BRITISH STANDARD

CONFIRMED JANUARY 1986

BS 1747-1:1969

Methods for

The measurement of air pollution

Part 1: Deposit gauges

UDC 628.5:551.510.42:551.508.79

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BS 1747-1:1969

This British Standard, having been approved by the Solid Fuel Industry Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Executive Board on 16th December 1969

BSI 03-1999

First published, September, 1951First revision, July, 1961Second revision, December, 1969

The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference SFE/21Draft for approval 69/6537

ISBN 580 05953 7

Co-operating organizations

The Solid Fuel Industry Standards Committee, under whose supervision this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government departments and scientific and industrial organizations:

The Government department and scientific and industrial organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this British Standard:

Association of Consulting Engineers Gas Council*

British Cast Iron Research Association Heating and Ventilating Contractors

British Coal Utilisation Research Association

Association Imperial Chemical Industries Limited*

British Coke Research Association Institute of British Foundrymen

British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Institute of Fuel*

Association Institution of Gas Engineers*

British Ironfounders Association Institution of Heating and Ventilating

British Mechanical Engineering Engineers*

Confederation Limited Institution of Mechanical Engineers*

British Steel Industry* Low Temperature Coal Distillers

Chamber of Coal Traders Association of Great Britain Limited

Chemical Industries Association Ministry of Housing and Local

Coal Utilisation Council Government*

Coke Oven Managers Association Ministry of Public Building and Works

Council of Ironfoundry Associations National Coal Board*

Domestic Solid Fuel Appliances Approval Society of British Gas Industries

Council Water-tube Boilermakers Association

Electricity Council, the Central Electricity Womens Advisory Council on Solid Fuel

Generating Board and the Area Boards

in England and Wales*

Association of Public Health Inspectors London Transport Board

Confederation of British Industry Ministry of Power

Department of Employment and Ministry of Technology Laboratory of the

Productivity (Factory Inspectorate) Government Chemist

Greater London Council Ministry of Technology Warren Spring

Institution of Electrical Engineers Laboratory

Institution of Municipal Engineers National Society for Clean Air

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Comments

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BS 1747-1:1969

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Contents

PageCo-operating organizations Inside front coverForeword iiIntroduction 11 Scope 12 Apparatus 13 Assembly 24 Siting 25 Operation 26 Analysis of deposited matter 37 Method of reporting results 3Appendix A Investigation of air pollution: report form 4Figure 1 Stand with bird-guard 6Figure 2 Collecting bowl 7Figure 3 Inverted funnel 8Figure 4 Deposit gauge assembly 9

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BS 1747-1:1969

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Foreword

In order to keep abreast of progress in the industries concerned, British Standards are subject to periodical review. Suggestions for improvements will be recorded and in due course brought to the notice of the committees charged with the revision of the standards to which they refer.A complete list of British Standards, numbering over 9,000, fully indexed and with a note of the contents of each, will be found in the BSI Catalogue which may be purchased from BSI Sales Department. The Catalogue may be consulted in many public libraries and similar institutions.This standard makes reference to the following British Standards:BS 1449, Steel plate, sheet and strip Part 4: Stainless and heat resisting plate, sheet and strip. BS 3014, As welded and cold drawn welded austenitic stainless steel tubes for mechanical, structural and general engineering purposes. Serious damage may be caused by polluting materials discharged into the atmosphere from various sources. Such emissions can adversely affect agricultural land and crops, can soil clothing and buildings, can corrode metal installations and can have a harmful effect on the health of the community.It was suggested, therefore, by interested authorities that, to assist those engaged in dealing with this national problem, the British Standards Institution should undertake the standardization of apparatus for the measurement of air pollution. It was further suggested that such apparatus should be convenient for use by technical colleges and similar institutions in order to promote widespread knowledge of the extent of air pollution.The pollutants emitted into the air may be arbitrarily classified as follows:

1) Solid material, such as grit, coarse enough to settle out fairly rapidly. The quantity of such material may be assessed by the method described in Part 1 of this standard.2) Finer material which tends to remain suspended in the air but can be collected by filtration. Such material is commonly known as smoke and in extreme cases it can limit visibility or cause blackening of buildings and clothing. A method of quantitative assessment will be found in Part 2 of this standard.3) Gaseous impurities, which can be separated from the air by chemical means. An example of such impurities is sulphur dioxide, which causes corrosion and presents a health hazard. A method for the determination of this pollutant will be found in Part 3 of this standard.

The determination of some other harmful gaseous constituents of the atmosphere is dealt with in Part 4 of this standard.Consideration is being given to the development of a procedure for the determination of light air-borne particles (dust) and of the influence of environmental factors on their deposition.NOTE Where imperial equivalents are stated, the figures in metric units are to be regarded as the standard. Accurate conversions should be based on the tables in BS 350, Conversion factors and tables.

A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 9 and a back cover.This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.

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IntroductionBecause of the problems arising from the discharge of coarse material into the atmosphere from fuel burning appliances and other sources, methods of assessing the deposition of such material, commonly known as grit and dust, were considered before those for fine material and gaseous impurities and a specification covering the construction and use of deposit gauges was issued in 1951.Enquiries relating to the gauges currently in operation and experience in their use have indicated that certain modifications to the original standard might advantageously be made. These have been incorporated in the present standard but it is not intended that gauges already in use should thereby be rendered obsolete. A number of alternative and in some cases simpler designs have been suggested, but until comparable results have been obtained by experience it has not been considered desirable to make any radical change in the existing standard design.The precise measurement of the solid material deposited at any particular site is difficult and it should be noted that the amount collected and retained in a deposit gauge is influenced by factors such as the height of the gauge above ground, the nature of the site and the meteorological conditions, e.g. wind force and rainfall. These factors have to be borne in mind when any comparison is made of the quantity of deposit measured at different sites, or even at the same site under varying weather conditions, but such comparisons may be valid in relation to known circumstances, especially when results are averaged over several months.When a gauge is suitably sited, the observed amount of deposition can reasonably be regarded as being representative of a larger area than that actually covered by the gauge. The period of exposure is commonly called a calendar month, but this is a variable number of days and for purposes of comparison the results may be suitably expressed in terms of the average daily rate of deposition. A convenient unit is milligrammes of deposit per square metre per day (mg/m2 d).

1 ScopeThis Part of this British Standard specifies requirements for the construction, installation and use of the deposit gauge for the collection and measurement of atmospheric impurities that are deposited by their own weight or with the assistance of rain. The gauge also provides an estimate of the rainfall.A standard report form and a statement of the analytical determinations to be made are included.

2 Apparatus2.1 Outfit. The complete deposit gauge outfit shall comprise the following:

1 Stand1 Collecting bowl3 Collecting bottles1 Inverted funnel1 Length of flexible tubing1 Brush and plug1 Rubber squeegee.

2.2 Stand. The stand shall be made of mild steel, to the dimensions shown in Figure 1, and shall be galvanized after the components have been joined together. The bird-guard shall be of about 25 mm mesh and shall be attached to the body of the stand. It shall be constructed of a corrosion resistant material, e.g. a plastics material. Galvanized wire netting has been found unsatisfactory owing to its liability to corrosion in service.Suitable supports shall be provided on the shelf to decrease the likelihood of accidental dislodgement of the collecting bottle.2.3 Collecting bowl. The collecting bowl shall be made of chemically resistant glass or of a suitable plastics material not prone to the accumulation of electrostatic charge and shall be to the dimensions shown in Figure 2. Each collecting bowl shall be indelibly marked with a serial number and a conversion factor shall be supplied for each bowl, such that the weight of deposit collected, in milligrammes, when multiplied by the factor will represent milligrammes per square metre (mg/m2). The same factor can also be used to convert litres (l) of water to millimetres (mm) of rainfall (see footnote to Clause 6).The conversion factor shall be obtained from the mean effective diameter of the collecting bowl, which shall be determined by measuring the internal and external diameters in millimetres of the bowl at 12 points round the circumference and taking the mean, D, of the 24 readings. The measurements shall be made to the nearest millimetre. The factor shall then be calculated from the formula:

Factor 127.3 104

D2-----------------------------------=

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2.4 Collecting bottles. The bottles shall be made of a suitable plastics material, such as polythene1), preferably with shoulders sloping at 45, and shall be to the following dimensions:

2.5 The inverted funnel shall be made of stainless steel or polythene to the dimensions shown in Figure 3. If made of steel, the tube portion shall be of 18/8/3 CrNiMo stainless steel (e.g. BS 3014, Grade 62)). The inverted funnel and skirt may be made from steel of the same type or, if preferred, from 18/8 CrNi steel (e.g. BS 1449, BS 1449-4, Type 321 S12 or 347 S173)). In both cases the material shall not be susceptible to weld decay. The funnel and the tube shall be joined by welding, after which the assembly shall be properly cleaned from oxide by pickling in dilute nitric acid, the acid being removed by boiling the funnel in water and thoroughly rinsing. If made of polythene, the funnel and skirt shall be moulded as a complete unit.2.6 The tubing connecting the collecting bowl and the inverted funnel shall preferably be of a suitable plastics material, or alternatively of best quality rubber, and of such bore that it will effectively grip the outlet nozzle of the bowl and the inverted funnel.2.7 Brush and plug; squeegee. A test tube or short burette brush with a rubber bung fixed on the handle is suitable. The squeegee may be made by fixing a strip of hard rubber in a suitable holder.

3 AssemblyThe apparatus shall be assembled as shown in Figure 4; the skirt of the inverted funnel shall be as close as possible to the shoulder of the bottle.Two layers of adhesive tape shall be applied over the tubing after assembly, to protect it from the sun and atmosphere and thus reduce the rate of deterioration.

4 SitingWherever practicable, the deposit gauge shall be sited on level ground in an open space. If this is not possible, the stand shall be supported so that the rim of the collecting bowl is horizontal. It is recommended that the holes in the feet be used to secure the stand by means of bolts or pegs.The distance of the deposit gauge from any object shall be more than twice the height of the object above the rim of the collecting bowl.If necessary the gauge may be sited above ground level, but the rim of the collecting bowl should be not more than 5 m above the ground (see Foreword).Precautions against stone-throwing or other interference may be necessary.

5 Operation5.1 Preliminary. The gauge shall be put into operation, on the chosen site as described in Clause 4, on the first day of a calendar month. If for any reason any operation is not carried out on the first day of the month, the fact shall be stated in the report.A fungicide consisting of 10 ml of 002N copper sulphate solution (250 g of CuSO45H2O per litre) shall be placed in the clean collecting bottle. This is necessary to prevent the growth of algae which would alter the chemical nature of the collected deposit.5.2 Final. On the first day of the following calendar month the gauge shall be inspected and identifiable foreign matter, such as leaves or insects, removed from the collecting bowl. If for any reason any operation is not carried out on the first day of the month, the fact shall be stated in the report.The brush shall then be inserted in the outlet of the collecting bowl and passed downwards through the inside of the tubing and inverted funnel until the outlet of the bowl is securely closed by the plug attached to the top of the brush.About 500 ml of the liquid in-the bottle shall be poured in to the bowl and any deposited matter adhering to the bowl dislodged with the squeegee.If the quantity of liquid collected in the bottle is insufficient for this cleansing process a measured quantity of distilled water shall be used. This additional water shall not be added unless it is impossible to wash out the bowl with the rainwater collected.

1) Polythene bottles are much less liable to fracture than glass bottles. The use of existing glass bottles is permissible until replacements are available. It should be noted that the name polythene is equivalent to the name polyethylene.

Height 450 mm maximumDiameter of neck:

External 90 mm maximumInternal 40 75 mm

Capacity 10 20 litresa.a The size of bottle chosen should be adequate for maximum local rainfall.

2) BS 3014, As welded and cold drawn welded austenitic stainless steel tubes for mechanical, structural and general engineering purposes.3) BS 1449, Steel plate, sheet and strip, Part 4, Stainless and heat resisting plate, sheet and strip.

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BS 1747-1:1969

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The plug shall then be removed and the contents of the bowl run, without loss, into the bottle. During this operation the inside of the tubing and the inside of the inverted funnel shall be cleaned by means of the brush.The apparatus shall then be reassembled and the procedure described under 5.1 repeated, a clean bottle being used.The removed bottle, which contains the material collected during the previous calendar month, shall be sealed and delivered for analysis with the following information:

1) Particulars of site.2) Period of exposure.3) Conversion factor supplied with the gauge.4) Quantity of distilled water (if any) used for cleaning the bowl.5) A note of any unusual event, or events, which may have influenced the character or amount of the deposit.

6 Analysis of deposited matter6.1 General. Analysis shall be carried out by or under the supervision of a skilled analyst, using accepted analytical procedures.

6.2 Normal analysis. In general, the following information shall be obtained by the analyst:

1) The quantity of liquid collected4). This is the total volume in the bottle less any amounts added as described in 5.1 and 5.2.2) The pH value of the liquid, except where distilled water has been added.3) The mass of total dried undissolved matter.4) The mass of ash obtained by combustion of the undissolved matter.5) The mass of the residue from a measured portion of the filtrate after evaporation to dryness, making allowance for the sulphate added in accordance with 5.1. The copper sulphate shall be calculated as CuSO4H2O (10 ml 0.0178 g).

6.3 Detailed analysis. If more information than that provided by the normal analysis is required, any or all of the following determinations may be made:

Tarry matter on the residue from Item 6.2 3).Calcium, iron, sulphate, chloride, fluoride on the filtrate from Item 6.2 3).

7 Method of reporting resultsThe results shall be reported on a suitable form, such as that illustrated in Appendix A.

4) It is not generally desirable to convert this result to represent total rainfall, owing to possible loss of water by evaporation.

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BS 1747-1:1969

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Appendix A Investigation of air pollution: report form

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BS 1747-1:1969

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BS 1747-1:1969

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Figure 1 Stand with bird-guard

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Figure 2 Collecting bowl

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Dimensions are in millimetres

Figure 3 Inverted funnel

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Figure 4 Deposit gauge assembly

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