bronze age meluhha writing on the tin road by artisans and traders (doc)

8/12/2019 Bronze Age Meluhha Writing on the Tin Road by Artisans and Traders (Doc)

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Bronze Age writing on the Tin Road:

Meluhha (Aratta) - AssurKanesh

S. Kalyanaraman, July 25, 2014

Deposits of tin were found east of Tabriz in Kardagh

mountains of northeastern Iran, in Uzbekistan and

Afghanistan.

Possible ancient copper and tin sources

Ancient tin mines, with evidence of exploitation by

contemporary Andronovo groups probably in the early-mid

2nd millenium, have been identified in the Zerafshan region,

to the north-east (Parzinger and Boroffka 2003); and

previous work suggested Afghanistan may have been a

major source of tin in antiquity (Cleuziou and Berthoud

1982).

http://www.archatlas.org/workshop09/works09-wilkinson.php

See map for the caption tin close to Aratta:
http://www.archatlas.org/workshop09/works09-wilkinson.phphttp://www.archatlas.org/workshop09/works09-wilkinson.php


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The road between Assur and Kanesh is presented in

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/12/tin-road-

between-ashur-kultepe-and.html
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/12/tin-road-between-ashur-kultepe-and.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/12/tin-road-between-ashur-kultepe-and.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/12/tin-road-between-ashur-kultepe-and.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/12/tin-road-between-ashur-kultepe-and.html


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After Fig. 8.1 Map of the Near East in the time of the Old-

Assyrian colonies (Aubet, Maria Eugenia, 2013, Commerce

and colonization in the ancient near East, Cambridge

University Press, p.269)

Profitable tin trade from Meluhha (Aratta) to Assur onto

Kanesh, Anatolia
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UIPatZLkVz8/UrZBu-rfEzI/AAAAAAAAe_c/Q2LUuJMj3XI/s1600/kultepe1.jpg


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In a letter from the time of Samshi-Adad I, it is stated that

large quantities of tin could be got in Susarra in the plain of

Rania in Iran, an important commercial centre on the road

from Tabriz to Assur (Larsen, 1967: 4; 1976:87; 1987:50;

Leemans, 1968: 202-206)in the time of level Ib in Kanesh

(ca. 1800-1776 BCE), the export of tin to Kanesh was

interrupted, probably because of the closure of the Zagros

route when Susarra was destroyed and abandoned. (In the

fourteenth century BCE, in the Middle Assyrian period, King

Enlil-narari of Assur was still supplying tin to Babylon and we

know that Asurbanipal II (883-859 BCE) got tin from the

country of Nairi, which is usually located between lakes Van

and Urmia, to th north of Assyria. In the Sumerian myths

there are already allusions to the rich reserves of tin in that

Armenian region on the Turco-Iranian frontier to the

northeast of Iran (Leemans, 1968:209-211)The Kanesh

correspondene reveals a considerable volume of tin

despatched to Anatolia during the second period of the

karum. Veenhof has calculated that over a period of some

sixty year, a total of 27,000 minasthat is some 450 talents

of tin, equivalent to 13.5 tons, was despatched to Kanesh;

this would be equivalent to some 80 tons during the whole of

the colonial period and to some 200 caravans carrying tin on


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the backs of mules from Assur to Kanesh (Veenhof, 1972:

69-76 and 79-80; Larsen, 1976: 90). [Given that it takes 10

percent of tin and 90 percent of copper to produce bronze,

the total bronze production over the whole period in Anatolia

could amount to 800 tons.] However, a Old-Assyrian tablet

preserved in Berlin would double that quantity because it

mentions a load of 410 talents of tin transported in a single

caravan, the property of the merchant Imdilum (Larsen,

1982: 230). Such a large volume of metal suggests that a

fairly elaborate organization existed in the centres of origin.

In Assur, the trade was managed by merchants who

controlled only the last stage of the road from the Zagros,

but we do not know who transported it to Assur. In their

correspondence, the Assyrian traders never speak of a need

to go to the East to buy tin, they simply wait for it to arrive in

the city. Thus, Assur left the provision of commodities in

other hands, although it held on to the monopoly of their

distribution in Anatolia (Larsen, 1987: 52). In an agreement

signed between an Assyrian merchant in Kanesh and a

prince in the south of Anatolia (Kt n/k 794), there is a

protectionist clause aimed at preventing competition from the

Akkadian (Babylonian) traders in the tin trade. The clause

makes it obligatory for Babylonian competitors to be


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extradited for execution (Veenhof, 2003: 86-87). The

Assyrian tin trade was indeed vital and also highly lucrative.

In Assur, one shekel of silver could buy twelve to fourteen

shekel of tin (12:114:1), whereas in Anatolia, one shekel

of silver was quoted at six to eight shekel of tin (6:1 and 8:1).

This price difference, combined with the high price of tin in

Anatoliadoublepermitted profits of 100 per cent, which

could be invested in fitting out new caravans in Assur

(Michel, 1991: 261). Moreover, there is evidence that traders

decided on the composition of the caravan for Kanesh on the

basis of the prices of tin. Thus, in two letters, the purchase of

tin in Assur is temporarily postponed because of high prices

(Veenhof, 1988: 253): There is no tin, not even at a price of

13:1 for an adequate consignment (TC 2,7). Since tin is dear

(= scarce), I shall not send any (VAT 9218). In this context,

letter L29-579, sent by the merchant Imdilum to his agent

Assur-tab in Kanesh, is revealing (Veenhof, 1988: 262): Adu

is bringing you 2 talents and 2 minas of tin and 5 pieces of

good quality kutanu cloth with my seal. If a price of 6:1 for

my tin and 15 shekel a piece for my cloth is possible, then

sell them for cash, the tin and the cloths. If not, keep the tin

with its seal. At one time and another I have informed you

that the arrival of the tin is delayed but you write to me in


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your leter: I have sold the tin at a price of 7:1. If the tin is

still available and you have not yet sold it, let me know, I do

not blame you. But if you have sold it, send me the silver

under seal and sell my cloth for at least 15 shekel a piece. It

is clear that the inadequate supply of tin in Assur caused a

6:1 price rise in Anatolia, which yielded considerable profit.

Lastly, in a letter from Kanesh (VAT 9220, n. 27) Assur is

informed of the departure of a consignment of thirty-three

minas of silver, destined for the metropolis, with the express

order to buy tin. The addressee in Assur is requested to

forward the silver so that he may acquire tin before the

arrival of the caravan so the carrier can load it immediately

back to Anatolia (Veenhof, 1988:255). (Aubet, Maria

Eugenia, 2013, Commerce and Colonization in the Ancient

Near East, Cambridge University Press, pp.292-293).

A leading merchant of Kanesh, Imdilum used a seal with

Meluhha hieroglyphs:


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Seal of Imdilum, a leading merchant of Kanesh (from Ichisar,

Metin, 1981, Les Archives cappadociennes du marchand

Imdilum (Recherche sur les grandes civilisations) (French

Edition) by Metin Ichisar ,1981, Paris, Editions ADPF: fig. 2).

The firm had numerous collaborators, associates and

scribes and it is known that it bought huge quantities of tin

and textiles on Imdilums account. One case alludes to the

dispatch of a caravan consisting of seven mules carrying

eight talents and forty minas of tin for the two partners,

Imdilum and Pusu-kenOn two occasions, Imdilum sends a

talent of silver (30 kg) to Assur to buy tin, when we know of

Assyrian merchants who needed a whole lifetime to

accumulate one talent of silver! There is likewise a mention

of a load of fifty-seven talents of tin for Imdilum, bought in

Assur for four talents of silver and sold in the Anatolian


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market for eight talents of silver. These are undoubtedly

huge sums, so we can consider Imdilum to be a genuine

millionaire in his day.(pp.353-355).

Assyrian traders wait for the valuable tin to arrive in Assur;

who brought it to Assur from further east, close to Aratta of

Meluhha?

The Meluhhans brought it to Assur. They were the Meluhha

Asur closely related to the traders in Assur. The seal on the

tin cargo was written with Meluhha hieroglyphs, read rebus.

Some examples of tablets impressed with a seal on the tin

cargo:

Karumcould be from a substrate language: e.g. [

krakuna ]m( P A factor, agent, or business-man.) A clerk,

scribe, writer.0 A term of ironical

commendation for a clerk.[ kru ]m(S) An artificer or

artisan. 2 A common term for the twelveq. v.

Alsomplq. v. in. (Marathi)


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or articles in general. lo pot to overflow. Gu(D) {}

``^flowing strongly''.

koam Flowing, pouring;

.

(. . 43, 130) koam < gha.

Cattle- shed (Tamil)

koam flowing, pouring (Tamil). Ma.kouka to shoot out,

empty a sack. ? Te.koukonipvuto be carried along by

stream or air current.(DEDR 2065).


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Impressions of seals on tablets from Kanesh (After Larsen,

Mogens Trolle and Moller Eva, Five old Assyrian texts, in: D.

Charpin - Joanns F. (ed.), Marchands, Diplomates et

Empereurs. tudes sur la civilization Msopotamienne

offertes Paul Garelli (ditions research sur les

Civilisations), Paris, 1991, pp. 214-245: figs. 5,6 and 10.)

Karummeant literally quayor portfor river trading ortransport activities.

Sources:

Cleuziou and Berthoud

Cleuziou, S., The early Bronze Age of the Oman Peninsula.

From Chronology to the Dialectics of Tribe and State


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formation, in S. Cleuziou, M. Tosi and J. Zarins (Eds.),

Essays on the late Prehistory of the Arabian Peninsula,

Rome 2000, 181-227.

Cleuziou, S. and T. Berthous, Early tin in the Near East. A

Reassessment in the Light of New Evidence from Western

Afghanistan, 25.1 (1982), 14-19.

Larsen

Larsen, MT, ed. (1979), Power and Propaganda: asymposium on Ancient Empires, Copenhagen

Larsen, MT (1996), The Conquest of Assyria:Excavations in an Antique Land 1840-1860.

London/New York

Larsen, MT (2008), The old Assyrian MerchantColonies, in Aruz et al., eds., Beyond Babylon: Art,

trade, and diplomacy in the Second Millennium BC.

New Haven and London. 70-81.

Leemans


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Leemans, WF 1960), Foreign trade in the OldBabylonian Period as Revealed by Texts from SouthernMesopotamia.Leiden.

Veenhof Altassyrische Tontafeln aus KultepeBerlin : Mann (1992) Geschichte des Alten Orients bis zur Zeit Alexanders des

GrossenGttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (2001) The Old Assyrian list of year eponyms from Karum Kanish

and its chronological implicationsAnkara : Turkish

Historical Society (2003)

Artisans and traders who traversed the Tin Road created

Meluhha writing of the Bronze Age using a cipher:

hieroglyphs based on rebus readings of Meluhha language.

Meluhha language was called mlecchain ancient Sanskrit

texts which note that mleccha words were either incorrect

pronunciations or grammatical variants. Mleccha was

intelligible to a Sanskrit speaker as evident from the Meluhhaconversation between Yudhishthira and Vidura/Kanaka

reported in the Mahabharata. Mleccha (Meluhha) was lingua

franca-- the spoken version of the language since many


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groups and regions were identified as Meluhha people or

Meluhha regions; Sanskrit was the literary, grammatically

correct version of the language in vogue in Bronze Age. It is

possible to reconstruct many Meluhha glosses from the

tadbhava(cognate glosses) and tatsama(phonetic variants

of glosses) detailed in Prakrit/Pali lexicons and in texts such

as enmaml of Hemacandra1many glosses of suchPrakrits or Dewords are relatable to Sanskrit.

Some glosses are retained as received memories of the

Bronze Age and recorded in many language lexicons of over

25 present-day languages of Indian sprachbund(speech

union).

Studies in Proto-IE and IE linguistics have noted Sanskrit as

an IE family of languages. It is not easy to trace the direction

of borrowings between Sanskrit and other IE languages.

Glosses of many Indo-European and Proto-IE languages are

cognate with Meluhha glosses.

1Hemacandra;Richard Pischel;Paravastu Venkata

Ramanujaswamy,The Denmaml,Bombay BhandarkarOriental Research Inst.1989.
http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AHemacandra%2C&qt=hot_authorhttp://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3APischel%2C+Richard.&qt=hot_authorhttp://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3ARamanujaswamy%2C+Paravastu+Venkata.&qt=hot_authorhttp://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3ARamanujaswamy%2C+Paravastu+Venkata.&qt=hot_authorhttp://www.worldcat.org/title/desinamamala/oclc/258575644&referer=brief_resultshttp://www.worldcat.org/title/desinamamala/oclc/258575644&referer=brief_resultshttp://www.worldcat.org/title/desinamamala/oclc/258575644&referer=brief_resultshttp://www.worldcat.org/title/desinamamala/oclc/258575644&referer=brief_resultshttp://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3ARamanujaswamy%2C+Paravastu+Venkata.&qt=hot_authorhttp://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3ARamanujaswamy%2C+Paravastu+Venkata.&qt=hot_authorhttp://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3APischel%2C+Richard.&qt=hot_authorhttp://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AHemacandra%2C&qt=hot_author


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Some examples may be cited: 1.ayasmetal; in Old Indian

ayasdenoted copper, iron.Latin aesbronze, copper, OHG

er ore, Goth aiz money, metal, coin, Av. ayah-metal

(probably bronze). 2. amsuSoma (Old Indian), amzu iron

(Tocharian)

The presence of Meluhha speakers is attested along

archaeological sites of the Persian Gulf and in ancient Near

East, along the Tin Road of the Bronze Age by the evidence

of Meluhha hieroglyphs related mainly to trade transactions

of tin and other bronze age cire perduebronze artifacts

comparable to those discovered in Nahal Mishmar.

Artisans who had practiced the cire perdueor lost-wax

casting techniques in bronze or brass were called dhokra

kamar(Meluhha language). This word denoting the cire

perdue artisans is depicted as a hieroglyph on two seals with

Meluhha writing: one tablet written on two sides of Dholavira

and one seal of Mohenjo-daro.

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/01/meluhha-

hieroglyphs-1-dhokra-lost-wax.html
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/01/meluhha-hieroglyphs-1-dhokra-lost-wax.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/01/meluhha-hieroglyphs-1-dhokra-lost-wax.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/01/meluhha-hieroglyphs-1-dhokra-lost-wax.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/01/meluhha-hieroglyphs-1-dhokra-lost-wax.html


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Dholavira molded terracotta tablet with Meluhha hieroglyphs

written on two

sides.http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/meluhha-

metallurgical-roots-and-spread.html?q=dhokraMeluhha:

spread of lost-wax casting in the Fertile Crescent. Smithy is

the temple. Veneration of ancestors.

Mohenodaro seal. Pict-103 Horned (female with breasts

hanging down?) person with a tail and bovine legs standing

near a tree fisting a horned tiger rearing on its hindlegs.
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/meluhha-metallurgical-roots-and-spread.html?q=dhokrahttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/meluhha-metallurgical-roots-and-spread.html?q=dhokrahttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/meluhha-metallurgical-roots-and-spread.html?q=dhokrahttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/meluhha-metallurgical-roots-and-spread.html?q=dhokra


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http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/04/philosophy-of-

symbolic-forms-in-meluhha.html In this link, discovery of two

seals/tablets is reported: one seal from Mohenjo-daro and a

tablet from Dholavira. Both report on the profession of the

smelter-metallurgist involved in the cire perdue

technology.The professional is dhokrarendered rebus in

Meluhha hieroglyphs -- perhaps by the ancestors of assur of

present-day India, since they continue the smelting and

casting traditions venerated by Tukulti-Ninurta I at an altar to

the fire-god, karandi. The safflower which adorns Ashur

artifacts is karadi.

Start with the decrepit, hunched up old woman depicted and

use rebus readings in Meluhha cipher:

Hieroglyph: Ku. okro, okhro old man ; B.okrold,

decrepit , Or.okar; H.okrdecrepit ;

G.okm. penis ,okrm. old man , M.okr m. -- Kho.

(Lor.) duk hunched up, hump of camel ;K.ku humpbacked perh. < *kka -- 2. Or.

dhokaa decrepit, hanging down (of breasts) .(CDIAL 5567)

Rebus: dhokra cire perdue casting metalsmith.
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/04/philosophy-of-symbolic-forms-in-meluhha.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/04/philosophy-of-symbolic-forms-in-meluhha.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/04/philosophy-of-symbolic-forms-in-meluhha.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/04/philosophy-of-symbolic-forms-in-meluhha.html


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Glyph: Br. kn on all fours, bent double. (DEDR 204a)

Rebus: kunda turner kundr turner (A.); kdr, kdri (B.);

kundru (Or.); kundau toturn on a lathe, to carve, to chase;

kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven

image (Santali) kunda a turners lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295)

Tiger has head turned backwards.

krammara. adv. or Same as

(Telugu). krm back(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145)

Rebus: karmra smith, artisan (Skt.) kamar smith

(Santali) The hieroglyph of an old female with breasts

hanging down and ligatured to the buttock of a bovine is also

deployed on a Mohenjo-daro seal together with the

hieroglyph: tiger has head turned backwards. Thus, on the

Mohenjo-daro seal, the hieroglyphs read rebus: dhokra

kamar.

See:Philosophy of symbolic forms in Meluhha cipher- A

new book by S. Kalyanaraman

See:http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/04/meluhha-

metallurgy-to-bronze-age.html?q=dhokra
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/04/philosophy-of-symbolic-forms-in-meluhha.html?q=dhokrahttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/04/philosophy-of-symbolic-forms-in-meluhha.html?q=dhokrahttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/04/philosophy-of-symbolic-forms-in-meluhha.html?q=dhokrahttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/04/meluhha-metallurgy-to-bronze-age.html?q=dhokrahttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/04/meluhha-metallurgy-to-bronze-age.html?q=dhokrahttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/04/meluhha-metallurgy-to-bronze-age.html?q=dhokrahttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/04/meluhha-metallurgy-to-bronze-age.html?q=dhokrahttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/04/philosophy-of-symbolic-forms-in-meluhha.html?q=dhokra


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http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/07/variations-in-

indus-script-mihika-basu.html

Coiners mint

The following are examples of Meluhha writing on copper

plates (obverse and reverse):

Text of inscription on B19 copper plate with that on C6

copper plate.

Obverse has two allographs: 1. Archer; 2. Ligatured crab

leaf hieroglyph.
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/07/variations-in-indus-script-mihika-basu.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/07/variations-in-indus-script-mihika-basu.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/07/variations-in-indus-script-mihika-basu.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2014/07/variations-in-indus-script-mihika-basu.html


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Meluhha provides the glosses for the rebus readings of

these allograph hieroglyphs:

Obverse 1:

kamhiyo = archer; kmahum = a bow; kma, kmaum =

a chip of bamboo (G.) kmahiyo a bowman; an archer

(Skt.lex.) Rebus: kammai a coiner (Ka.); kampaam

coinage, coin, mint (Tamil) kammaa = mint, gold furnace

(Telugu)

Obverse 2:

kamaDha crab; Rebus: kammaa = mint, gold furnace

(Telugu)

ato = claws of crab(Santali) Rebus: dhtu mineral ore.

kamaDha = ficus religiosa(Skt.); kamar.kom ficus(Santali)

rebus: kamaa = portable furnace for melting precious metals

(Te.); kampaam = mint (Ta.) Vikalpa: Fig leaf loa; rebus:

loh (copper) metal. loha-kra metalsmith(Sanskrit).


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Thus, the message conveyed by the pictorial hieroglyphs

and ligatured sign hieroglyphs is IDENTICAL: coiners mint.

Copper plate showing hare fronting a bush.

Other hare hieroglyphs on tablets of Harappa:


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http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wfKlxMOJyWc/U1NGeWoxY1I/AAAAAAAAh5Y/WoKqfORW_us/s1600/ScreenShot1772.bmphttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wfKlxMOJyWc/U1NGeWoxY1I/AAAAAAAAh5Y/WoKqfORW_us/s1600/ScreenShot1772.bmp


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kulai, 'hare' (Santali), Meluhha Rebus:kolhe smelter.kolhe,

the koles, are an aboriginal tribe of ironsmelters speaking a

language akin to that of Santals (Santali)kla m. name of a

tribe Hariv. Pk. klam.; B.kol name of a Mu tribe

(CDIAL 3532). A Bengali lexeme confirms this: 1[ kla1]

an aboriginal tribe of India; a member of this tribe. (Bengali)

That in an early form of Indian linguistic area, kol means

man gets substantiated by a Nahali and Assamese glosses:

kola woman. See also: Wpah. Kha.kui, cur. ku,cam. k boy ,Sant. Muari koa boy ,kui girl ,

Hokoa,kui, Krkkn,knj). Prob. separate from

RV.kt-- girl H. W. Bailey TPS 1955, 65; K.krf.

young girl , kash.k, ram.kuh; L.kum. bridegroom

, ku

f. girl, virgin, bride , aw. ku

f. woman ; P.ku

f. girl, daughter , (CDIAL 3295).or[ krak or

y ]aRelating to the country---a tribe of Brhmans

(Marathi).

Same hare hieroglyph occurs on cylinder seal of ancient

Near East:


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Cylinder seal and impression Syria (ca. 17201650 B.C.E) Hematite 21 x 10 mm Seal no.

937http://www.themorgan.org/collections/collectionsList.asp

?id=Seals


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On these copper plates of Mohenjo-daro, the pictorial motif

hieroglyphs are read rebus:

pattar troughrebus: pattar guild.

sangada'lathe', 'portable furnace' G. sghm. lathe; sgm. frame of a building ,f. lathe(CDIAL12859) Rebus:

sangataras.lit. to collect stones, stone-cutter,

mason.

[

]

. (Dasa,

Syamasundara. Hindi sabdasagara. Navina samskarana.


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2nd ed. Kasi : Nagari Pracarini Sabha, 1965-1975.)

,, mason.

Ku. baladm. ox , gng. bald, N. (Tarai) barad, id.

Rebus: L. bhrato spread or bring out from a kiln ;

M. bhr, bhto make strong by charms (weapons,

rice, water), enchant, fascinate (CDIAL 9463) Ash. bar

blacksmith, artisan (CDIAL 9464). Baran, bharat mixed

alloys(5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) bharana id.

(Bengali) bharan or toul was created by adding some brass

or zinc into pure bronze. bharata = casting metals in moulds

(Bengali)

[

kh] fAn outspread shovelform sack (as formed

temporarily out of a, to hold or fend off grain, chaff

&c.) (Marathi) koiyum'rings on neck' (Gujarati)

kondhheifer. ku horn (Kannada. Tulu.

Tamil) [kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi)Rebus: kdr'turner' (Bengali); kdto turn in a lathe

(Bengali).kndaengraver, lapidary setting or infixinggems(Marathi)kdlathe-turner. kdrturner,

brass worker. kndaengraver, lapidary setting orinfixing gems(Marathi) kdr, kdri (B.); kundru


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(Or.)[kaa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) [kha]Alloyed--a metal (Marathi).

kul 'tiger' (Santali); klu id. (Te.) klupuli = Bengal tiger

(Te.)Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. jackal < *khu -- ;

H.kolh, l m. jackal , adj. crafty ; G. kohl, l n. jackal

, M. kolh, l m. krcrying BhP., m. jackal RV. =

kru -- m. P. [kru] Pa. kohu -- , uka -- and kotthu -- ,

uka -- m. jackal , Pk. kohu -- m.; Si. koa jackal , koiya

leopard GS 42 (CDIAL 3615).[ klh ] [ klh]

A jackal (Marathi) kol tiger, jackal(Konkani.) Rebus: kol

iron(Tamil.) Rebus: kol furnace, forge(Kuwi) kol alloy of

five metals, pacaloha(Tamil) kolhesmelters (See rebus

readings of hare hieroglyph).

ga4m. rhinoceros lex., aka-- m. lex. 2. *gayaa --

. [Prob. of same non -- Aryan origin as khag--1:

cf. gatsha-- m. lex. as a Sanskritized form Mu. PMWS

138]1. Pa. gaaka-- m., Pk. gaaya-- m., A. gr,

Or. ga.2. K. gm., S. geom. (lw. with g-- ),

P. gam., f., N. gao, H. gam., G. gm., f.,

M. gm.Addenda: gaa -- 4. 2. *gayaa --

: WPah.kg. gemirgm. rhinoceros , Md. gen


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H. (CDIAL 4000). k-mirukam , n.

[M. kmgam.] Rebus:ka tools, pots and pans and

metal-ware(Gujarati) Rebus: khatools, pots and pans

and metal-ware(Marathi)

ibha elephant; (Sanskrit) Rebus: ib iron (Santali); ibbo

merchant (Desi)

Seal H-166 a & b

The hieroglyphs are:

1.Peacock with its tail down2.snakes above the wings3.three mountain peaks below the wings


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4.fire-altar shaped like +

kaa 'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali)

maraka peacock (Santali) morapeacock; morpeafowl

(Hindi); rebus: morakkhaka loha, a kind of copper, grouped

with piscaloha (Pali). [Perhaps an intimation of the color of

the metal produced which shines like a peacock blue

feather.] moraka"a kind of steel" (Sanskrit)

See bronze peacocks in Vatican:

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/11/pine-cone-

vatican-and-peacocks-samarra.html

Allograph: [ ngamu ]ngamu. [Skt. from a hill.]

Hieroglyph: ng1 m. snake Br. 2. elephant BhP. [As elephant shortened form of *nga -- hasta-- EWA ii 150

with lit. or extracted from nga -- danta-- elephant tusk,

ivory < snake -- shaped tusk ].1. Pa. nga-- m. snake ,NiDoc. naF. W. Thomas AO xii 40, Pk. ya-- m., Gy.

as. nJGLS new ser. ii 259; Or. naa euphem. term for

snake ; Si.nay, n, nay snake . -- With early nasalization
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/11/pine-cone-vatican-and-peacocks-samarra.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/11/pine-cone-vatican-and-peacocks-samarra.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/11/pine-cone-vatican-and-peacocks-samarra.htmlhttp://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/11/pine-cone-vatican-and-peacocks-samarra.html


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*nga-- : Bshk. ng snake . -- Kt. Pr. no, Kal. nho

name of a god < nga-- or Pers.nahangNTS xv 283. 2.

Pa. nga-- m. elephant , Pk.ya-- m., Si. n.iunka--

.(CDIAL 7039). [ ngamu ]ngamu. [Skt. from a

hill.] n. Lit: That which pertains to a mountain. A

serpent, . Particularly, a cobra. An elephant,

. a female supernatural being, a

goddess, . nkulu. n. The celestials,the gods. R. v. 35. 176. nk-suu. n. A name ofIndra. nkar, n. < nka. Celestials;.

(. 62).(Tamil) ,, or ngu. n. Acobra. .(Telugu)

nkam,n.

bronze age meluhha writing on the tin road by artisans and traders (doc)

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