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SEMANTICS

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LELE| HUI MIN JING YI|XIAO QIAN|IAN

TASK 1:DENOTATION VS.

REFERENTS

Denotations literal meaning of the word. Speakers of the same language usually have the same understanding

Referents Tied to situations; usually changes. Often something you can point at or mental images, using as references.

Q1:Denotation vs

Referents

Q2: Metaphors

Q3:Logical Entailment

Q4 (A): Presuppositi

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Q4 (B): Presuppositi

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a)The President of United States

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a) The President of United States

We are only referents!Something that you can see, point at and make references.

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a)The President of United States

Denotation:

The elected head of the country, United States

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b) The capital of Canada

Referents:

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b) The capital of Canada

Denotation:

A state where the government of Canada functions in

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c) The woman who walked on the moon

Referents:

The first woman who went to the moon Girl’s failed attempt at moonwalkingQ1:Denotati

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c) The woman who walked on the moon

Denotations:

A female who went out of space, landed on the moon, and walked.

(not a particular/specific woman, but any woman)

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d) My linguist professor

Referents: Dr. Yosuke Sato @ NUS

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d) My linguist professor

Denotation:- Someone who teaches me the science of a language- Someone’s lectures on science of language that I attend

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TASK 2:METAPHORS WE LIVE BY

DETERMINE THE BASIS FOR EACH OF THE METAPHORSB) The eye of a needle

the foot of the bed

The hands of the clock

The arm of a chair

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Describe parts of an object in terms of human body

components

Target: parts of an objectSource: human body components

DETERMINE THE BASIS FOR EACH OF THE METAPHORSC) This lecture is easy to digest

He just eats up the lecturer’s words.

Chew on this thought for awhile.

Listen to this juicy piece of gossip.

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Describe information in terms of food

Target: information Source: food

DETERMINE THE BASIS FOR EACH OF THE METAPHORSD) Your claims are indefensible.

He shot down all my arguments

His criticisms were right on target.

If you use that strategy, he’ll wipe you out.

I demolished his argument.

He attacked every weak point in my argument.

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Describe arguments in terms of war

Target: argumentsSource: war

DETERMINE THE BASIS FOR EACH OF THE METAPHORSF) He unleased his anger.

Her anger was aroused.

Your temper is ferocious.

She was bristling with rage.

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Describe anger in terms of a dangerous animal

Target: anger Source: a dangerous animal

TASK 3:LOCAL ENTAILMENT

LOGICAL ENTAILMENTDEFINITION:

Proposition A entails Proposition B if

the truth of A makes B necessarily true.

i.e. If A is true, B has to be true.

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LOGICAL ENTAILMENTThe statement Hilary and Dana are married to each other entails

A.Hilary is woman.

B.Dana is Hilary’s spouse.

C.Hilary and Dana are husband and wife.

D.Dana is not single.

E.Hilary and Dana live together.

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LOGICAL ENTAILMENTThe statement Hilary and Dana are married to each other does not entail

A. Hilary is woman.

being married to each other does not indicate their respective gender

C. Hilary and Dana are husband and wife.

being married to each other does not guarantee that there is a husband and a wife in the marriage. exceptions: homosexual marriages

E. Hilary and Dana live together.

they can be married but live in different places, in different countries at the momentQ1:Denotati

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LOGICAL ENTAILMENTThe statement Hilary and Dana are married to each other entails

B. Dana is Hilary’s spouse.

If Hilary and Dana are married to each other, then Dana is definitely Hilary’s spouse.

D. Dana is not single.

If Hilary and Dana are married to each other, then Dana is definitely not single. Dana cannot be married and single at the same time.

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LOGICAL ENTAILMENTThe statement Romeo kissed Juliet passionately entails

A.Romeo kissed Juliet.

B.Juliet kissed Romeo.

C.Romeo kissed Juliet many times.

D.Juliet was kissed by Romeo.

E.Romeo loves Juliet.

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A.Romeo kissed Juliet.

B.Juliet kissed Romeo (Possible)

C.Romeo kissed Juliet many times.

D.Juliet was kissed by Romeo.

E.Romeo loves Juliet.

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LOGICAL ENTAILMENTThe statement Romeo kissed Juliet passionately does not entail

B. Juliet kissed Romeo.

Romeo kissed Juliet passionately does not indicate any action on Juliet’s part.

However, B can be entailment if ‘kiss’ have a reciprocal meaning.

C. Romeo kissed Juliet many times.

kissing passionately does not necessarily mean kissing many times.

E. Romeo loves Juliet.

Romeo kissed Juliet passionately does not necessarily mean Romeo loves Juliet.

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A. Romeo kissed Juliet

If Romeo kissed Juliet passionately, then he must have kissed Juliet.

D. Juliet was kissed by Romeo.

If Romeo kissed Juliet passionately, then Juliet must have been kissed by Romeo.

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LOGICAL ENTAILMENTThe statement John shot Tom’s brother dead entails

A.John is a murderer.

B.Tom’s brother was a victim of violent crime.

C.Tom’s brother is dead.

D.John knew Tom’s brother.

E.John hated Tom.

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LOGICAL ENTAILMENTThe statement John shot Tom’s brother dead does not entail

A. John is a murderer.

A murderer kills with malicious intent, but John might not have malicious intents while shooting Tom’s brother. (unintentional killing?)

Case where John is a policemen may also negate the fact that John is a murderer.

D. John knew Tom’s brother.

John did not have to know Tom’s brother to shoot him.

E. John hated Tom.

John did not have to hate Tom to shoot his brother.Q1:Denotati

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LOGICAL ENTAILMENTThe statement John shot Tom’s brother dead entails

B. Tom’s brother was a victim of violent crime.

B is not entailment as it may not be violent (Eg. Euthanasia, shot in the sense of needle poke)

It could also be a case of crime where John may be a police shooting down the criminal, Tom. The shooting may be voluntary and Tom can be an animal.

C. Tom’s brother is dead.

If John shot Tom’s brother dead, it must be true that Tom’s brother is dead.Q1:Denotati

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TASK 4:PRESUPPOSITION

PRESUPPOSITIONS

An assumption.

A ‘hidden premise’

An implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to a sentence whose truth is taken for granted, so to speak.

An assumption which must be non-negotiable for a proposition to make sense.

*If required, you may use the negation test, where the negation of a sentence does NOT change its presuppositions.

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A) IDENTIFY THE SENTENCE THAT CONTAINS PRESUPPOSITIONS;B) LOCATE THE WORD RESPONSIBLE FOR IT.

John regrets that Maria went to the graduation ceremony.

John believes that Maria went to the graduation ceremony

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John regrets that Maria went to the graduation ceremony.

“Regrets” The graduation ceremony must have had taken place John knows that Maria went for the graduation ceremony John knows the existence of Maria.

John believes that Maria went to the graduation ceremony.

“Believes” John does not know for sure if Maria went to the graduation ceremony or not. John does not know if the ceremony that Maria went for is the graduation

ceremony or another ceremony

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The Captain thought that the ship was in danger.

The Captain realized that the ship was in danger.

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The Captain thought that the ship was in danger.

“Thought” Like “believes,” this word conveys an opinion about something that may not be

true. It may not be the ship that was in danger, but someone/something else Nothing may in fact be in danger.

The Captain realized that the ship was in danger.

“Realised” The ship was in danger. The Captain recognised the existence of the ship. The Captain had received some form of indicator that the ship was in danger.Q1:Denotati

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It is significant that the criminal was sentenced.

It is likely that the criminal was sentenced.

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It is significant that the criminal was sentenced.

“Significant” Signals that the criminal has been sentenced The criminal was caught. The criminal has been proven by the legal authorities to be a ‘criminal’

It is likely that the criminal was sentenced.

“Likely” Like, “believes” and “thought,” this word indicates a suggestion, which does not

affirm the actuality of events. The sentence may not have been issued. The criminal may not have been

sentenced. The criminal may not have been caught. The supposed ‘criminal’ may have not been proven guilty, or have been proven innocent.

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IDENTIFY THE PRESUPPOSITION IN THE WH-QUESTIONSWho killed Sylvia?

Sylvia is dead.

A person killed Sylvia.

A person called Sylvia exists.

The person that killed Sylvia exists.

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IDENTIFY THE PRESUPPOSITION IN THE WH-QUESTIONS

Where did you put the cheese?

There is something called cheese.

You know the location of the cheese.

The cheese was moved by someone - ‘you’.

‘you’ know the cheese I am referring to.

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IDENTIFY THE PRESUPPOSITION IN THE WH-QUESTIONSWhy is there sadness in the world?

There is a concept such as sadness.

There is a world. (DUH…)

There’s a reason for sadness.

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