1

Quiet Pavement & Noise Research in California

Paul Donavan

Bruce Rymer

http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/noise/index.htm

TRB ADC40 July 2005

Presented By:Bruce RymerCalifornia Dept. of TransportationDivision of Environmental Analysis1120 N Street, MS27Sacramento, CA 95814Tel: 916/653-6073E-mail: bruce_rymer@dot.ca.gov

And

Paul DonavanIllingworth & Rodkin, Inc.505 Petaluma Blvd. SouthPetaluma, CA 94952Tel: 707/766-7700E-mail: pdonavan@illingworthrodkin.com

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Imperial County, CA 1926

IH-80 at Davis StudyLongest Running

Quiet Pavement Study in the Nation

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4

I-80 DAVIS OGAC AGING STUDY7th YEAR FINDINGS

At 7 years, the pavement appears to be providing 4.3 dBA reduction when compared with the original AC pavement. The pavement provided about 6 dBA reduction during the first 4 years and has provided a steady ~4.0-4.5 dBA reduction over the last three years.

TNM2.1 modeling results are about 5 dBA higher than measured levels at the Reference Position that is 20 meters from the near travel lane and 3 meters above ground – TNM 2.5 will be evaluated with the current measurement set..

1/3rd octave band spectra show a consistent signature of OGAC conditions for the 7-year aged pavement. This is not only evident at the reference positions, but for the 145-meter distant positions for 1.5- and 4.5-meters above ground. - The signature is even evident under the quiet upwind conditions. Please note that spectra are not normalized for the slight differences that may have occurred under different traffic conditions and they are not corrected in magnitude for variations in the strength of the wind field.

Seasonal trend continues to show a general tendency for higher levels in the colder winter months -Comparisons to original AC are only made for measurements in June when AC baseline levels were measured

SR 138 Project

Contribution of Thin Lift Surface Treatments to

the Abatement of Traffic Noise Over A Period of

Five Years

LA-138 Project

5

LA 138 Test Pavements

DGAC OGAC 75mm OGAC 30mm

RAC (O) BWC

Pass By Method

Statistical Pass By (SPB) ISO 11819-1

Mic Array

Capture other data

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Mojave Bypass Test Site• 4 lane controlled

access highway• Unopened city

bypass• 3 baseline

textures installed• structure

w/transverse tine• 8 additional

textures applied to baselines

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Applied Textures to Baseline Surfaces#1 – Grind

#2 – Grind

#3 – Groove#4 – Groove

#5 – Grind

#7 – Groove

#8 – Grind

#6 – Groove & Grind

6 dB QuieterRAC(O)

1 dB Quieter(Ground)

Pavement Rehab Asphalt & Concrete

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0.1

0.8

1.5

2.2

2.9

3.6

4.3

5.0

5.7

6.4

7.1

7.8

8.5

9.2

9.9

10.6

11.3

12.0

12.7

13.4

14.1

14.8

15.5

16.2

16.9

17.6

18.3

19.0

19.7 400

800

1600

3150

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

Soun

d In

tens

ity, d

BA

Time, sec.

Freq, Hz.

South Bound I-5 Sacramento

80-82 82-8484-86 86-8888-90 90-9292-94 94-9696-98 98-100

PCCRAC(O) Overlay

Joint

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10

Location of the Seismic Joint

Bridge Deck & Joint Noise Studies

Neighbors protest roar of new spanBy Lisa Vorderbrueggen

CONTRA COSTA TIMESPosted Feb 29, 2004

CROCKETT - The honeymoon is over. The bride, as it turns out, snores.

The lovely new $500 million Carquinez bridge that Crockett welcomed with fireworks and a street fair in November generates a lot more noise than the old one.

State engineers blame its closer proximity, grooved concrete pavement and earthquake safety expansion joints, as well as cars moving faster along the roomier lanes.

The neighbors don't care why. They just want it to stop.

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New Bridge Deck

New Viaduct Span

New At-Grade Approach

Expansion Joints

Bridge Joint

End Joint

Mid Span Joint

Viaduct Surface Texture

Direction of Travel

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Sound Intensity vs. Location

99100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116

-600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900Distance, meters

A-W

eigh

ted

Tire

Inte

nsity

Lev

el, d

BTrailing Edge

Leading Edge

Bridge Deck

Viaduct(496m)

On-Grade Long. Tine PCC

Expansion Joint at Bridge Hinge

Expansion Joint at Hinge D3-2

Expansion Joint at Hinge D3-1

End of Viaduct

Potential Tire Noise Reduction

95

97

99

101

103

105

107

109

111

113

115

SR 58 Te

xture

Grind (

0.105

")

WB B

ridge

Dec

k

AZ 202 L

ongit

udina

l Tine

I-280

New

Textu

red

SR 58 Te

xture

Grind (

0.120

")

WB on

Grad

e -Lo

ng Ti

ne

58 B

ypas

s Brid

ge D

eck

58 B

ypas

s Lon

g. Tin

e

AZ 202 U

niform

Tran

s Tine

WB V

iaduc

t -Tran

s Tine

SCL 87 S

B #3

Southb

ound

I-5 R

eddin

g

SCL 87 S

B #5

AZ 202 R

ando

m Tran

s Tine

SCL 87 S

B #1

SCL 87 S

B #2

Northb

ound

I-5 R

eddin

g

Soun

d In

tens

ity L

evel

, dB

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3½ dBReduction

58 dB - 3dB Reduction

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General very positive response:

“Significant effect on reducing the noise”

Joint slap still there

“Grinding improved the situation”

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

Soun

d In

tens

ity L

evel

, dB

A

OG/RAC Pavements

PCC Pavements

DGA Pavements

Caltrans State-Wide Data Base

*

*

* Arizona Pavements

*

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Pavement/Tire Sound Intensity

Noise Level at 50 Feet **

(Sound Pressure Level)

(Avg dBA) (dBA)

AZ Marc 10 ARFC 96.6 67 CA Sac Test Track DGAC 96.7 67 CA SM 280 OGAC SB Shoulder 96.8 67 CA LA 138 OGAC 75 mm 96.9 67 CA SM 280 RAC(Type O) 97.2 67 CA LA 138 RAC(Type O) 97.2 67 AZ Marc 202 ARFC Best Condition 97.4 67 CA LA 138 OGAC 30mm 97.4 67 CA Fre 5 RAC(Type O) High Binder 97.8 68 CA LA 138 DGAC 98.3 68 CA SBd 40 RAC(Type O) High Binder 98.4 68 AZ Marc 10 P-ACFC 98.7 69 CA LA 138 DGAC Existing 99.0 69 AZ Marc 10 SMA Stone Matrix Asphalt 99.6 70 CA LA 138 BWC New 99.9 70 AZ Marc 10 ARFC 100.0 70 CA SBd 40 DGAC Exist 100.1 70 AZ Marc 10 Permeable European Mix. OG 100.6 71 CA LA 138 DGAC Reference Section 101.1 71 CA SM 280 PCC Ground 101.2 71 AZ Marc 202 ARFC Poor Condition 101.4 71 CA Ker 58 PCC New Burlap Longitudinal 101.5 71 CA Yub 70 OGAC Aged 101.6 72 CA Yol 80 OGAC 101.7 72 CA SCl 85 PCC New Longitudinal Tine 101.7 72 CA Sol 80 DGAC 101.7 72 CA Ker 58 PCC New Broom Longitudinal 101.8 72 AZ Marc 202 PCCP Longitudinal Tine 102.0 72 CA Sac 5 PCC Aged Longitudinal Tine 102.2 72 CA SM 280 PCC Texture Grind (var. 8mm/0.1km) 102.3 72 CA Sha 5 PCC NB Bridge Deck Longitudinal Grind 102.3 72 CA SM 280 PCC Grind (var. 19mm/0.1km) 102.6 73 CA LA 14 PCC Fair Condition Longitudinal Tine 103.1 73 CA Ker 58 PCC New Longitudinal Tine 103.5 73 CA SM 280 PCC Aged Longitudinal Tine 103.8 74 CA Sol 80 PCC Aged Longitudinal Tine 104.1 74 CA SM 84 Chip Seal New 105.0 75 AZ Marc 202 PCCP New Tranverse Tine 107.1 77 CA Sha 5 PCC SB Bridge Deck Trans. Astroturf (Aged) 108.1 78 AZ Marc 202 PCCP New Random Tranverse Tine 109.2 79CA Sha 5 PCC NB Bridge Deck Trans. Astroturf (New) 112.4 82

AC or

PCCState - County - Route - Material - DescriptionPavement Noise

Index

Pavement Noise Index

Pavement/Tire Sound Intensity

Noise Level at 50 Feet **

(Sound Pressure Level)

(Avg dBA) (dBA)

AZ Marc 10 ARFC 96.6 67 CA Sac Test Track DGAC 96.7 67 CA SM 280 OGAC SB Shoulder 96.8 67 CA LA 138 OGAC 75 mm 96.9 67

Omitted for this slide

CA SM 84 Chip Seal New 105.0 75 AZ Marc 202 PCCP New Tranverse Tine 107.1 77 CA Sha 5 PCC SB Bridge Deck Trans. Astroturf (Aged) 108.1 78 AZ Marc 202 PCCP New Random Tranverse Tine 109.2 79 CA Sha 5 PCC NB Bridge Deck Trans. Astroturf (New) 112.4 82

2004 Pavement Noise Level Index*

AC or

PCCState - County - Route - Material - Description

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Tire/Pavement Noise Intensity Testing in Europe

A Report of the NITE Project

Truck Tire/Pavement Noise Measurements

Probe

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Localizing Truck

Noise Sources

or

Noise Mapping

• Improve Traffic Noise Model

• Determine Quiet Pavement impact on heavy truck noise levels

• Improve roadside design of noise mitigation features

AASHTO/FHWA Develop Specification -Standard Practice for Measurement of

Tire-Pavement Noise Using the On-Board Sound Intensity Method

Sound Intensity Vector

I = pU

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Localizing Truck Noise Sources

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Truck Noise Reduced Less by Pavement Changes

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Tire Noise Test CarPassby

Average ofCars

MediumTrucks

Heavy Trucks

Red

uctio

n in

Noi

se L

evel

, dB

Truck Noise Reduced Less by Pavement Changes

Possible Reasons:

– Truck tires behave differently than passenger car tires

– Contribution of noise sources different for cars & trucks

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92

94

96

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

112

FirestoneSteer

GoodyearRetread

CooperDrive

FirestoneMulti

Soun

d In

tens

ity L

evel

, dB

A

Pavement Average Results for Truck Tires (2002)

92

94

96

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

112

AquatredCar

Zig ZagRib Truck

Mich XDAHT Truck

FirestoneFS 560

Soun

d In

tens

ity L

evel

, dB

A

4 Pavement Averages for Truck & Car Tires (2005)

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Zig Zag Rib & XDA HT Truck Tires

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000

1/3 Octave Band Center Frequency, Hz

Soun

d Pr

essu

re L

evel

, dB

AN5 - Fine DGAN13 - SMAW8 - OGACS1 - SMAS4 - Coarse OGAC

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000

1/3 Octave Band Center Frequency, Hz

Soun

d Pr

essu

re L

evel

, dB

A

N5 - Fine DGAN13 - SMAW8 - OGACS1 - SMAS4 - Coarse OGAC

Zig-Zag 5 Rib Tire

Cooper Drive Axle Tire

Summary• Significant difference in truck tire/pavement

noise depending on tire design• Initial indication that larger element tread

designs maybe less sensitive to pavement differences

• Further work:– Analyze 2005 results for wider range of pavement

types– Additional tests with more aggressive tread designs– Determine if relative noise performance of

pavements depends on truck tire design parameters

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Truck Noise Reduced Less by Pavement Changes

Possible Reasons:

– Truck tires behave differently than passenger car tires

– Contribution of noise sources different for cars & trucks

Light Vehicle Source Height – FHWA Distribution

96% at 0 ft

4% at 5 ft

Microphone

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Truck Source Height – FHWA Distribution

51% at 12 ft

49% at 0 ft

Microphone

Truck Noise Source Localization Project

Concept• Apply latest technology to obtain “acoustic

pictures” of truck noise sources• Deploy acoustic array to measure passing

trucksApproach• Initial technology demonstration project• Later expand to actual roadway and more

cases

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Beamforming Applied to Trucks

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Speaker on Idling Truck

1k 1.5k 2k 2.5k 3k 3.5k 4k[Hz]

30

40

50

60

[dB/20u Pa] Cursor valuesX: 4.48k HzY: 38.33 dB/20u PaDelta CursorStart :944 HzStop :4.3k HzCentre :2.62k HzWidth :3.36k Hz