broken windows. kelling & wilson 1982 broken windows people are made up of “regulars” and...
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Broken Windows
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Kelling & Wilson
1982 Broken Windows
People are made up of “regulars” and “strangers”
What kind of policing and surveillance does this justify?
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Who are “strangers”
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Kelling & Wilson
1982 Broken WindowsComparison between Bronx & Palo Alto?•Stanford University•‘While the city contains homes that now cost anywhere from $800,000 to well in excess of $40 million, much of Palo Alto's housing stock is in the style of California mid-century middle-class suburbia…’
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Broken Windows
Sampson & Raudenbush•Empirical•Literature
Cultural stereotypesImplicit bias & social meaning of “disorder”
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“Should police activity on the street be shaped […] by the standards of the neighborhood rather than the rules of the state?” Kelling & Wilson (1984)
Assumption about the regulation of public space in the question?
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Cost of Zero Tolerance…
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Military Urbanism, Reconnaissance Wars & The Right to the City
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Bauman• Marxist roots but...
– From economy of producers to consumers
• WWII Holocaust– Banality of evil
• Hannah Arendt– Bureaucracy– Procedural rationality– Myth of security
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Liquid Fears• Illusion of security in
territoriality• Vague strangers• Even procedural
rationality will not be enough to regulate all social groups...
“There is no local solutions to global problems – although it is precisely the local solutions
that are avidly sought, though in vain...” (Bauman, 2002: 84)
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Right to the City
David Harvey drawing from Henri Lefebvre
• Marxist• Jane Jacobs• Cities are full of
conflict– Material conditions
shape social conditions...
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Urbanism: Surplus Production
“The city is the historical site of creative destructivism”
(Harvey, 2003:939)
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Public Space as a Resource“Quality of urban life
has become a commodity...” (Harvey, 2008:p.8)
Byward Market
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Ontological Security
Appearance of security...
Aesthetics of surplus value (ideology)
• Hotel room…
Politics of exclusion
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New Military UrbanismJustifies the militarization
of the everyday– People background
noise..
Industry of Industry of reconnaissancereconnaissance
Can you think of an example of millitary aesthetics in Ottawa?
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Propaganda
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Propaganda
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“...the enemy is a concept or a set of
practices rather than a holistic nation state.” (Iveson, 2010:118)
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Brighenti
Social Theory LensCultural geography
What is precisely public in public space?
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Defining graffiti....
Problematic…Interstitial practiceWhen interrogated from each perspective: “yes, but....”
Common denominator: materiality
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Because...1. Global context &
“street”2. Legislation vs.
creativity3. Tools & techniques of
the body4. Simplistic/complex
lifestyle5. Architecture as
affordances (not things)
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Walls as Walls as Artefacts: Artefacts: StrategyStrategy
Why does a Why does a municipality municipality care about care about walls?walls?
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StrategyGovernmentality (Foucault)•Procedural power•Historical emergence of knowleges about such powers/populations•Application of tools
– Administrative state
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Walls as Visable Territorial Devices
Graffiti as Tactical Strategy...
Citizens are ‘imagined’ in walls
(Official Graffiti, Hermer & Hunt)
Graffiti challenges these narratives with “at hand” tools (bricolage)
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Public scene as compositionThe “street”: the birth and target of graffiti
Allison Young:Confusion about public space (e.g.‘education’)
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Graffiti poses two questions: Public
1. What is a writer?2. What is public space?
– Restrictive/Utilitarian– Permissive/Antiquity
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Walls...
“...are governmental tools that set limits and impasses, and complimentary allowed paths and trajectories...”
Writers see walls as invitations to continue the conversation about public space...
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Who Benefits from War?
What of these relationships to policy creation?
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