broiler nutrition in spain - tn · pdf fileplant extracts / essential oils strength...
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Broiler Nutrition in Spain
April 2016
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Technical performance
550 106 broilers per year
2
Age
Live weight, kg FCR Mortality, %
Average 45.6 2.76 1.96 5.8
Range 42 – 49 2.51 – 2.97 1.88 – 2.05 4.3 – 7.1
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Feeding strategies
Three and four phases feeding programmes
3
Age, days Starter Grower Finisher Withdrawal
4 phases 0–7 to 16 8 to 17– 21 to 28
22 to 29– 30 to 42
> 31 to 43
AME, kcal/kg 3000 3100 3150 3200
3 phases 0–18 to 23 19 to 24– 37 to 42
> 38 to 43
AME, kcal/kg 3000 3125 3200
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Feed form
Starter: crumbles Grower and finisher: pellets 3 – 3.5 mmØ
Pelleting temperatures 75 – 95 ºC
4
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Feeds – Feed ingredients
¹ October, 2014 5
Ingredient National Imported Inclusion, % Cost¹, €/t
Corn
Wheat
Barley
Sorghum
Full fat soybean
Soybean meal 47%
Rapeseed meal
Sunflower meal
Pork lard
Soybean oil
Fish meal
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
15
(60)
10
40
20
5
5
5
5
5
177.0
185.0
175.0
n. a.
474.0
390.0
244.0
237.0
695.0
725.0
920.0
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Feeds – Nutrients
Plus dArg, dIle, dVal, dGly + Ser 6
Nutrient Starter Grower Withdrawal
AME, kcal/kg
CP, g/kg
dLys, g/kg
dMet, g/kg
dMet+Cys, g/kg
dThr, g/kg
dTrp, g/kg
Ca, g/kg
avP, g/kg
Na, g/kg
2900
203
10.5
4.5
7.3
6.3
2.0
9.5-10.3
4.7
1.4-1.8
2950
197
9.7
4.1
7.0
6.1
1.9
8.2-9.7
4.1
1.4-1.8
3000
180
8.7
3.4
6.6
5.7
1.7
7.8-8.5
3.8
1.4-1.8
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Feeds – Nutrients
7
Nutrient Starter Grower Finisher Withdrawal
AME, kcal/kg
CP, g/kg
dLys, g/kg
dMet, g/kg
dMet+Cys, g/kg
dThr, g/kg
dTrp, g/kg
Ca, g/kg
avP, g/kg
Na, g/kg
2975
221
11.4
4.9
7.9
7.3
2.2
8.6-10.2
4.3
1.4-1.8
3100
200
10.6
4.6
7.6
6.8
2.0
8.2-9.8
4.1
1.4-1.8
3180
180
9.7
4.3
7.2
6.2
1.9
7.8-8.5
3.8
1.4-1.8
3240
170
8.6
3.8
6.8
5.6
1.8
8.0-9.6
3.7
1.4-1.8
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Vitamin supply (units/kg feed)
¹ EU Regulations
8
Starter Grower Finisher
Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range
Vitamin A, MIU¹
Vitamin D3, MIU¹
Vitamin E, mg
Menadione, mg
Thiamine, mg
Riboflavin, mg
Vitamin B6, mg
Vitamin B12, µg
Niacin, mg
Pantothenic acid, mg
Folic acid, mg
Biotin, mg
Choline, mg
10.1
2.7
27.9
2.5
1.6
6.5
3.4
16.6
46.4
13.1
1.1
0.13
352
6.7-13
1.5-4
7.5-50
0.8-4
0-3
5.4-8
1.8-5
12-30
25-86
8-19
0.5-1.5
0-0.3
200-540
8.7
2.2
23.2
2.6
1.5
5.3
2.6
15
34
11
0.9
0.09
285
5.2-11.6
1.2-3.6
6-45
0.5-5
0-3
3.9-8
1-5
9-30
20-66
6.4-15
0.4-1.5
0-0.2
200-420
3.4
0.9
17.5
2.8
0.5
2.3
0.6
5.9
12.9
5.6
0.3
0.02
212
0-5.8
0-2.1
3.6-50
0.3-10
0-1.1
0-4
0-1.5
0-12.5
0-30
0-10
0-1
0-0.1
100-420
Villamide and Fraga, 1999
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Trace elements supply (mg/kg feed)
¹ Discussion about inclusion levels
9
Trace element Starter Grower Finisher Limits
Copper¹
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Zinc¹
5-15
1-4
15-30
70-100
-
0.15-0.3
50-120
5-10
1-4
15-30
70-100
-
0.1-0.3
50-120
2-7
1-3
15-30
60-90
-
0.05-0.2
50-100
25
10
750
150
2.5
0.5
150
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Trace elements
¹ Optimin Zn and Mn
Increasing use of chelated trace minerals (Zn, Mn) More opportunities in the near future (2 – 4 years)
10
Effect of chelated minerals on the performance of broiler chickens challenged with MAS and heat stress (Nutreco PRC, 2002)
Treatment BW, 42 d ADFI FCR Mortality, %
Control
Chelated Zn¹
Chelated Mn¹
Chelated Zn+Mn¹
1900.2
1938.5
1904.4
1903.2
79.6
82.1
79.8
80.1
1.80
1.82
1.80
1.81
6.12
3.67
3.55
1.92
P > F 0.77 0.24 0.80 0.43
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Other additives
Nutreco PRC (2007)
Crystalline amino acids (lys, met, thr, trp, val, arg)
Enzymes (solid and liquid):
● Xylanases
● Phytases
● Other: proteases, glucanases, amylases
Betaine
11
Heat stress (35 ºC) and betaine in broilers
Betaine, g/kg feed 0.0 1.0 2.0
Weight, day 40, g 2093b 2116ab 2158a
FCR 1.66a 1.67a 1.62b
Breast meat , % 17.4b 18.2a 18.3a
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Anticoccidials
Widely used in broiler production, subject to rotations
● Chemical + ionophore
● Ionophore + chemical
● Only chemical
● Only ionophore
Residual antibiotic effects (ionophores)
Associated to a distribution responsible (no generics)
Discussion about being considered feed additives
Vaccines available, but not widely used (20%)
● No limits to feeding programmes
● No residues in thinned birds
● NE control under discussion
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Anticoccidials
13
Product Dose, mg/kg Withdrawal,
days
Limit, year
Na-monensin
Decoquinate
Robenidin HCl
Na-lasalocid
Narasin
Na-salinomycin
NH4-maduramycin
Diclazuril
Narasin+Nicarbacin
Na-senduramycin
120 – 125
20 – 40
30 – 36
75 – 125
60 – 70
60 – 70
5
1
80 – 100
20 – 25
1
3
5
5
0
1
3
0
0
5
2017
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2021
2020
2020
2016
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Antibiotic growth promoters
Banned since January 2006 Impaired performance (Santomá, 2006) ● Growth rate: 0 – 10%
● FCR: 0 -5% ● Lower uniformity Increased production costs: 0 – 0.05 €/kg LW
Increased incidence of digestive disorders (NE) Increased use of therapeutic antibiotics
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Organic acids
Preservative additives Strength ● Intestinal pH reduction
● Bacteriostatic effect in the gut ● Known since long ago and widely tested
15
Weakness
● May reduce feed intake in healthy birds
● Product handling (corrosive, irritant, …)
● Premix stability
● High inclusion rates
● Price
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Organic acids
Nutreco PRC
% improvement compared to a negative control in broilers (0 – 42 days)
16
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
LWG FCR
PRC PB94
PRC PB98
TN NL653
TN NL257
Average +1,7%
Average +0,8%
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Organic acids
Salmonella colonization of the caecum at 14 and 20 days of life in chickens fed a diet supplemented with either organic acids (T2, T4, T5, T6), organic acids + plant extracts (T3) or other zoo technical
additives (T7). Nutreco PRC, 2006
17
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Treatment
log c
fu/g
day 14
day 20
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Prebiotics
(Special) feedstuffs Fructo-oligosaccharydes (FOS), mannan-oligosacharydes (MOS) and -D-glucans
Strength ● FOS: Stimulate growth of beneficial micro flora
● Minimum dose 0.4% (Giggs y Jacob, 2005)
● More efficient combined with probiotics (Newman, 2005)
● MOS: Avoid adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to enterocite
receptors
● Recommended dose 0.1 – 0.2%
● Wakeman (2005) average 44 trials: LWG + 1.8%, FCR -1.9%
● -D-glucans: stimulate immune response, increased IgA
production
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Prebiotics
Effect of two types of glucans on the performance of MAS challenged broiler chickens (Nutreco PRC, 2001)
19
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
YBG1 YBG2 YBG1 YBG2
% im
pro
vem
ent
com
pare
d t
o n
egati
ve
contr
ol 0-21 days
0-42 days
Weakness
● Quality control
● Over stimulation of intestinal
micro flora
● Impaired FCR (FOS)
● Over stimulation of the
immune response (β-D-
glucans)
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Plant extracts / Essential oils
Strength ● Organoleptic additives (easy registration: 75% of the registered
additives in EU)
● Well accepted by consumers: “natural” additives
● Enhance digestibility and performance
● Different modes of action (antimicrobials, antioxidants, immune
modulators, enhance enzyme production, …)
● May have synergistic effects
20
Weakness ● Very specific mode of action
● Varying composition – quality control
● Product handling (corrosive, irritants, volatility)
● High and expensive effective doses
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Plant extracts / Essential oils
Gutiérrez del Alamo et al. (2005)
% improvement respect negative control in MAS
infected broilers (0-21 days)
21
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
FI LWG FCR
Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Exp. 3 Exp. 4 Exp. 5
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Challenges: safety
Regulation (EC) nº 646/2007 (June 12, 2007) Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in broilers
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National Programme for Salmonella Control
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Challenges: gut health
24
Disbacteriosis (non especific enteritis)
Virus
Feed problems
Necrotic enteritis Colangiohepatitis
Costridial enteritis
Performance
Bacterial enteritis
Intestinal Integrity
Coccidiosis
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Quality
Little environmental concern in the broiler
industry, more important in the ruminant, swine and layer sectors Nitrogen and phosphorus emissions are growing attention – litter disposal
25
Carcass quality
Directive 2007/43/EC
(June 28, 2007) minimum orders for broiler protection and
welfare
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Traceability
Hygiene Regulations Food Chain Report (FCR)
Informe Cadena Alimentaria (ICA)
26
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Safety
Consumer perception
27
Zoonoses ● Campylobacter jejuni ● Listeria monocytogenes
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Thank you
28