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A presentation covering BS 9999 amd Fire Engineering

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Page 1: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Development of New Fire Safety

Guidance Business Innovation Centre

Ten Pound Walk

Doncaster

South Yorkshire

DN4 5HX

Tel: +44 (0) 1302 554910

Fax: +44 (0) 1302 554909

BS 9999

Page 2: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Fire Engineering

Prescriptive approach to fire safety

(AD-B)

Combination of prescriptive

and performance

based

Performance based

solution

Page 3: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

BS 5588 Series

Approved Document B Volume 2

BS 9999

Page 4: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Key Features

Fire Assessment and Risk ProfileMeans of EscapeFacilities for the Fire ServiceBuilding StructureSpecial Risk Protection Fire Safety Management

Page 5: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Fire Engineering Objectives

Evaluate specific passive fire protection systems

Assessment of risks and hazards

Occupancy profile

Consideration of building type

Management strategy

Post fire investigation

Specify the correct active fire protection

system

Page 6: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Risk Assessment

Risk = Frequency x Consequence

Frequency = number of fires in a given period

Consequence = the damage caused by the fire

Page 7: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Occupancy Profile

Occupancy Characteristics

Description Examples

A Occupants who are awake and familiar with the building

Office and Industrial buildings

B Occupants who are awake and unfamiliar with the building

Shops, exhibitions, leisure centres and other assembly buildings

C Occupants who are likely to be asleep

Ci Long term individual occupancy

Individual flats without 24hr maintenance control on site

Cii Long term managed occupancy

Serviced flats, halls of residence, sleeping, areas and boarding schools

Ciii Short term occupancy Hotels

Page 8: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Fire Growth Rate

Category Fire Growth Rate

Examples Fire Growth Rate Parameter kJ/m3

1 Slow Banking Hall, limited combustible materials

0.0029

2 Medium Stacked cardboard boxes, wooden pallets

0.012

3 Fast Baled thermoplastic chip, stacked plastic products

0.047

4 Ultra Fast Flammable liquids, foam 0.188

Page 9: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Risk Profiles

Occupancy Characteristics Fire Growth rate Risk Profile

A A Occupants who are awake and familiar with the building

1 Slow A1

2 Medium A2

3 Fast A3

4 Ultra Fast A4

B Occupants who are awake and unfamiliar with the building

1 Slow B1

2 Medium B2

3 Fast B3

4 Ultra Fast B4

C Occupants who are likely to be asleep

1 Slow C1

2 Medium C2

3 Fast C3

4 Ultra Fast C4

Page 10: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Common Examples Risk Profiles

Assembly Hall

Office

Business Centre

Classroom

Shopping Mall

Exhibition Area

Factory Production Area

Club

Amusement Arcade

Bedrooms/ study bedroom

B2

A2

B2

A2

B2

B2/B3

A2/A3

B2

B2

Cii2

Leisure Centre

Workshop

Theatre

Storage & Warehouse

Shop Sales Area

Office (closed plan)

Plant Room

Kitchen

Meeting Room

Dinning Room

B2

A3

B2

A4

B3

B2

A4

A3

B2

B1

Page 11: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Means of Escape

Means of Escape based on Distance

Time base analysis to escape

Page 12: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Distance

18m where escape is in one direction

45m where escape is in more than one direction

Direct Travel Distances

Indirect Travel Distances

Page 13: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

BS 9999 – Travel Distances

Risk Profile Travel Distances

Two – way travel One – way travel

A1 65 26

A2 55 22

A3 45 18

A4 30 14

B1 60 24

B2 50 20

B3 40 16

B4 Not Allowed Not Allowed

Ci1 27 13

Cii2 18 9

Ciii3 14 7

Achievable travel distances when minimum fire protection measures are installed

90 30

75 24

60 22

45 18

90 28

75 24

60 20

37 18

27 13

18 9Additional

Page 14: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Additional Fire Protection Measures

Increased Alarm and Detection (up to 15%)

Greater Ceiling Heights (up to 30%)

Page 15: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Available

Safe

Egress

Time

Time based approach - ASET

Time

Fire Growth

Available Time

Alarm

Untenable Conditions

Ignition

Detection

People React

Travel time

Page 16: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Time Based Escape Strategy

BenefitsExtending the travel distance Reduced numbers of escape routesUtilising more floor areaAn appropriate design solution

Page 17: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Facilities for the Fire Service

Fire fighting shafts should be provided in tall buildings and those with deep basements

An emergency pack will be provided to give operational information to the fire service in order to deal with an incident.

Page 18: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Building with a height of 11m but

less than 18m

Building with 2 or more basements with a floor area

>900m2

Shop, factory or assembly

Building greater than 7.5m with a floor area >900m2

Buildings greater

than 18m in height

Basement storey exceeds 10m in

depth

Escape Stair

Unvented fire fighting lobby provided with a fire main

Fire fighting Stair

Fire fighting lobbies with Fire Main

Fire fighting Lift

Fire Service Access Level

Page 19: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Structure

There are a number of ways fire can spread through a building and effecting adjacent buildings:

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Page 20: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Building Height Categories

Current AD-B Height Categories

Less than 5mBetween 5m and 18mBetween 18m and 30mOver 30m

New Height Criteria

11m60m

Page 21: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Comparison of Outputs (No Sprinklers)

Occupancy 0-5 5-11 11-18 18-30 30-60 >60

Dwelling 60 90 105 120 135 151

Hospital 30 60 75 90 120 120

Hotel 30 45 60 75 90 105

Office 30 30 60 90 120 150

Retail 30 45 75 105 135 180

Assembly (low) 30 30 60 75 90 105

Assembly (med) 30 45 75 105 135 180

Assembly (high) 30 45 90 120 180 240

Manufact. (low) 30 30 75 90 120 150

Manufact. (high) 60 105 180 240 300 300

NP – Not permitted without sprinklers

(30) (60) (60) (90) (NP) (NP)

(30) (60) (60) (90) (120) (120)

(30) (60) (60) (90) (120) (120)

(30) (60) (60) (90) (NP) (NP)

(60) (60) (60) (90) (NP) (NP)

(60) (60) (60) (90) (NP) (NP)

(60) (60) (60) (90) (NP) (NP)

(60) (60) (60) (90) (NP) (NP)

(60) (90) (90) (120) (NP) (NP)

(60) (90) (90) (120) (NP) (NP)

Page 22: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

BS 9999: Table 26

Risk profile

Minimum periods of fire resistance, in minutes

Height of top occupied storey above access level

Not morethan 5 m

Not more than 11 m

Not more than 18 m

Not more than 30 m

Not more than 60 m

Morethan 60 m

A1 15 30 30 60 75 90

A2 30 30 60 90 120 150

A3 60 60 90 120 300 300

A4 — — — — — —

B1 30 30 30 60 60 75

B2 30 30 60 75 90 120

B3 30 45 75 105 135 180

B4 — — — — — —

Ci1 45 60 75 75 90 105

Ci2 60 90 105 120 — —

Cii1 or Ciii1 30 30 30 45 60 60

Cii2 or Ciii2 30 45 60 75 90 105

Risk profile Minimum periods of fire resistance (min)

Height of top occupied storey above access level (m)

Not morethan 5 m

Not more than 11 m

Not more than 18 m

A1 15 30 30

A2 30 30 60

A3 60 60 90

A4 — — —

B1 30 30 30

B2 30 30 60

Page 23: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Special Fire Protection

Reduced Fire Protection (Structure)Increased Unprotected Areas of External Facade

Smoke Control

Increased Detection

Management Controls

With the incorporation of additional fire protection measures into a building it could enable a relaxation in other areas!

Sprinklers

Extending Travel Distances

Page 24: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Sprinklers

Page 25: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Residential Sprinklers Misconception

I have seen sprinklers in

factories and they are ugly ?

Sprinklers are expensive, I can't afford

them ?

Fire sprinklers cause a lot of water

damage ?

Smoke sets them off ?

They can be damaged ?

When a fire breaks out, all the sprinklers

go off together ?

Page 26: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Studley Green Project - Wiltshire

Page 27: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Smoke Control

Page 28: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Why Smoke Control?

The purpose of Smoke control will fall into one of the following categories:

Life SafetyProperty ProtectionProtection of goodsCompliance with Building Regulation

Page 29: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Allow occupants to escape and maintain a clear breathable layer at floor level, whilst evacuation is in progress

Maintenance of this clear layer will aid fire fighters

Reduce the build up of heat and toxic gases which can lead to flashover by allowing to pass to the atmosphere - Protect the building structure from heat

Page 30: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Factors Influencing System Design

Smoke Buoyancy

Wind Conditions

Stack EffectExpansion

Stack Effect

Buoyancy

Page 31: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Smoke Buoyancy

Smoke will rise due to having a lower density than the surrounding air.

Smoke on hitting a horizontal barrier will induce lateral travel.

Smoke moving away will reduce in temperature and entrain cool air.

Therefore buoyancy of the smoke will generally decrease the further from the source it travels.

Page 32: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Stack Effect

With a low ambient temperature there is often an upward movement of air within a building.

The air within a building has a buoyant force because it is warmer and less dense than the outside air.

This buoyant force causes air to rise within any shaft of the building.

Page 33: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Wind Effect

Vents should be positioned so that they are not affected by external wind conditions.

In determining natural ventilation of a building consideration is required to its:

Building heightSurrounding terrainPrevailing wind

-ve

+ve

-ve

Page 34: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Who’s had a real Christmas tree?

Page 35: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Fire Risk Assessment

Facilities for the Disabled

Phased Evacuation / Simultaneous

Management

Page 36: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Case Study

12,500m2 double portal frame building housing various manufacturing operations. The height of the building is 12m at the haunches and 14m to the apex with a 6o pitched roof.

Fire resisting construction will separate the different stages of manufacture, i.e. Primary, Secondary, Processing and storage which will be treated independent to one another where possible.

C ontrol led Storage195m2

Total 84 No . Rackin g Bays

G oo ds O ut Lobby

Work

Benc hesSamp lingRoom

MRAV

IMI/QC

G oo ds In Lobby

Retu rnsLobby

Warehouse3717m2

View ing Co rridor

View ing Co rridor

Boo

th

11

Boo

th

1

Boo

th

2

Boo

th

3Boo

th

4

Boo

th

5

Boo

thBoo

th

Retu

rns/D

estru

ctio

n

C ontrolDesk

Prima ry Room 5Airl

ock

Room

Washbay

Equip ment

Washbay

Valve

C hamber

C on sumablesSto re

Loc ke rs(97m²)

Fema le Toilet/ Showers

(25m²)

Male Toilet/ Showers

(25m²)

Visitor C hanging

room(28m²)

Meeting Room(36m²)

Doc ument Storage(32m²)

Seco nda ry Room 17

(94 sqm)

(94 sqm)

(94 sqm)

(94 sqm)

(61 sqm)

(61 sqm)

(61 sqm)

(61 sqm)

(96 sqm) (96 sqm)

(66 sqm)

(60 sqm)

Prima ryRoom 8

Prima ryRoom 7(La rg e)

Prima ryRoom 6(La rg e)

(61 sqm)(52 sqm)

(61 sqm)

(61 sqm)(52 sqm)

(52 sqm)

(70 sqm)(61 sqm)

(70 sqm)(61 sqm)

(70 sqm)

(61 sqm)(52 sqm)(70 sqm)(61 sqm)

Sec ondaryRoom 1

(61 sqm)

AirlockAirlockAirlock

WashBay

Prod. O ffice

View ing Co rridor

H.V.Switch Room

L.V. Switch Room

Sta irs

Lift

C anteen(140m²)

Main Entrance

C hanging Rooms(192m²)

(109 sqm)

(211 sqm)

C lea ners

DP

DP

C omms Room

Entrance

Airl

ock

(85 sqm)

(94 sqm)

C omms Room

REFRIGERATORS

WAREHOUSE

PRIMARY SUITE

SECONDARY SUITE

OFFICESPLANT

13

Boo

th

14

Boo

th

15

Boo

th

6

Boo

th

7

Boo

th

8

Boo

th

9

Boo

th

Boo

th

16

Adm

inC

he

st F

reeze

rsA

dm

inC

he

st F

reeze

rs

Frozen120m2

Seco nda ry Room 20

Sec onda ry Room 18

Seco nda ry Room 19

Seco nda ry Room 16

Seco nda ry Room 12

Sec onda ry Room 10

Sec onda ry Room

Sec onda ry Room

Seco nda ry Room 11

Seco nda ry Room 9

Seco nda ry Room 14

Seco nda ry Room 8Labe l Store

Seco nda ry Room 3

Sec onda ry Room 7

Sec onda ry Room 5

Seco nda ry Room 4

Seco nda ry Room 2

Seco nda ry Room 6

Label Con trol

Prod. O ffice

Wash Down

Airl

ock

Prima ry Room 2

Equip ment Store

Main

ten

an

ce

acc

ess c

orridor

Layd own

Entrance

Airl

ock

Entrance

Airl

ock

Prima ry Room 1

Airl

ock

Plant Room

Prima ry Room 3

Prima ry Room 4

Airl

ock

Airl

ock

Main ten ance

Fridg e 2Fridg e 1

Page 37: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Occupancy ProfileManufacturing and Office Suite

Awake and Familiar, Normal Fire Risk Risk Classification A2

Storage and WarehouseAwake and Familiar, High Fire RiskRisk Classification A4

Sprinklers Installed, reducing the risk

Risk Classification Reduced A3

Page 38: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Automatic Fire Detection

Manufacturing and Office SuiteMinimum of a manual classification

Upgraded to an L3 system

Storage and WarehouseMinimum L2 Achieved

Page 39: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Travel DistancesApproved Document B:

18m in Single Direction45m in Multiple Direction

Manufacturing and Office Suite25m in Single Direction63m in Multiple Direction

Storage and Warehouse23m in Single Direction58m in Multiple Direction

Page 40: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Compartmentation

Manufacturing and Office Suite60 minutes between users, and 30 minutes around places of special fire risks.

Storage and WarehouseBetween warehouse and suites 120 minutes (insurance)

MRAV

REFRIG ERATORS

WAREHOUSE

PRIMARY SUITE

SECONDARY SUITE

PLANT

30minutes Fire Protection

60minutes Fire Protection

Page 41: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Special Risk Protection

Manufacturing and Office SuiteNon required

Storage and WarehouseSprinklers design in accordance with the appropriate guidance document.

Page 42: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Management

Manufacturing and Office SuiteSimultaneous Evacuation

Storage and WarehouseInvestigation period (reduce the amount of disruption in the event of a false activation)Double Knock System

Page 43: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Extended Travel Distances

Reduced Fire Protection

Increased life safety systems

Design solution appropriate to the proposed risk and occupancy profile

Benefits brought to the development / scheme

Page 44: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Benefits of Fire Engineering

Travel distances extended beyond limitations of the Building Regulations

Eliminate smoke control measures

Eliminate unnecessary escape stair cores

Eliminate unnecessary Fire Protection

Fire fighting shafts can be reduced

Eliminate the need for sprinkler systems

Save the client money without compromising design or life safety

Page 45: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Over 35 years fire engineering experience - “simply the best”

Unrivalled knowledge of the development of codes and standards

Skills and knowledge not yet in the public domain

Competitive prices as well as ongoing free advice

In-depth knowledge of Insulation and Fire Protection materials

CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)

Why use Sirius??

Page 46: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Work in partnership with us to:

Optimise your project design

Eliminate abortive design

Achieve the most cost effective solution

Reduce the construction programme

Be sure that life safety is at the centre of design

“We believe in building relationships with companies, working closely together to achieve or even exceed the client brief : always on time and always within budget”

Page 47: BS 9999 Fire Engineering

“the leading light in fire safety design”

“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"

Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited

Thank You for your time

We can, if you so wish, view some of your existing/new drawings for a totally FREE, and confidential, initial

assessment of any project/development and whether we could help.