plant, and short shoots only 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long. The leaves on long shoots are non-photosynthetic, developed into three-spined thorns 3–30 mm (0.12–1.18 in) long; the bud in the axil of each thorn-leaf then develops a short shoot with several normal, photosynthetic leaves. These leaves are 1–10 cm (0.39–3.94 in) long, simple, and either entire, or with spiny margins. Only on young seedlings do leaves develop on the long shoots, with the adult foliage style developing after the young plant is 1–2 years old.

Non Industrial Products

– Many deciduous species, such as Berberis thunbergii or B. vulgaris, are noted for their attractive pink or red autumn color. In some evergreen species from China, such as B. candidula or B. verruculosa, the leaves are brilliant white beneath, a feature valued horticulturally. Some horticultural variants of B. thunbergii have dark red to violet foliage.

– The flowers are produced singly or in racemes of up to 20 on a single flower-head. They are yellow or orange, 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long, with six sepals and six petals in alternating whorls of three, the sepals usually colored like the petals. The fruit is a small berry 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long, ripening red or dark blue, often with a pink or violet waxy surface bloom; in some species, they may be either long and narrow, but are spherical in other species.

– Some authors regard the compound-

leaved species as a separate genus,

Mahonia. Mahonia and Berberis sensu

stricto are best regarded as one genus.

There are no consistent differences

between the two groups other than the

compound leaves, and studies suggest

that the simple-leaved group is very

likely polyphyletic.

Non Industrial Products

• Ecology

– Berberis species are used as food plants by

the larvae of some Lepidoptera species,

including the moths Barberry Carpet Moth

(Pareulype berberata), and Mottled Pug

(Eupithecia exiguata(

– Berberis vulgaris (European barberry) and

Berberis canadensis (American barberry)

serve as alternate host species of the wheat

rust fungus (Puccinia graminis), a grass-

infecting rust fungus that is a serious fungal

disease of wheat and related grains. For this

reason, cultivation of B. vulgaris is

prohibited in many areas, and imports to the

United States are forbidden. The North

American B. canadensis, native to

Appalachia and the Midwest United States,

was nearly eradicated for this reason, and is

now rarely seen extant, with the most

remaining occurrences in the Virginia

mountains.

– Some Berberis species have become invasive when

planted outside of their native ranges, including B.

glaucocarpa and B. darwinii in New Zealand (where it

is now banned from sale and propagation), and green-

leaved B. thunbergii in much of the eastern United

States.

• Cultivation

– Several species of Berberis are popular garden

shrubs, grown for such features as ornamental

leaves, yellow flowers, or red or blue-black

berries. Numerous cultivars and hybrids have

been selected for garden use. Low-growing

Berberis plants are also commonly planted as

pedestrian barriers. Taller-growing species are

valued for crime prevention; being very dense,

viciously spiny shrubs, they make very

effective barriers impenetrable to burglars. For

this reason they are often planted below

potentially vulnerable windows, and used as

hedges.

Non Industrial Products

Non Industrial Products

Saffron

• I have been selling saffron for over 35 years

and in that time have never ceased to be

amazed by its uniqueness in the spice world.

Saffron has an aroma and flavor which cannot

be duplicated, and a chemical make-up which,

when understood, helps the chef or home cook

to know how to best release that flavor and

aroma in cooking and baking. Saffron is sold

in two forms, powder and threads, and each

behave very differently in the kitchen.

• In order to understand commercial saffron, it is

important to understand the make-up of the

saffron plant. More importantly, it is the easiest

way for you, as a consumer, to be sure you are

buying good saffron. Commercial saffron comes

from the bright red stigmas of the saffron

crocus (Crocus sativus)which flowers in the

Fall in many different countries, including

Greece, India, Iran, Afghanistan and Spain.

The Crocus sativus stigmas are the female part

of the flower. In a good year, each saffron

crocus plant might produce several flowers.

• Each flower contains three stigmas, which are

the only part of the saffron crocus that when

dried (cured) properly, become commercial

saffron. Each red stigma is like a little capsule

that encloses the complex chemicals that make

up saffron's aroma, flavor, and yellow dye. In

order to release these chemicals, you must

steep the threads. Powdered saffron is more

efficient because it does not need to be

steeped .

• The male part of the saffron flower, the

stamens, are half the size of the stigmas

(See sketch below), they are deep yellow

and have NO culinary value.

Unfortunately, they are sometimes added

to the red stigmas to increase the weight of

commercial saffron. I have also seen

ground yellow stamens sold as powdered

saffron. Legitimate powdered saffron is

red-orange and is made by grinding

saffron stigmas. Under no circumstances

would pure powdered saffron be any shade

of yellow.

• Soil and weather conditions naturally vary in the saffron cultivating countries and so do the methods of drying the fresh saffron stigmas. As a saffron consumer you don't have to be an agricultural specialist because there is an international measuring stick for determining the quality of any brand of saffron for sale on the international market. This measuring stick is called a photospectometry report, the result of a laboratory analysis of the three chemicals in the saffron stigma which relate to aroma, flavor and color. Even though saffron stigmas are red, their

• dye is the color of egg yolks which gives the appealing yellow to such dishes as Risotto Milanesa, Paella Valenciana, St. Lucia Buns and Bouillabaisse. In order to be able to read a photospectometry report, you need to know the names of the chemicals being analyzed. They arecrocin(color),picrocrocin(flavor) andsafranal(aroma).

• An easy way to relate to the powerful effect of the chemicals contained in each saffron stigma is to experience the difference between working with saffron threads and saffron powder in your kitchen. Unfortunately, saffron powder has been characterized, unjustly, as inferior to saffron threads. The consumer has never received honest information about this form of the spice.

• In fact, saffron powder, with a high

coloring strength, offers many advantages

over the threads. When saffron threads are

ground into powder, the chemicals

corresponding to aroma, flavor and color

are immediately released. The powder is

then stored carefully, away from moisture

and light, just as the threads need to be in

order to maintain their potency. When the

saffron powder reaches the chef, it is ready

to be added directly to any recipe. When

the chef adds the saffron powder to a

recipe, immediately the deep yellow dye,

delicate aroma and unique flavor are

released.

• In order to release the potent chemicals in

saffron threads, they must be inmersed , in

an alcoholic, acidic or hot liquid for longer

than just a few minutes. This allows

aroma, flavor and color to be generously

extracted. Notice I am not saying "fully"

extracted. Saffron threads can release

aroma, flavor and color for 24 hours or

more, depending on their quality! This is

an inconvenient time frame for busy

professional chefs and most home cooks,

so I tell my clients to shoot for an

extraction time of no less than 20 minutes

and more if they can manage (See

additional information under Working

with Saffron).

• The professionals who define Category I

saffron as needing a minimum of 190, are

called the International Organization for

Standardization (ISO). They have set

minimum, not maximum standards for

saffron. I sell the best quality saffron

available anywhere in the world, backed

by scientific evidence. When you buy my

saffron, I can show you a

photospectromety report which verifies its

high coloring strength. This is the only

method used internationally to measure

saffron's worth.

• The higher its coloring strength, the higher

its value. Saffron's coloring strength

determines its flavor and aroma. You will

read and hear all kinds of other things

about measuring saffron like you should

look for a particular color and size in

saffron threads and that you should

probably avoid saffron powder altogether.

This is misinformation. If saffron has the

right coloring strength, it will have the

right color and general appearance,

whether it is in thread or powder form.

The Persian Carpet • The Persian Carpet is the finest source of

handmade oriental rugs in the Triangle area and beyond. At our rug store, you’ll find an extensive inventory of over 6,000 carpets that is unmatched in the Durham area and throughout North Carolina. We carry a variety of styles, sizes, designs, colors and textures so you’re sure to find the perfect rug or carpet to match your home.

• Our knowledgeable and friendly staff of rug experts has over 150 combined years of experience in the oriental rug business, and they will walk you through the entire rug-buying process to ensure that you not only find a unique product that fits your decór needs, but that you well-educated about your purchase.

Golden Solutions Co

• Yesilkoy Mah, Ataturk Cad.EGS,

Business Park B2 Blok No:1 Bakirkoy

Istanbul,Turkey

• info@goldensolutionsco.com

• Tel: (+90)2129701197

• Fax: (+90)8502200451

• www.goldensolutionsco.com

Radin Parsa Iranian Co.

• Unit25, No 1402, Parsin Complex,

Shariaati Ave, Tehran, Iran

• info@rpi-co.com

• Tel: (+98)2122223121

• Fax: (+98)2126411883

• www.rpi-co.com