bronze - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

8/9/2019 Bronze - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

1/9

Yoruba bronze head

sculpture, Ife, Nigeria c. 12tcentury AD

Bronze deer figurine dating from

between the 9th and 6th centuries

BC, National Archaeological Museum

of Sofia

BronzeFrom Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

Bronzeis an alloy consisting primarily of copper and other metals. The

addition of other metals (usually tin, sometimes arsenic), produces an alloy

much harder than plain copper. The historical period where the

archeological record contains many bronze artifacts is known as the Bronze

Age.

Because historical pieces were often made of brasses (copper and zinc) and

bronzes with different compositions, modern museum and scholarly

descriptions of older objects increasingly use the more inclusive term

"copper alloy" instead.[1]

The word bronze(173040) is borrowed from French bronze(1511), itselfborrowed from Italian bronzo"bell metal, brass" (13th century)(transcribed in Medieval Latin as bronzium), from either:

brntion, back-formationfrom Byzantine Greekbrontson(11th

century), perhaps from BrentsionBrindisi, reputed forits

bronze;[2][3]or

early Persian birinj, biranj()"brass" (modern berenj),

piring( -) "copper",[4]from which also came Serbo

Croatianprina"brass",[5]Georgian brinao"bronze",

Armenianpinj"copper".

Contents

1 History

2 Composition

3 Properties

4 Uses

4.1 Bronze statues

4.2 Musical instruments

4.3 Medals

4.4 Industrial

5 See also

6 References

7 External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_3,000_Years_Old_Bronze_Dear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_3,000_Years_Old_Bronze_Dear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_3,000_Years_Old_Bronze_Dear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoruba-bronze-head.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoruba-bronze-head.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoruba-bronze-head.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoruba-bronze-head.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_(Bulgaria)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_3,000_Years_Old_Bronze_Dear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_3,000_Years_Old_Bronze_Dear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_3,000_Years_Old_Bronze_Dear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_3,000_Years_Old_Bronze_Dear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_3,000_Years_Old_Bronze_Dear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_(Bulgaria)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_3,000_Years_Old_Bronze_Dear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoruba-bronze-head.jpg


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Chinese Ding, Western Zhou

(1046771 BC)

History

The discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects which

were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze tools,

weapons, armor, and building materials such as decorative tiles were

harder and more durable than their stone and copper ("Chalcolithic")

predecessors. Initially, bronze was made out of copper and arsenic,

forming arsenic bronze, or from naturally or artificially mixed ores of

copper and arsenic. It was only later that tin was used, becoming the

major non-copper ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium

BC.[6]Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the alloying

process could be more easily controlled, and the resulting alloy was

stronger and easier to cast. Also, unlike arsenic, tin is not toxic.

The earliest tin-alloy bronze dates to 4500 BCE in a Vina culture site in Plonik (Serbia).[7]Other early

examples date to the late 4th millennium BC in Africa,[8]Susa (Iran) and some ancient sites in China,Luristan (Iran) and Mesopotamia (Iraq).

Ores of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together (exceptions include one ancient site in

Thailand and one in Iran), so serious bronze work has always involved trade. Tin sources and trade in

ancient times had a major influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a major source of tin was

England's deposits of ore in Cornwall, which were traded as far as Phoenicia in the Eastern Mediterranea

Though bronze is generally harder than wrought iron, with Vickers hardness of 60258[9]vs. 3080,[10]th

Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age because iron was easier to find and easier to process into a usable

grade of metal (it can be made into higher grades, but doing so takes significantly more effort and skill).Pure iron is soft, and the process of beating and folding sponge iron to make wrought iron removes from

the metal carbon and other impurities which need to be re-introduced to improve hardness. Careful

control of the alloying and tempering eventually allowed for wrought iron with properties comparable to

modern steel.

Bronze was still used during the Iron Age. For many purposes, the weaker wrought iron was found to be

sufficiently strong. Archaeologists suspect that a serious disruption of the tin trade precipitated the

transition. The population migrations around 12001100 BC reduced the shipping of tin around the

Mediterranean (and from Great Britain), limiting supplies and raising prices.[11]

As the art of working in iron improved, iron became cheaper, and as cultures advanced from wrought iro

(typically forged by hand wrought by blacksmiths) to machine forged iron (typically made with triphammers powered by water), the blacksmiths learned how to make steel, which is stronger than bronze

and holds a sharper edge longer.[12]

Composition
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_hammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_hardness_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoeniciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luristanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plo%C4%8Dnik_(archaeological_site)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_(vessel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defang_Ding.jpg


3/9

Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng,Spring and Autumn Period (476221

BC)

A Bronze flag found in

Shahdad, Kerman, (now

Iran), 3rd millennium BC

There are many different bronze

alloys, but typically modern bronze

is 88% copper and 12% tin.[13]Alpha

bronzeconsists of the alpha solid

solution of tin in copper. Alpha

bronze alloys of 45% tin are used

to make coins, springs, turbines and

blades. Historical "bronzes" arehighly variable in composition, as

most metalworkers probably used

whatever scrap was on hand; the

metal of the 12th-century English

Gloucester Candlestick is bronze containing a mixture of copper, zinc, tin,

lead, nickel, iron, antimony, arsenic with an unusually large amount of

silver between 22.5% in the base and 5.76% in the pan below the candle.

The proportions of this mixture may suggest that the candlestick was made

from a hoard of old coins. The Benin Bronzes are really brass, and the

Romanesque Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Lige is describedas both bronze and brass.

In the Bronze Age, two forms of bronze were commonly used: "classic bronze", about 10% tin, was used

casting; and "mild bronze", about 6% tin, was hammered from ingots to make sheets. Bladed weapons

were mostly cast from classic bronze, while helmets and armor were hammered from mild bronze.

Commercial bronze(90% copper and 10% zinc) and architectural bronze(57% copper, 3% lead, 40% zinc

are more properly regarded as brass alloys because they contain zinc as the main alloying ingredient. The

are commonly used in architectural applications.[14][15]

Bismuth bronze is a bronze alloy with a composition of 52% copper, 30% nickel, 12% zinc, 5% lead, and 1%

bismuth. It is able to hold a good polish and so is sometimes used in light reflectors and mirrors.[16]

Plastic bronzeis bronze containing a significant quantity of lead which makes for improved plasticity[17]

possibly used by the ancient Greeks in their ship construction.[18]

Other bronze alloys include aluminium bronze, phosphor bronze, manganese bronze, bell metal, arsenica

bronze, speculum metal and cymbal alloys.

Properties

Typically bronze only oxidizes superficially; once a copper oxide (eventually becoming copper carbonate)

layer is formed, the underlying metal is protected from further corrosion. However, if copper chlorides ar

formed, a corrosion-mode called "bronze disease" will eventually completely destroy it.[19]Copper-based

alloys have lower melting points than steel or iron, and are more readily produced from their constituent

metals. They are generally about 10 percent denser than steel, although alloys using aluminium or silicon

may be slightly less dense. Bronzes are softer and weaker than steelbronze springs, for example, are le
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbal_alloyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenical_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font_at_St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Li%C3%A8gehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Bronzeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Candlestickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_flag,_Shadad_Kerman,_Iran.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianzhong_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bianzhong.jpg


4/9

Bronze bell with a visible crystallite

structure.

Ewer from 7th-century Iran.

Cast, chased, and inlaid

bronze. New York

Metropolitan Museum of

Art

stiff (and so store less energy) for the same bulk. Bronze resists corrosion (especially seawater corrosion)

and metal fatigue more than steel and is a better conductor of heat and electricity than most steels. The

cost of copper-base alloys is generally higher than that of steels but lower than that of nickel-base alloys.

Copper and its alloys have a huge variety of uses that reflect their versatile physical, mechanical, and

chemical properties. Some common examples are the high electrical conductivity of pure copper, the low

friction properties of bearing bronze (bronze which has a high lead content 6-8%), the resonant qualitie

of bell bronze (20% tin, 80% copper), and the resistance to

corrosion by sea water of several bronze alloys.

The melting point of bronze varies depending on the ratio of the

alloy components and is about 950 C (1,742 F). Bronze may be

nonmagnetic, but certain alloys containing iron or nickel may

have magnetic properties.

Uses

Bronze was especially suitable for use in boat and ship fittingsprior to the wide employment of stainless steel owing to its

combination of toughness and resistance to salt water

corrosion. Bronze is still commonly used in ship propellers and submerged

bearings.

In the 20th century, silicon was introduced as the primary alloying element,

creating an alloy with wide application in industry and the major form used

in contemporary statuary. Sculptors may prefer silicon bronze because of

the ready availability of silicon bronze brazing rod, which allows color-

matched repair of defects in castings. Aluminium is also used for the

structural metal aluminium bronze.

It is also widely used for cast bronze sculpture. Many common bronze

alloys have the unusual and very desirable property of expanding slightly

ust before they set, thus filling in the finest details of a mold. Bronze parts

are tough and typically used for bearings, clips, electrical connectors and

springs.

Bronze also has very low metal-on-metal friction, making it invaluable for

the building of cannon where iron cannonballs would otherwise stick in the

barrel.[20]It is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings,

automobile transmission pilot bearings, and similar fittings, and is

particularly common in the bearings of small electric motors. Phosphor

bronze is particularly suited to precision-grade bearings and springs. It is

also used in guitar and piano strings.

Unlike steel, bronze struck against a hard surface will not generate sparks,

so it (along with beryllium copper) is used to make hammers, mallets, wrenches and other durable tools t

be used in explosive atmospheres or in the presence of flammable vapors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_connectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(process)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_fatiguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_Ewer_Iran.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_bell_with_visible_material_structure.jpg


5/9

An ormolu bronze Empire style

chariot clock. France, c. 1810.

Tirthankara from 7th-

century Akota Hoard

Bronze sculptures from Benin

Bronze is used to make bronze wool for woodworking applications where steel wool would discolor oak.

Bronze statues

In India, bronze sculptures from the Kushana (Chausa hoard) and

Gupta periods (Brahma from Mirpur-Khas, Akota Hoard, Sultanganj

Buddha) and later periods (Hansi Hoard) have been found.[21]

Indian Hindu artisans from the period of the Chola empire in TamilNadu used bronze to create intricate statues via the lost wax

casting method with ornate detailing depicting the deities of

Hinduism mostly, but also the lifestyle of the period. The art form

survives to this day, with many silpis, craftsmen, working in the

areas of Swamimalai and Chennai.

The Assyrian king Sennacherib (704681 BC) claims to have been

the first to cast monumental bronze statues (of up to 30 tonnes)

using two-part moulds instead of the lost-wax method.[22]

In antiquity other cultures also produced works of high art using bronze.

For example: in Africa, the bronze heads of the Kingdom of Benin; in

Europe, Grecian bronzes typically of figures from Greek mythology; in east

Asia, Chinese bronzes of the Shang and Zhou dynastymore often

ceremonial vessels but including some figurine examples. Bronze

sculptures, although known for their longevity, still undergo microbial

degradation; such as from certain species of yeasts.[23]

Bronze continues into modern times as one of the materials of choice for

monumental statuary.

Musical instruments

Bronze is the preferred metal for top-quality bells, particularly bell metal,

which is about 23% tin.

Nearly all professional cymbals are made from bronze, which gives

a desirable balance of durability and timbre. Several types of

bronze are used, commonly B20 bronze, which is roughly 20% tin,

80% copper, with traces of silver, or the tougher B8 bronze which ismade from 8% tin and 92% copper. As the tin content in a bell or

cymbal rises, the timbre drops.[24]

Bronze is also used for the windings of steel and nylon strings of

various stringed instruments such as the double bass, piano,

harpsichord, and the guitar. Bronze strings are commonly reserved

on pianoforte for the lower pitch tones, as they possess a superior

sustain quality to that of high-tensile steel.[25]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_basshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B20_(bronze)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Bronzeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacheribhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamimalaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_wax_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanganj_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_from_Mirpur-Khashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chausa_hoardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_woolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_woolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Bronzeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benin_Bronzes.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tirthankara,_India,_Akota,_Gujarat,_7th_century,_bronze,_HAA.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormoluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chariot_clock_Telemachus.jpg


6/9

Antique bell metal bronze singing

bowls from the 16th to 18th

centuries. Annealed bronze

continues to be made in the

Himalayas.

Bronzes of various metallurgical properties are widely used in struck idiophones around the world, notab

bells, singing bowls, gongs, cymbals and other idiophones from

Asia. Examples include Tibetan singing bowls, temple bells of many

sizes and shapes, gongs, Javanese gamelan and other bronze

musical instruments. The earliest bronze archeological finds in

Indonesia date from 12 BCE, including flat plates probably

suspended and struck by a wooden or bone mallet.[25][26]Ancient

bronze drums from Thailand and Vietnam date back 2,000 years.Bronze bells from Thailand and Cambodia date back to 3,600 BCE.

Some companies are now making saxophones from phosphor

bronze (3.5 to 10% tin and up to 1% phosphorus content).[27]Bell

bronze is used to make the tone rings of many professional model

banjos. The tone ring is a heavy (usually 3 lbs.) folded or arched

metal ring attached to a thick wood rim, over which a skin, or most

often, a plastic membrane (or head) is stretched - it is the bell

bronze that gives the banjo a crisp powerful lower register and

clear, bell-like treble register-especially in bluegrass music.

Medals

Bronze has been used in the manufacture of various types of medals for centuries, and are known in

contemporary times for being awarded for third place in sporting competitions and other events. The lat

usage was in part attributed to the choices of gold, silver and bronze to represent the first three Ages of

Man in Greek mythology: the Golden Age, when men lived among the gods; the Silver age, where youth

lasted a hundred years; and the Bronze Age, the era of heroes, and was first adopted at the 1904 Summe

Olympics. At the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1900 oth

prizes were given, not medals.

Industrial

Various kinds of bronze are used in many different industrial applications.

Phosphor bronze is used for ships' propellers, musical instruments, and electrical contacts.[28]Bearings a

often made of bronze for its friction properties. It can be filled with oil to make the proprietary Oilite and

similar material for bearings. Aluminium bronze is very hard and is used for bearings and machine tool

ways.[29]

See also

Art object

Bronze and brass ornamental work

Bronzing

Chinese bronze inscriptions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_and_brass_ornamental_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_bearing#Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_bowlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiophoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_bowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picsingingbowls.jpg


7/9

Fragment of the grave of

Cyprian Kamil Norwid in the

Bards' crypt in Wawel

Cathedral, Krakw, Poland

by sculptor Czesaw Dwigaj

Dezincification Resistant Brass

French Empire mantel clock

Listof copper alloys

Ormolu

Seagram Building

UNSC69100

Yoruba art

References

1. ^"British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy" "

(http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/

term_details.aspx?scopeType=Terms&scopeId=18864). British Museum.

Retrieved 14 September 2014.

2. ^Henry and Rene Kahane, "Byzantium's Impact on the West: The LinguisticEvidence", Illinois Classical Studies06 (2) 1981, p. 395.

3. Ôriginally M.P.E. Berthelot, "Sur le nom du bronze chez les alchimistes

grecs", in Revue archologique, 1888, pp. 294-8.

4. Ôriginally Karl Lokotsch, Etymologisches Wrterbuch der europischen

Wrter orientalischen Ursprungs. (Heidelberg: Carl Winters

Universittsbuchhandlung, 1927), p. 1657.

5. ^Wolfgang Pfeifer, ed., Etymologisches Wrterbuch des Deutschen, s.v.

"Bronze" (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbucher Vertrag, 2005).

6. ^Brett Kaufman, "Metallurgy and Archaeological Change in the Ancient Near

East", Backdirt: Annual Review2011, p. 86.

7. ^Radivojevi, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo (December 2013). "Tainted ores and

therise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago"

(http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/087/ant0871030.htm). Antiquity Publications

Ltd.

8. ^History of Africa#Metallurgy

9. ^Precious Metals: Bronze Jewelry

(http://www.allaboutgemstones.com/metal_jewelry_bronze.html).

Allaboutgemstones.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-09.

10. ^Smithells Metals Reference Book, 8th Edition, ch. 22

11. ^Clayton E. Cramer. What Caused The Iron Age?

(http://www.claytoncramer.com/unpublished/Iron2.pdf)

claytoncramer.com. December 10, 1995

12. Ôleg D. Sherby and Jeffrey Wadsworth. Ancient Blacksmiths, the Iron Age,

Damascus Steels, and Modern Metallurgy

(http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/238547.pdf). Tbermec 2000,

- -
http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/238547.pdfhttp://www.claytoncramer.com/unpublished/Iron2.pdfhttp://www.allaboutgemstones.com/metal_jewelry_bronze.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Africa#Metallurgyhttp://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/087/ant0871030.htmhttp://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?scopeType=Terms&scopeId=18864http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNS_C69100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormoluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_copper_alloyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Empire_mantel_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_leaching#Leaching_of_zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_D%C5%BAwigajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3whttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawel_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian_Kamil_Norwidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norwid_Relief.jpg


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metalsmiths. Brynmorgen Press, 1992. ISBN 0-9615984-3-3

26. ^LaPlantz, David.Jewelry Metalwork 1991 Survey: Visions Concepts

Communication: S. LaPlantz: 1991. ISBN 0-942002-05-9

27. ^"www.sax.co.uk" (http://www.sax.co.uk/signature-custom-alto-sax-

phosphor-bronze-big-bell.ir). Retrieved 18 September 2014.

28. ^Resources: Standards & Properties - Copper & Copper Alloy

Microstructures: Phosphor Bronze

(http://www.copper.org/resources/properties/microstructure/phos_bronze.

html)

29. ^Resources: Standards & Properties - Copper & Copper Alloy

Microstructures: Aluminum Bronzes

(http://www.copper.org/resources/properties/microstructure/al_bronzes.ht

ml)
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