bs 199 notes (1st exam)

7/25/2019 BS 199 Notes (1st Exam)

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BS 199.1 (First Exam)

Qualitative Research Methods

November 15, 2013

RESEARCH

- Process of seeking answers

(problem-solving enterprise)- It is a sstematic investigation to

!n" answers to problems- #ollows t$e scienti!c met$o"%

1& Problem2& 'pot$esis3& periment*+bserve& nal.e5& /enerali.ation

- mpirical "ata- Process t$rog$ w$ic$ new

knowle"ge is "iscovere"%knowle"ge pro"ction

- sstematicall collecting of

information for t$e prpose of

testing an eisting t$eor or

generating a new one

$erefore, researc$ is a sstematic an"

organi.e" wa of !n"ing answers to

ever"a problems t$at we enconter

• as of nowing%

1& Intitive nowle"ge (researc$ i"ea) 4

initial i"ea2& t$oritative nowle"ge

(eperts*knowle"geable actors) 4

professional literatre3& ogical knowle"ge (process-base") 4

reasoning from !n"ings& mpirical knowle"ge (evi"ence-

base") 4 engaging in proce"res

• /oals of 6esearc$%

-o eplore, eplain, "iscover, eposerealities (social p$enomenon)-o con!rm or "iscon!rm eisting

assmptions, t$eories or i"eas

(views, beliefs abot t$e social

worl")-o pro"ce new knowle"ge& rt$ an"

lessons on ever"a life an"

$appenstance

-7n"erstan"*anal.e $ow $mans pt

vale on t$eir ever"a life an" on

t$eir environment

• as of 8iewing 6ealit%

1& Positivism (mpiricism)

-6ealit is nc$angeable an" certain-Pre"ict an" control realit-9antitative-:to see is to believe;-6ealit is !e", rea" to be "iscovere"-6e"ctionist, empirical observation an"

measrement-$eor-testing

2& <onstrctivism (Interpretivism)-6ealit is relative-=eaning-"riven

-9alitative-7n"erstan"ing social*$istorical

constrction-$eor generali.ation-6ealit is $ow we sense it to be> w$at it

means to s

3& <riticism ("vocac)-6ealit is "namic an" can be c$ange"-Political, isse-oriente", collaborative

c$ange-oriente"

& Pragmatism*Plralism

(Postmo"ernism)-6ealit lies in t$e ees of t$e be$ol"er-=lti-facete"-=ie" met$o"s-Problem-centere", plralistic, practice-

oriente"

November 1?, 2013% @ee notes

November 22, 2013

6esearc$

- sstematic (proce"res) - !n"inganswers (en"s)

- organi.e" (met$o"s) - Aestions

(central)

• pes of 6esearc$%

a& Basic 4 concerne" wit$ knowle"ge for

t$e sake of t$eor, its "esign is not

7/25/2019 BS 199 Notes (1st Exam)


controlle" b t$e practical seflness

in !n"ing t$ingsb& pplie"c& Practical*ction (actal intervention)

• =et$o"s%

a& 9antitative 4 testing obCective t$eoriesb eamining t$e relations$ip between

2 variablesb& 9alitative 4 eploring an"

n"erstan"ing t$e meaning in"ivi"als

or grops ascribe to a social or $man

problemc& =ie" 4 approac$*inAir t$at combines

or associates bot$ Aalitative an"

Aantitative forms of researc$- 8iew t$at all met$o"s col" $ave

limitations an" felt biases in an

single met$o" col" netrali.e or

cancel t$e biases

• 3 nt$ropological pes of 6esearc$%

t$nograp$, t$nolog, t$no$istor

• #ive 9alitative =et$o"s%

1& P$enomenolog 4 p$ilosop$ as well as

met$o", essence of $man eperience

abot a p$enomenon as "escribe" b

participant (e&g& live" eperiences)>

st"ing a nmber of sbCectsetensivel to "evelop patterns an"

relations$ip of meanings

2& /ron"e" t$eor 4 "erives a general

abstract t$eor of a process action or

interaction gron"e" in t$e views of

pa> constant comparison of "ata wit$

emerging categories an" t$eoretical

sampling of "iDerent grops to

maimi.e similarities*"iDerence of

information

3& <ase st" 4 eplores in "ept$

program, event, activit, process or

one or more in"ivi"als> cases are

bon" b time an" activit, an"

researc$ers collect "etaile"

information sing a variet of "ata

collection proce"res over a sstaine"

perio" of time

& t$nograp$ 4 st"ies an intact cltral

grop in a natral setting over a

prolonge" perio" of time b collective

observe"* interview "ata> Eeible

5& Narrative researc$ 4 researc$er st"ies

t$e lives of in"ivi"als an" asks one or

more in"ivi"als to provi"e stories

abot t$eir lives retol"*restorie" b t$e

researc$er in a narrative c$ronolog

November 2?, 2013

• 9antitative =et$o"s%

1& @rve 6esearc$ 4 provi"es aAantitative or nmeric "escription of

tren"s, attit"es or opinions of

poplation b st"ing a sample of t$e

poplation-<ross-sectional an" longit"inal

st"ies sing Aestionnaires or

strctres interviews for "ata

collection wit$ t$e intent of

generali.ing from a sample to a

poplation2& perimental 6esearc$ 4 seeks to

"etermine if a speci!c treatment

inEences an otcome-<omparative> incl"es tre

eperiments t$at se ran"om

assignment an" Aasi-eperiments

t$at se non-ran"om met$o"s

• =ie" =et$o"s

- views t$at all met$o"s $ave limitations

an" felt t$at biases in an single

met$o" col" netrali.e or cancel

t$e biases of ot$er met$o"s- 8ariations%a& @eAential mie" met$o"s 4

epan"s t$e !n"ings of one

met$o" wit$ anot$er met$o">

Beginning wit$ Aalitative for

eplorator prposes an" following

p

7/25/2019 BS 199 Notes (1st Exam)


b& <oncrrent mie" 4 converges or

merges Aalitative an" Aantitative

"ata to provi"e compre$ensive

analsis of t$e researc$ problemc& ransformative mie" met$o"s 4

emplos a t$eoretical lens an

overarc$ing perspective wit$in a

"esign t$at contains bot$

Aantitative an" Aalitative "ata"& @eAential eplorator "esign%

9antitative 9alitative

9alitative 9antitative

e& <oncrrent eplorator "esign%9antitative 8@ 9alitative9antitative*9alitative

(concrrent embe""e" "esign)

• 6@6<' as a wa of ife% (cltre)

1& @canning an" mapping t$e

environment- $at is $appening in $ereF2& 8aling 6esearc$

- $at am I contribtingF (e&g& to nation

bil"ing, t$eor, met$o"olog,

tec$nolog in "oing researc$)3& $e :I"eal researc$er;- s c$ange agent> s critic of ever"a

life- 'nts an" gat$ers% relevant i"eas,

t$ings, msteries, etc& an" $elp

eplain w$ t$e eist& =aster of t$e <raft of 6esearc$- Problemati.ing, framing, collecting,

anal.ing, t$eori.ing, "isseminating,

a"vocating, polic-forming- Practice of obCectivit, reEeivit,

et$ics> rigor, vigor, !"elit, empirical

• 6oles of 6esearc$er

-<$ange agent-#acilitator*"ocmenter-Participant-observer

-riter-reporter-nowle"ge pro"cer*translator-rainer*mentor

In summary:

Research is not just an academic

exercise but rather is a way of life.

Researchers are not just problem-

solvers but are change-agents.

• Prpose of 9alitative 6esearc$%

- Giscover- Gescription

- <onceptali.ation- @ensiti.ation- mancipation

• 9alitative 6esearc$

#orm of Interpretive InAir%

a& Participants narrate*interpret w$at

t$e eperienceb& 6esearc$ers interpret w$at t$e see,

$ear an" n"erstan" abot t$e

participantsH eperiencec&6ea"ers interpret w$at t$e see, $ear

an" n"erstan" abot t$e report"& <entral met$o"s% interviews,

observations, !el"work

• Basic ssmptions%1& 6ealit 4 is comple, constrcte"

an" sbCective, c$anging not !e"2& 6esearc$ 4 interpretative processes

of n"erstan"ing realit not

conclsive3& nowle"ge best ac$ieve" 4 natral

not controlle"*arti!cial setting& 96 is nstrctre"*open 4 "esigns

emergent rat$er t$an !e"> reslts

are npre"ictable bt

compre$ensible

• <$aracteristics of 9alitative 6esearc$%

1& rt$ 4 mltiple, speci!e" rat$er t$an

niversali.e"2& Prpose 4 "iscover an" "escribe

veri!able "ata or information3& <ontet 4 natral an" social worl"

$ave meaning even if not well-

measre"& mp$asis 4 realit is

tentative*temporal not pre"ictable or

controllable5& pproac$& 6esearc$er 4 engage" not "etac$e"

interactive ke instrmentJ& @ample 4 nK1 to nK1

7/25/2019 BS 199 Notes (1st Exam)


L& nalsis 4 narrative*image rat$er t$an

nmerical?& 6igor 4 cre"ibilit, transferabilit,

"epen"abilit, con!rmabilit

• 9estioning mst be nswere"%

1& $ s$ol" anone be intereste" in

m researc$F2& Is t$e researc$ "esign cre"ible,

ac$ievable an" carefll eplaine"F

(et$ical*tec$nical)

B@

able 1% 97II8 8@ 97NII8

able 2%

9alitative 9antitative=et$o"s of Gata nalsis Interprets sing smmar of

observational interview an"

"ocments artifactal "ata

7ses statistical proce"res

P$ilosop$ical 8iews <onstrctivist, a"vocac,

participator

Positivist, post-positivist

@trategies of InAir t$nograp$, p$enomenolog,

gron"e" t$eor, case st"ies

@rve eperiment

able 3% <omparison of 9antitative an" 9alitative =et$o"s

9antitative 9alitative

P$ilosop$ical#on"ation

Ge"ctive re"ctionist In"ctive, 'olistic

im o test pre-set

$pot$esis

o eplore comple

$man isses@t" Plan @tep wise, Pre-

"etermine"

Iterative, #leible

Position of 6esearc$er Getac$e" an" obCective Integral parts of t$e

researc$ processssessing Aalit of

otcomes

Girect tests of vali"it

an" reliabilit sing

statistics

In"irect Aalit of

assrance, met$o"s of

trstwort$iness

/enerali.abilit ransferabilit =easres t$e tilit of t$e

reslts

able % <omparison of 9alitative, 9antitative an" =ie" =et$o"s

9alitative 9antitative6ealit or

p$enomenon

Gescribes an"

interprets

=easres an"

pre"icts

'pot$esis or t$eor In"cts Ge"cts

nal.es or"s an" images NmbersInterprets $emes an" patterns 8ariables

9alitative 9antitative =ie" =et$o"smerging met$o"s Pre-"etermine" (case an"

eDect)

Bot$ pre-"etermine" an"

emerging met$o"s+pen-en"e" Aestions Instrment base" +pen an" close en"e"

Interview, "ata

observation,

"ocmentation of "ata

an" a"io-visal "ata

Interventione" attit"e,

"ata observation an"

consenss

=ltiple forms of "ata

"rawing on all

possibilities

et an" image analsis @tatistical nalsis @tatistical tet analsis $emes, pattern,

interpretation

bs 199 notes (1st exam)

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