automatic wireless health monitoring system using wireless stethoscope and fall sensor for elderly people

NameBSc ReportProject report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

Supervisor: Engr. Muhammad Mushtaq wali

School of Electrical Engineering, The University of Faisalabad23 April 2015

DeclarationI understand that all my project work must be my own unaided work. If I make use of material from any other source I must clearly identify it as such in any interviews, reports or examinations. I understand that my reports must be written unaided in my own words apart from any quoted material which I must clearly identify in the correct manner.I understand that the work which I shall present for assessment must be work carried out by myself only during the project period which has not been previously prepared. Where any such previous work is made use of in the project, I shall make this clear in any interviews, reports or examinations.I understand that a violation of these conditions may result in a mark of zero for the component or components of assessed work affect.BSc Project Report 2015 School of Electrical Engineering

xPrint Name: Reg No: Course: Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

Signature:Date:

AbstractWrite your abstract here which should be of atleast 200 words. Also mention keywords as below.

Keywords: mention key words split by commas.

AcknowledgementsYou may use this space to thank your friend, family or teachers who have inspired and supported you. This should not be more than a page.

Table of ContentsDeclarationiiAbstractiiiAcknowledgementsivList of FiguresviiList of TablesxiList Of AcronymsxiiChapter 1Introduction11.1Overview11.2Problem Statement11.3Aims and Objectives21.4Idea of Resource Requirements21.5Security Constraints of Project21.6Report Outline21.6.1Chapter 121.6.2Chapter 221.6.3Chapter 331.6.4Chapter 431.6.5Chapter 541.6.6Chapter 64Chapter 2Architecture Of IP Multicast52.1Overview52.2IP Multicast52.3Multicast Classification52.3.1Any Source Multicast:52.3.2Source Filtered Multicast:52.3.3Source Specific Multicast:52.4Address Allocation6Chapter 3Name of chapter 373.1Overview73.2Satellite Networks73.2.1Lower Earth Orbit73.2.2Medium Earth Orbit8Chapter 4Methodology94.1Overview94.2Overview of OPNET Modeller94.2.1Network Domain104.2.2Node Domain114.2.3Process Domain124.2.4External System Domain134.3Why OPNET13Chapter 5Simulation Results & Analysis155.1Overview155.2IGMP Behaviour155.2.1IGMP Behaviour in Scenario 115Chapter 6Conclusion & Further Work176.1Conclusions176.2Further Work186.2.1Reliable Multicast186.2.2Satellite Multicast Security Protocols196.2.3Mobile Multicast19References20Appendix22

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Different types of multicast protocols discussed in this report3Figure 2.1: Unicast with four receivers.5Figure 3.1: LEO, MEO and GEO satellite orbits around the earth [22].7Figure 4.1: Project Workflow of a Simulation [30]10Figure 4.2: Different Levels of OPNET Simulation Model [31]11Figure 4.3: A typical Node Model12Figure 4.4: typical Process Model12Figure 4.5: OPNET External System Domain [31]13Figure 5.1: IGMP messages being sent by hosts to DRs16

List of Tables

Table 2.1: Ranges and usage of IP Multicast Address9Table 2.2:Description of well-known multicast addresses [7]10Table 2.3: Description of IGMPv1 packet format [9]13Table 2.4: Description of MLD packet format17Table 2.5: MLD messages against the Type field.17Table 2.6: Values of TTL Scope Control [16]18Table 4.1: Stream Index of Packet Streams54Table 4.2: Description of different states of satellites process model.56Table 5.1: Configuration parameters of Video Conferencing application63

List Of AcronymsLASER Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

(Students ! mention all acronyms in your thesis as I mentioned one example above)

IntroductionOverviewThese days the requirement of communication networks at reduce bandwidth consumption are in great demand all over the world, it is cost effective as it requires pairing of the multicasting over the satellite networks in contrast with unicast networks. It will provide network provision to remote places specially when there is no terrestrial infrastructure. The objective of multicasting is to send a data to a multi receiver environment instead of unicasting or broadcasting i.e. a data transmission to one receiver or all the receivers respectively. In IP multicast, the multicast sender transmits only one copy of a packet to a network and network makes duplicate copies of data for every host wishing to receive it. The advantages of IP multicast are enormous e.g. processing overhead is minimized at sender side and bandwidth is saved because sender is sending only one copy of data over a network. The satellite is an effective medium for users which are geographically dispersed as minimum numbers of hops are used for communication in satellite network while covering a vast area.This project will emphasize on the strategies and adjustments that are required for integrating satellite with multicasting networks and a multicast application over satellite network i.e. Light Video Conferencing will be simulated in OPNET (Operation Network). Problem Statement . Moreover the implementation of multicasting over the satellite network is an ultimate challenge as IGMP quires and requests over satellite network can consume huge bandwidth when there are no designated routers between end users and satellites. It could result in IGMP flooding over satellite which could result in unreliable network design. This project is based on a simulation of multicast application (video conferencing) among terrestrial LANs interconnected via fixed GEO satellite.Aims and Objectives

Idea of Resource RequirementsSecurity Constraints of ProjectReport OutlineChapter 1This chapter gives a brief overview of the report. It starts with the introduction of combining multicast techniques with the satellite networks. This chapter also identifies the motivation, problem statement, aims and objectives of the research. Furthermore the resource requirements and limitations of the research are also described. Chapter 2This chapter greatly emphasizes on the IP Multicast technology. It starts from introduction of Multicast, illustrates different types of Multicast and describes multicast addressing. Moreover the membership management and routing protocols are also described as follow;

Figure 1.1: Different types of multicast protocols discussed in this report Chapter 3This chapter describes an overview of the multicast support in satellite environment. It starts from illustrating different types of satellite orbits around the earth, identifies different advantages of adapting multicast technology over satellite networks, describes IP Multicast scoping and address mapping in satellite networks. Furthermore satellite network quality of service, IP packet encapsulation over satellite network and different network roles of satellites are discussed. Finally keeping in view two different network scenarios, the behavior of IGMP over satellite network is discussed.Chapter 4This chapter describes the methodology implemented in this project and explains the choice of network simulator being adopted. Moreover a brief overview of OPNET and its advantages over its competitor simulators are described. An understanding of architecture of the multicasting is developed while keeping in view two different scenarios i.e. Multicasting over Satellite with Designated Routers and Multicasting over Satellite Without Designated Routers. Moreover the configurations of all the devices are described and finally the design of Satellite Node is explained via illustration of its Node Model and Process Model. Chapter 5This chapter mainly emphasizes on the explanation of simulation results being produced by the two different scenarios and find out the best scenario in terms of utilization.Chapter 6This is the final chapter of the project report. It concludes the project and provides recommendations for the future work.

Architecture Of IP MulticastOverviewThis chapter highlights the concepts of ....IP MulticastThe IP Multicast is a proficient approach to allocate information to multiple destinations from a single source. . [1]. Initially internet

Figure 2.1: Unicast with four receivers.The figure 2.1 is showing a ..Multicast ClassificationThere are three different Any Source Multicast: ASM provides ....Source Filtered Multicast: The idea behind ......s [3].Source Specific Multicast: The .....Address AllocationMulticast addresses arrangement though there are certain ranges of the address space fixed as shown in the below table [6].Start Address End AddressUsage

224.0.0.0224.0.0.255This range is held in reserve for special multicast addresses.

224.0.1.0238.255.255.255The multicast addresses in the range are globally scoped across internet.

239.0.0.0239.255.255.255Local administratively scoped multicast addresses are described by this range

Table 2.1: Ranges and usage of IP Multicast AddressThe intermediate range of above table is also known .. multicast addresses [7]

Name of chapter 3OverviewThe satellite communication is playing a vital role in wireless communication industry. This chapter describes an overview of the multicast support in satellite environment and identifies different advantages of adapting multicast technology over satellite networks. ..............................................different network scenarios is discussed.Satellite NetworksThe satellite networking applications and technologies has been a .many positive effects in technological and economical evolution because of the following reasons1) Coverage throughout the world2) Can ............. 3) For the ..... [9].There are three types of satellite orbits, based on the distance from the earth as shown in the below figure.

Figure 3.1: LEO, MEO and GEO satellite orbits around the earth [22].Lower Earth OrbitThis orbit is nearest ............................[2]. Medium Earth OrbitThe MEO ....... revolution. re [21].

Methodology

OverviewThis chapter emphasizes on the methodology being used in this project to analyze i...Overview of OPNET ModellerFor the analysis of predefine scenarios the real test beds approach is always expensive and requires high effort for the remodeling of the scenarios. Whereas the simulators has resolved these issues by attaining as real as possible adaptable results. OPNET was initially developed at Massachusetts Institute of technology (MIT) in USA in 1987. OPNET offers comprehensive environment for the development of model design of simulation and performance analysis of wide variety of networks [32]. The work flow of OPNET for desired results from a certain network model can be shown as follow:

Figure 4.1: Project Workflow of a Simulation [30]The four modeling domains or hierarchical levels of OPNET allow it to provide certain extent of flexibility to the designers to support a wide range of features. These modeling domains are as followNetwork DomainThe project editor develops the network model which represents the gadgets or the physical equipment being used for the simulation. It can develop a network model in terms of geographic contest. It is constructed by two main classes of components i.e. communication links and communication nodes. Complex topologies can be constructed in project editor via creation of unlimited nested sub network.

Figure 4.2: Different Levels of OPNET Simulation Model [31]

Node DomainThe modelling of the communication devices, linked together at network model is provided by node domain. It utilises the functional elements and the data steams between them to show the internal architecture of the node. Node models are constructed by small blocks known as modules which include defined (transmitters, receivers) and programmable modules (queues, processors and external systems).

These modules are interconnected by three types of links i.e. packet streams, statistic wires and logical associations. The packet streams are responsible to convey the packets between modules similarly control information between modules is conveyed by statistic wires and a binding between the modules is shown by logical associations i.e. between and transmitter and receiver module to show them a pair. A typical node model is shown by the figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3: A typical Node ModelProcess DomainThe behaviour of each programmable module in the node domain is shown by process domain which could be one process model or nested process models as required. The process models operate according to the desired interrupts. These models are developed in Proto-C, which utilises a library of Kernel Procedures, graphical state-transition-diagrams and data items/statements of embedded C/C++ language. A typical process model is shown in the figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4: typical Process ModelThere are three types are states shown in the figure 4.4. The initial state shows the starting of process execution. The forced state or green state is the one which do not permit any break while the process is running whereas the unforced state or red state is doing the opposite function. The movement between different states of processes are defined by transitions which can be associated with conditions. Moreover each state has two portions at its top and bottom known as Enter Executives and Exit Executives respectively. Further to the Header Block, the ProtoC code for each state is defined in these portions [31].External System DomainThe external system module (esys) in the node domain involves the mechanism to communicate with other external simulators such that the data exchange between simulators can happen while they run synchronously. The interaction of OPNET with the external simulator is controlled by the respected process model. The external system behaves like a black box to an OPNET simulation meanwhile data exchange can take place between them as shown in the figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5: OPNET External System Domain [31] Why OPNETOPNET Technologies have developed the OPNET with four hierarchical levels and an intuitive graphic user interface (GUI) with a lot of documentation, which makes it perfect for this project. OPNET supports in making different scenarios to investigate the different characteristics i.e. scalability, efficiency, performance and viability of a network. Moreover OPNET contains a variety of existing components in its library which supports the designer to go through a vast range of network specifications, which minimizes the effort of the developer, implementation period and volume of errors. Furthermore to some limit, it allows to implement individual algorithmsGenerally the simulation approaches are cost effective and profitable but OPNET is one of the best simulators being employed in network research and development. Without any expense it enables the designer to modify the existing scenario by duplicate scenario method and most of the network tools are predefined which can be utilized and reformed accordingly. Moreover it can interact with the external simulators via external system domain. The OPNET do have competitors especially NS-2, which is an open source simulator. But it has some negative aspects as well for example it does not have much documentation and mostly its out of date. NS-2 also involves two programming languages, so it could take long time to learn it whereas OPNET have a huge documentation and uses only one language (Proto-C). Since NS2 needs Linux Operating System to operate properly whereas OPNET can be installed easily on MS Windows. Moreover the number of tools for the analyzing the NS-2 trace file or creating scenarios is not enough in NS-2 and most of the developers have to create the required tool by their own. Finally NS-2 have some scalability issues in big simulations (number of nodes can vary from few hundreds to thousands) and can consumes a large memory [26].While keeping in view the above comparison, OPNET is proved to be the better choice to do this project.

Simulation Results & AnalysisOverviewThis chapter describes the result and analysis of two different scenarios .

IGMP Behaviour The simulation is run for five minutes and the ..s can be explained as follow;IGMP Behaviour in Scenario 1Since in this scenario the . sent by the hosts to the designated routers.

Figure 5.1: IGMP messages being sent by hosts to DRsThe left most spikes in the above figure shows that all the multicast receivers are sending IGMP Membership Report to the 224.0.6.1 at 10 seconds except Lib_Wkstn which is not the part of multicast group. The central spikes are showing those IGMP Membership Reports which were sent in response to IGMP Membership Queries from the DRs. These IGMP Membership Queries will be shown in the figure 5.2. Moreover the right side spikes in the figure 5.1 shows IGMP Leave message being sent at 180seconds. Conclusion & Further Work

ConclusionsThis dissertation has been started from the introduction of Multicasting, its classifications, addressing and its advantages over the other transmission mechanisms for example it saves the scare bandwidth as it minimizes the unwanted router processing and load at sender by multicasting a single copy of data. Different membership management protocols like three versions of Internet Group Management Protocols and two versions of Multicast Listener Discovery protocols were discussed in detail. Furthermore different routing protocols like Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol, Multicast Extensions to OSPF and Protocol Independent Multicast (Sparse and Dense Modes) were discussed in details.The satellite communication role and different orbits of satellite communication were reviewed. Moreover different satellite network roles and advantages of satellite over the terrestrial communication networks were discussed while reviewing certain applications like ATM and DVB-RCS. The main idea of this project was to combine the multicasting over the satellite network and analyzing behavior of IGMP over satellite network while reviewing two different IP multicast scenarios. Different issues like bandwidth utilization and delay over the satellite link were analyzed in both the scenarios.It was noticed that the scenario 2 in which the end users were directly connected to the satellite, involves the IGMP Membership Queries , Requests and Leave Messages across the satellite link which results in scare bandwidth wastage and could result in IGMP flooding for a huge number of receivers. On the other hand the scenario 1 involved the designated routers between the end users and satellites so that all the IGMP messaging was done between the designated routers and the end users. Moreover this scenario employs PIM messages over the satellite link for multicast application to work. Both the scenarios were simulated in OPNET and from the results of chapter 5, it was observed that scenario 1 is more reliable than the other scenario as the multiple response of IGMP traffic over the satellite in scenario 2 consumes more bandwidth than the PIM-SM messages over the satellite in scenario 1. Secondly as more traffic is involved in scenario 2 so there are more delay as compare to the scenario1. Moreover the scenario 1 is more reliable at the user end because the number of multicast receiver at the user end can be increased in the same infrastructure. Hence from the results the scenario 1 is found to be the better scenario in term of optimized link utilization and offers more benefits to the network operator than other scenario.Further WorkThis project work can be extended further in the following areas Reliable MulticastThe reliable multicast provides a way of guarantee ..losion. There are some possible solutions for reliable multicast as follow [27]1)Distributed loss recovery2)Router aided recovery3)FEC based recoveryFurther work can be done in this project by reviewing the above mechanisms and developing new reliable multicast protocols for UDP based multicast applications.Satellite Multicast Security Protocols In wireless communication tellite. Mobile Multicast The existing sender and the recipients in this project are fixed which can be changed to mobile. This alteration will require to deal with dynamic membership and the movement of the group members between home [29]. This mobile multicast solution can be reviewed with satellite network of this project.

References[1]S. Liqi, Summary of IP Multicast, University of Calgary,2005. [online] Available: http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~mahanti/teaching/W05/CPSC601/. [Accessed: Jun. 1,2012][2]E.C.Onuora, Multicasting over satellite networks, Master Thesis, School of Engineering Design and Technology, University of Bradford, Bradford, 2010.

21