brown vs. the board of education dave baniszewski mike bryant helen reyes david rutledge educ 845...
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Brown vs.The Board of
Education
Brown vs.The Board of
EducationDave Baniszewski
Mike BryantHelen Reyes
David RutledgeEDUC 845
Liberty University
Dave BaniszewskiMike BryantHelen Reyes
David RutledgeEDUC 845
Liberty University
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The escalation of segregation in the South began immediately after the Civil War.
The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, along with the two Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1875 and the various Enforcements Acts of the early 1870s, curtailed the ability of southern whites to formally deprive blacks of their civil rights.
Rutherford B. Hayes
The decade of the 1880s was characterized by mob lynching‘s and a vicious system of convict prison farms and chain gains
In 1890 Louisiana passes the infamous Jim Crow law mandating separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites
By 1910, every state of the former Confederacy had adopted laws that segregated all aspects of life wherein blacks and whites might socially mingle or come into contact.
Impoverished and often illiterate southern blacks were in a weak position in the 1890s for confronting the racist culture of Jim Crow.
The Land mark Supreme Court's in 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
W.E.B. Du Bois
By 1905, the issue of how to most effectively deal with Jim Crow came to a head in the debate between the followers of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
In the 1930s, the NAACP, began to focus more of its attention on a campaign to challenge segregation
Walter White
Segregation in EducationSegregation in Education
After the Civil War, the southern states scrambled to recover and keep the public school system alive. Ultimately this effort created a dual educational system based on race.
Schools were anything but equal
Case Name: Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896)
Plaintiffs: Homer Plessy Defendants: John H. Ferguson, judge of the criminal District Court for the parish of OrleansLocation: New Orleans, Louisiana Year : Argued: April 13, 1896 Decided: May 18, 1896
Case Name: Cumming v. Board of Education of Richmond County, 175 U.S. 528 (1899)
Plaintiffs: Cumming, Harper and Ladeveze Defendants: The Board of Education of Richmond County and Charles S. Bohler, tax collector.Location: Richmond County GeorgiaYear: Argued: October 30, 1899 Decided: December 18, 1899
Case Name: Gong Lum v. Rice, 275 U.S. 78 (1927)
Plaintiffs: Gong Lum and Martha LumDefendants: Superintendent of Education of the State of MississippiLocation: MississippiYear: Argued: October 12, 1927 Decided: November 21, 1927 196
Case Name: State of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 305 U.S. 337 (1938)
Plaintiffs: Lloyd GainesDefendants: CANADA, REGISTRAR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURILocation: MissouriYear: Argued: November 9, 1938 Decided: December 12, 1938
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KansasBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
• Argued: Dec. 8, 1952• Reargued: Dec. 7, 1953• Decided: May 17, 1954
• Key Players– Thurgood Marshall
– Rev. Oliver Brown
– Linda Brown
– Chief Justice Earl Warren
• Argued: Dec. 8, 1952• Reargued: Dec. 7, 1953• Decided: May 17, 1954
• Key Players– Thurgood Marshall
– Rev. Oliver Brown
– Linda Brown
– Chief Justice Earl Warren
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KansasBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
Several Cases Were Combined into One
• Delaware – Belton v Gebhart• Kansas – Brown v Board of Education• South Carolina – Briggs v Elliot• Virginia – Davis v County School Board of Prince
Edward County• Washington, DC – Bolling v Melvin Sharpe
Several Cases Were Combined into One
• Delaware – Belton v Gebhart• Kansas – Brown v Board of Education• South Carolina – Briggs v Elliot• Virginia – Davis v County School Board of Prince
Edward County• Washington, DC – Bolling v Melvin Sharpe
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KansasBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
“Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
“Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KansasThe Issue
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KansasThe Issue
• Schools approached equality in terms of buildings, curricula, qualifications, and teacher salaries.
• Nevertheless, despite
“equality” of objective factors, intangible issues foster and maintain inequality.
• Schools approached equality in terms of buildings, curricula, qualifications, and teacher salaries.
• Nevertheless, despite
“equality” of objective factors, intangible issues foster and maintain inequality.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KansasBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
• This case was not simply about children and education.
• This new law had far reaching social and ideological implications that continue to be felt throughout the nation and the world.
• The struggle for Human Rights throughout the world can trace its roots back to this case.
• Reinforced the supremacy of the power of the people in protecting natural rights from arbitrary limitations imposed by governments.
• This case was not simply about children and education.
• This new law had far reaching social and ideological implications that continue to be felt throughout the nation and the world.
• The struggle for Human Rights throughout the world can trace its roots back to this case.
• Reinforced the supremacy of the power of the people in protecting natural rights from arbitrary limitations imposed by governments.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
• The case did not abolish segregation in other public areas, such as restaurants and restrooms, nor did it place a time frame for implementation of the law.
• Other pioneers would take up the torch of freedom and carry on the challenge.
• The case did not abolish segregation in other public areas, such as restaurants and restrooms, nor did it place a time frame for implementation of the law.
• Other pioneers would take up the torch of freedom and carry on the challenge.
1960’s 1960’s
Greensboro FourGreensboro Four
Freedom RidersFreedom Riders
Segregation ForeverSegregation Forever
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Bloody SundayBloody Sunday
NOW & Poll Tax LawsNOW & Poll Tax Laws
Justice & InjusticeJustice & Injustice
Court Cases & LegislationCourt Cases & Legislation
• March Griggs v. Duke Power Company
• Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
• Palmer v. Thompson
• ERA
• Title IX Education Amendments
• March Griggs v. Duke Power Company
• Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
• Palmer v. Thompson
• ERA
• Title IX Education Amendments
Court CasesCourt Cases
• San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
• State Constitutional Challenges
• Public School Race Riots
• Education for All Handicapped Children Act
• San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
• State Constitutional Challenges
• Public School Race Riots
• Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Court CasesCourt Cases
• Affirmative Action
• Brown III
• Affirmative Action
• Brown III
Reagan AdministrationReagan Administration
• Emergency School Aid Act
• Los Angeles
• Segregation
• Desegregation
• Segregation Again
• Emergency School Aid Act
• Los Angeles
• Segregation
• Desegregation
• Segregation Again
Race & GenderRace & Gender
19881988
• Desegregation’s High Water Mark• Desegregation’s High Water Mark
Board of Education v. Dowell – 1991
Board of Education v. Dowell – 1991
• The Slide Begins• The Slide Begins
Reality vs. Assumptions Reality vs. Assumptions
Survey Says…..Survey Says…..
• Don’t Do as I Do, Do As I Say• Don’t Do as I Do, Do As I Say
Segregated? Not in My Neighborhood!
Segregated? Not in My Neighborhood!
• Where Segregation & Integration Occur• Where Segregation & Integration Occur
School Segregation: Current Trends Regular Public School Enrollments by Race/Ethnicity and Region, 2000 - 2001
Region Total Enrollment % White % Black
% Latino
% Asian Pacific % Indian Alaskan
South 14,361,152 53.6 27.4 16.5 2.1 0.4
Border 3,478,610 71.0 20.6 3.3 1.9 3.3
Northeast 8,227,746 67.4 15.5 12.4 4.4 0.3
Midwest 9,837,237 76.3 14.4 6.0 2.3 0.9
West 10,785,326 50.5 6.6 33.0 7.8 2.1
Alaska 133,356 61.5 4.6 3.4 5.5 25.0
Hawaii 184,360 20.4 2.3 4.5 72.3 0.4
Bureau of Indian Affairs Schools 46,938 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
U.S. Total 47,054,725 61.2 17.1 16.3 4.1 1.3
Reprinted with permission from the Civil Rights Project, Harvard University
The Affect of Shifting Demographics
The Affect of Shifting Demographics
School Segregation: Current Trends Racial Composition of Schools Attended by the Average
Student of Each Race, 2001 - 2001
Signs of Hope?Signs of Hope?
• Grutter v. Bollinger• Grutter v. Bollinger
Thirty Years and Counting….Thirty Years and Counting….
Segregation is evil because it scars the soul of both the segregated and the segregator…. It gives the segregated a false sense of inferiority and it gives the segregator a false sense of superiority. …It does something to the soul….this is why segregation is utterly evil and utterly un-Christian. It substitutes an "I/It" relationship for the "I/Thou" relationship.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Segregation is evil because it scars the soul of both the segregated and the segregator…. It gives the segregated a false sense of inferiority and it gives the segregator a false sense of superiority. …It does something to the soul….this is why segregation is utterly evil and utterly un-Christian. It substitutes an "I/It" relationship for the "I/Thou" relationship.
Martin Luther King Jr.