1. Brownfields to Greenfields By: Sean Christofferson

2. How does Your State compare? 3. 20 - 40% VMT-related air emissions and greenhouse gases saved from compact urban redevelopment, including brownfields (vs greenfields) - Urban Land Institute, 2008 4. Total Brownfield sites: 450,000 to 1,000,000Estimated number of vacant/contaminated sites, nationally U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004 5. What is a Brownfield? Real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.A former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination. 6. Land RevitalizationLands are often contaminated with various harmful substances that require expensive procedures to treat. In some instances, toxic waste sites are shown to pose a direct threat to human health. 7. Cleanup Map/Identified Need for Reduced Threat to Public HealthAlmost 50,000 sites have completed state Voluntary cleanup Programs (VCP) since inception in the mid-1990s 8. The current pace is addressing, at best, 1.4% of the inventory, annually. - NEMW Institute (July 2008) 9. Even though these sites may not be especially toxic, their oftentimes poor aesthetic quality combined with their additional need for special treatment in order to be re-developed causes the surrounding area to be an undesirable place to live or work. 10. What is a Greenfield? An undeveloped site, esp. one being evaluated and considered for commercial development or exploitation 11. Wisconsin is among the 81st percentile or higher in State Brownfield rankings 12. 4.5 Acres of Greenfields saved per one acre brownfields redeveloped - Source: George Washington University, 2001 13. Linchpin Effect In some instances, brownfields redevelopment is the catalyst or the linchpin that creates a positive environment for new investment and leads to transformation of entire neighborhoods and districts. 14. Factors that determine the greater and lesser VMT savings attributable to urban compact redevelopment DensityMixing of uses/internal designDegree of connectedness to the existing gridLocation near city centerAccess to transit 15. Milwaukee A Study of 64 brownfield projects supported with City of Milwaukee funds between 1995 and 2000 found that they created or retained over 2,200 full- and part-time jobs. The amount of subsidy for brownfields-related site preperation, and not all public subsidies, was $4,600 to produce one job. The corresponding number for 63 projects in Milwaukee County $4,800. - De Sousa, 2005 16. Property Value Increases Due to Brownfields Redevelopment Type projectMilwaukee Geog. Scope = 4,000 ft.Minneapolis Geog. Scope = 2,500 ft.Residential projects8.6%3.1%Commercial projects15.8%4.6%Parks projects11.7%4.4%Industrial projects4.7%3.2%All sample (net)11.4%2.7%Research by De Sousa, Wu, and Westphall in progress measuring and comparing the impact of different forms of publiclyassisted brownfields redevelopment (greenspace, industrial, commercial, and residential) on the value of single family homes (pre- and post-redevelopment) in Milwaukee projects analyzed and 58 Minneapolis projects analyzed. - De Sousa, C., Residential Development Activity on Urban Brownfields in Milwaukee and Chicago: An Examination of Redevelopment Trends, Developer Perceptions, and future Prospects, September, 2006http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/CED/publications/desousa_ 906.pdf 17. Milwaukee Industrial Zoning 1998 and 2011 Areas in red are additions to the citys inventory of industrial land since 1998 These areas were not zoned industrial in 1998 but had been rezoned for industrial use by 2011.Areas shaded blue on the map experienced no change in zoning during this time These were zoned industrial in 1998 and still zoned industrial in 2011.Gray areas represent losses of industrial land These areas were zoned industrial in 1998 but were no longer zoned industrial by 2011. 18. 74% Reduced runoff due to density (8 DU/acre vs. 1DU/acre) Richards, Lynn, June, 2006 19. Worldwide Causes of Soil Degradation by Region in Susceptible Drylands and Other Areas 20. Mumbai, India For three centuries, beginning with the era of British rule, Mumbai has been in an adversarial relationship with the sea and the monsoon seasons winds, heavy rains and floods. The British began the practice of shoring up, of building seawalls and embankments, reclaiming land from the sea while, in theory at least, flood-proofing the city with deeper channels, overflow ditches and concrete levees. This engineering was designed to keep the sea at bay and to drain floodwaters from the land as quickly as possible.Mumbai, India Mumbai, IndiaFor three centuries, beginning with the era of British rule, Mumbai has been in an adversarial relationship with the sea and the monsoon seasons winds, heavy rains and floods. The British began the practice of shoring up, of building seawalls and embankments, reclaiming land from the sea while, in theory at least, flood-proofing the city with deeper channels, overflow ditches and concrete levees. This engineering was designed to keep the sea at bay and to drain floodwaters from the land as quickly as possible. 21. Red Fields to Green Fields is a national research effort that analyzes the effects of acquiring RED FIELDS (financially distressed properties) and converting them into GREEN FIELDS (public parks and adjacent land banked for future sustainable development).Redfields to Greenfields? Click Below for VideoAll videos created by Alex Fischer & Timothy WhitneyExternal Links: rftgf.org www.rftgf.org 22. Sources Blanger, Robert. "Urban geology," in Access Science, McGraw-Hill Education, 2004, http://www.accessscience.com Blatt, Harvey. "Environmental geology," in Access Science, McGraw-Hill Education, 2012, http://www.accessscience.com De Sousa, C., Residential Development Activity on Urban Brownfields in Milwaukee and Chicago: An Examination of Redevelopment Trends, Developer Perceptions, and future Prospects, September, 2006. George Washington University, Public Policies and Private Decisions Affecting the Redevelopment of Brownfields: An Analysis of Critical Factors, Relative Weights and Areal Differentials, 2001. Higgins, Andrew G. F. (2013). Evaluating intervention options to achieve environmental benefits in the residential sector. Sustainability Science. Northeast Midwest Institute, The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Working Draft for Distribution, July, 2008.Brownfields Redevelopment,Sasaki, Takeshi J. I. (2012). "Object-based classification of land cover and tree species by integrating airborne LiDAR and high spatial resolution imagery data" . Landscape and Ecological Engineering. Skelly, David. "Landscape ecology," in Access Science, McGraw-Hill Education, 2012, http://www.accessscience.com 23. Sources continued