bsc geography fine - university of madras, institute of distance

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B.Sc. GEOGRAPHYSCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS

FIRST YEARPaper Paper Title Hours Marks

Core Courses - Main SubjectsI Physical Geography 3 100II Practical - I Cartography 3 100

Core Course - Allied SubjectI Geology

SECOND YEARCore Courses - Main Subjects

III Economic and Social Geography 3 100IV Practical - II

Representation of Relief,Climatic and Economic data 3 100

Core Course - Allied SubjectII Basic Computer Science and

Application

THIRD YEARCore Courses - Main Subjects

V Geography of India 3 100VI Geographical Thought 3 100VII Computers, Remote

Sensing and GIS 3 100VIII World Regional Geography 3 100IX Practical - III

Map Interpretation and Surveying,Weather Maps, Projection, GIS & GPS 3 100Application Oriented SubjectSocio-Economic Studies and PRA

* Records marks will be awarded at the respective centres afterthe evaluation of practical exercises.

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INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONB.Sc. DEGREE COURSE IN

GEOGRAPHY

SYLLABUSFIRST YEAR

PAPER I - PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Part – A Geomorphology

Unit I : Rocks : types and classification – Igneous,sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, folding,faulting, earth quake and volcanoes

Unit II : Forces of gradation and weathering – mechanicaland chemical weathering, mass wasting andmass movement

Unit III : Agents of Gradation – Fluvial processes, erosion,transportation, deposition, resultant topography,glacio fluvial action – erosion and depositionalwork at the glaciers - resultant topography

Unit IV : Aeolian landscape – erosion – depositional workof the wind – resultant topography, wave action– erosive work of the waves, depositional workof the waves – shorelines of submergence andemergence.

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Unit V : Underground water – water table – spring andtheir types, karst topography, normal cycle oferosion – Davis, Penk.

Part – B Climatology

Unit VI : Definition – weather, climate, climatic elements– surface composition and structure of theatmosphere – Insolation, Horizontal and verticaldistribution of Temperature, Range ofTemperature

Unit VII : Atmospheric Pressure – winds – horizontaldistribution of pressure, planetary – periodic andlocal winds. Atmospheric moisture -condensation, Forms of precipitation – types

Unit VIII : Airmasses and fronts – concepts – classification– cyclones – tropical – anti cyclones – climaticclassification – Koppen’s – Basic of classificationand types

Part – C Oceanography

Unit IX : Surface configuration of the ocean floor –continental shelf, slope, deep, sea plain anddeeps – distribution of salinity in the seas andoceans

Unit X : Circulation of oceanic water – waves, tides andcurrents – currents of the Atlantic, pacific andIndian Ocean – Coral reefs – types

REFERENCES

1. Worcester, 1965, Text book of Geomorphology.

2. Arthur L. Boom, 1978 – Geomorphology.

3. Monkhouse F.J. Principles of physical geography.

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4. Wollridge and Morgan – An outline of Geomorphology.5. Das Gupta and Kapur, 1955 – Physical Geography.6. Phillip Lake – Physical Geography.7. Richand, H. (1954): Tropical Meteorological, McGraw

Hill Book Co., Ltd., New York.8. Garbell, M.A., (1947): Tropical and Equatorial

Meterology, Bitman Publishing Corporation, New York.9. Trewartha, G.T. (1968): An Introduction to climate,

McGraw Hill Book, Co. New York.10. Das, P.K. (1968). The Monsoon, Edward Arnold Ltd.,

London.11. John F. Griffith, Climate and Environment, London.12. P.K.Das, Monsoon climate.13. J.E.Hobbs, Applied Climatology, Butterworths, London.

PAPER II – PRACTICAL – I - CARTOGRAPHYUnit I : Definition – Nature and Scope of cartography –

Maps, classification and uses – development ofcartography – use of Thematic cartography.

Unit II : The earth as a cartographic problem – shape,size and dimension – co-ordinate systems; Plane,spherical and rectangular – map projection –choice of projection.

Unit III : Maps : definition of a map – Types of maps –representation of scale on the map: statementscale – graphic scale – Representative Fraction;Comparative scale – pace scale – time scale –diagonal scale.

Unit IV : Map scale – determination of map scales –enlargement and reduction – direction

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Unit V : Measurement of distances on maps : Latitudesand longitudes. Instrumental method – threadmethod; measurement of areas : graphicalmethod – instrumental method.

Unit VI : Map data : Collection and classification –compilation and genralization of map information– compilation processes – principles ofgeneralization

Unit VII : Map symbolization – point , line, and areasymbols – qualitative and quantitative method.

Unit VIII : Enlargement and reduction of maps – squaremethod and similar triangle – reduction bypantograph – combination of maps of differentscales;

Unit IX : Representation of direction on maps : true north,grid magnetic north – magnetic declination –bearings – true bearing and magnetic bearing –map setting in the field – map reading.

Unit X : Representation of relief on maps : spot heights,bench mark, triangulation station, layer colouring,hachures, hill shading and contours –interpolation of contours; contour exercises:section drawing.

REFERENCES

1. Robinson, H. Elements of cartography Students friend,Allahabad, 4th Ed. John Wiley, New York

2. Misra, R.P. and Ramesh A., Fundamentals ofCartography, Heritage co., Delhi.

3. Monkhouse, F.J. and Wilkinson, H.R. Maps andDiagram, Meuthun & Co., London.

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4. Ragunandhan Singh, Practical Geography

5. Singh R.L. and Dutt, P.K., Elements of PracticalGeography

6. Bygott, Practical Geography

7. Johnson and Ormsby, Surveying and Map reading

SECOND YEARPAPER III - ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL

GEOGRAPHYPart - A Economic Geography

Unit I : Scope and content of economic geography –basic concepts – nature of resources

Unit II : Farming in the world – shifting - subsistancecommercial and plantation farming – mixedfarming – horticulture – market gardening –production and distribution of rice, wheat,sugarcane, coffee, tea, cotton and jute – majorforest types and distribution, conservation offorests.

Unit III : Animal husbandry in the world – cattle – sheepand goats – dairy and wood regions of the world– fisheries – types – inland and marine locationand favourable conditions for major fishingactivities – problem in fishing and conservationmeasures.

Unit IV : World minerals mining – Iron ore – bauxite –manganese – copper – power resources coal,petroleum, natural gas, atomic minerals – major

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region of hydel power generation – conservationof power resources – manufacturing industriesof the world – localisation factor – Iron and steel– textiles – chemicals – automobiles – shipbuilding.

Unit V : Transport system – road – rail – air ways – waterways – major ports and airports of the world –international trade routes of the world – trade –national – international trade – modern tradedevelopment.

Part – B Population Geography

Unit VI : Nature and Scope of population Geography andits significance – development of populationstudies in India. Source of Population Data –problems relating to reliability and comparabilityof data.

Unit VII : Factors influencing the distribution and densityof population – growth of world population –factors affecting the growth of population in theworld – birth and death rates population explosion– population cycle

Unit VIII : Movement of population – migrations – types –national and international, rural to urban – causesand consequences of migration.

Part - C Settlement Geography

Unit IX : Introduction : Rural settlement – siting factors ofrural settlement, rural settlement types andpattern – houses and house types – rurallandscape of India.

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Unit X : Urban Settlement : Factors – Classificationaccording to size and functions – Nelsons, HarrisClassification.

REFERENCES

1. Economic Geography – J.L. Guha and Pr.Chatterjee

2. Economic and Commercial Geography – R.N.Dubeyand L.R. Singh

3. Economic Geography, S.K. Sadhukon

4. Economic Geography – Dr.M.R.Chandhran

5. Economic and Commercial Geography – K.K. Khannaand V.I. Gupta

6. Nelsons, Harris Classification

7. Bougue Donald, J. 1969 Principles of Demography,John Wiley and Sons, New York.

8. Clarke, J.I. (1972). Population Geography, SecondEdition, Pergamon Press Ltd., Oxford

9. Clark, J. I. (ed.). 1984. Geography and Population:Approaches, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

10. Chandha, R.C. (1986). A Geography of Population :Concepts, Determination and Patterns, KalyaniPublishers, New Delhi.

11. Wilson, M.G.A. (1968). Population Geography, ThomasNelson, London

12. Trewartha, G.T. (1969). Geography of Population:World Patterns, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

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13. Demko, G.J. Rose, H.M., 1970. Population Geographyand Schnell, G.A. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.

14. Wegi, B.S. (1991). Rural Geography Kedar Nath RamNath, College, Road, Meerut

15. Northern R.K. Urban Geography, John Wiley and Sons,New York

16. Misra M.P. (1978). Million cities of India, VikasPublishing

PAPER IV - PRACTICAL-II-PRESENTATION OFRELIEF, CLIMATIC AND ECONOMIC DATA

Part - A : Representation of Relief Data

Unit I : Contour Diagrams

Unit II : Profiles

Unit III : Spot Height and Interpolation of Contour

Unit IV : Slope Maps and Slope Analysis

Part – B : Representation of Climatic Data

Unit V : Diagrammatic representation of climatic data –climatic diagrams – Hythergraph – Climograph– Ergograph – Wind Roses

Unit VI : Study of Weather reports and Weather mapInterpretation

Unit VII : Representation of economic and population data– line graph – bar diagram – pie diagram –spheres – block piles.

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Unit VIII : Located diagrams – bars – climatic graphs – dotmaps and pie maps – Isopleth, Choropleth –Stendigeer and Stilgenbauer, Pyramidal andpictorial diagrams

Part – C : Representation of Economic Data

Unit IX : Quantitative methods – histogram – frequencypolygon, frequency curve – scatter diagram –mean, median and mode – standard deviation

Unit X : Correlation : Pearson’s Prdouct MomentCorrelation – Rank Correlation.

REFERENCES

1. Monkhouse, F.J. Maps and Diagrams, Mutheun & Co.,Ltd., London, 1984

2. Hugh Mathew & Ian Foster, Geographical Data :Sources, Presentation, Oxford University Press, Oxford,1989

3. Mecullah, Quantitative Techniques in Geography4. Rahunathan Singh, Practical Geography5. Singh, R.L. & Dutt, Practical Geography

THIRD YEARPAPER V - GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

Unit I : India as geographical Unit – India’s location –Physical contrasts – Physiography – relief, coastsand islands – water resources of India : Rivers –distribution and development of irrigation; tanks,canals, wells and tube wells – major irrigationand multipurpose river valley projects.

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Unit II : Climate : seasons – temperature and rainfall –Indian monsoon – climate regions.

Unit III : Soils – types and distribution – Soil erosion andconservation – natural vegetation – forests ; types– forest as a resource : Agriculture : major foodcrops and regions – rice, wheat and millets,plantation agriculture – sugarcane, tobacco, jute,cotton, groundnut, castor and mustard –agricultural regions

Unit IV : Problems of Indian Agriculture – livestock wealthof India – Indian fisheries.

Unit V : Mineral resources : Iron Maganese, Bauxite,Limestone, Copper, Zinc and Gold – distributionand production – power resources : Coal, oil,hydro-electricity, Thermal and atomic powerdevelopment – distribution and production,Industries : Agro-based industries – textiles –cotton, jute, woollen – sugar ;

Unit VI : Metallurigical industries: Iron and Steel,aluminium, engineering and machine tools,automobiles and locomotives, ship building,chemical industries, paper and fertilizer

Unit VII : Transport : roadways – railways and airways –trade : Inland and foreign – export and import.

Unit VIII : Population : distribution and density – rural andurban growth – migration.

Unit IX : Tamilnadu : Physiography – climate – drainage– soil and natural vegetation – agriculture ;distribution of paddy, sugarcane and millets –plantation agriculture.

Unit X : Distribution of minerals and industries –population ; distribution density and growth.

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REFERENCES

1. Gopal Singh, 1970. Geography of India, Atma Ram NadSols.

2. Singh, R.L. India, A Regional Geogrpahy, UBSPublishers and Distributiors Ltd., Seena Publication

3. Spate, O.H.K. India and Pakistan4. Sharma, Economic Geography of India5. Singh and Memoria, Geography of India6. Memoria, Agricultural Geography of India7. Dubey, R.N. 1971, Economic Geography of India

PAPER VI - GEOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT

Unit I : Geographical Thought – Definition – sources ofdata for ancient people – Travel in ancient times– purposes of travel. Pre-historical westerngeographical thought – Greeks: GreekContribution to Physical geography, HumanGeography, Cartography, MathematicalGeography.

Unit II : Contribution of Homer, Aristotile, Heradoters,Eueateslhenes, Alexander the Great, Hecataeus,Role of Pheonians.

Unit III : Contribution of Romans : Strabe Ptolomy,Porubonius mela, Lfirmanus. Ancient IndianGeographical Thought : Sources of information– Contribution of Indians to Information regarding– geography of India, Dwipas, Seasons – earthand sun, earth quakes etc.

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Unit IV : Contributions of Kalidasa, Aryabhatta,Brahamgupta. Arab contribution to geography :Contribution to physical geography, regionalgeography, human geography, contributions ofAlmasudi, Albirumi, Al Balakhi, Ibn-Frttenrta

Unit V : Major exploitations and discoveries : Contributionof Megallan, Vascodagama, Hume Cook,Christopher Columbus.

Unit VI : Contribution of modern geographers varenius,Immanual Kant, Alexander Von Humbold, CarlRitter.

Unit VII : Determinism,Possibilism and New determinism.

Unit VIII : Contributions of Radzel, Ellensemple, LaBlackehn, Ellsworth Huntington, Griffith Taylor.

Unit IX : Evolution of Man : Pethuneseman, Javaman,Neandartalman, Cromagnonman, Jaboth andNeolithic age.

UNIT X : Races of Mankind : Characteristics of racialfeatures – distribution of races, race as a mith.

REFERENCES

1. Ali, Geography of Peranas : Peoples publishing house,Delhi

2. Evolution of geographical thought : Masjit Hussain,Rawat Publication

3. Majumdar, Canningham’s ancient geography of India,Calcutta

4. Harvey, Explanations in Geography, London

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PAPER VII - COMPUTERS, REMOTESENSING AND GIS

Unit I : Map Design and layout : components of mapdesign – constraints in map design.

Unit II : Typography and lettering of the map; elementsof typographic design – methods of lettering –geographical names and others.

Unit III : Map reproduction, printing and non-printingprocesses – limited copy methods – xerography– diffusion transfer – photographic print- singlesensitized layer – multiple senitized layers –Interpol systems. Digital original – Hard copy –soft copy – methods for many copies.

Unit IV : Thematic and complex mapping problem; Atlasmapping, National Atlas of India – topographicmapping

Unit V : Remote Sensing – Definition – electromagneticspectrum – sensors – processing of remotesensing data – development of aerialphotographs – photo mosaic – photo maps –satellite imageries in cartography.

Unit VI : Introduction : Geography and computerapplications : Purpose, interacting with computer,Storing information, network and datacommunications -Computer Software : Theoperating System, Word Processing, and Desktop publishing, Spread Sheet concepts

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Unit VII : Database : Definition, over view, components ofdata base, data base applications - Data baseand Management System ; Data base andInformation Systems ; Cartographic Data basesand GIS

Unit VIII : Remote Sensing : Scope and Advantages –Types of Environmental Remote Sensing –Satellite Remote Sensing – Remote SensingApplications

Unit IX : GIS – Concept of GIS – Components of GIS –GIS data types – GIS and Map Design layout.

Unit X : GIS analysis – GIS software and Hardware – GISapplications

REFERENCES

1. A.H. Robinson, Elements of Cartography, 6th Edition,John Wiley, New York.

2. Misra, R.P. and Ramesh, A. Fundamentals ofCartography, Heritage Co., Delhi.

3. Monkhouse F.J. and Wilkinson, H.P Maps and Diagram,Muthen & Co., Ltd., London.

4. Peter Nortons (1995). “Introduction to Computers”,Published by Gelncoe, New York.

5. Arthur H. Robinson, Joel L.Morrison, PhillipC.Muehrcke, A.Jon Kimerbling – Elements ofCartography, 6th Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

6. George Bokorte, The GIS Book, 5th Ed. Onward Press

7. Paul J.Currian, Principles of Remote Sensing, ELBS.

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PAPER VIII - WORLD REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

Unit I : Definition of region – Physical elements – Spacerelationships – Weather and climate – landforms– hydrology.

Unit II : Natural vegetation – Forest, Grasslands, Desert.

Unit III : The Associated animal life – Salient features oftheir adaptation.

Unit IV : Soil – human elements – population – economicactivities – cultural features

Unit V : World Regions : Major climatic Regions of theworld.

Unit VI : Location and characteristics features EquatorialRegion: Highland and low land regions , Tropicalregion; Monsoon, Tropical Grassland andTropical deserts

Unit VII : Warm Temperate Regions : Mediterranean,Temperate Grasslands, China type. CoolTemperate Regions

Unit VIII : British type of Marine West Coasts, Siberian Typeand Laurentian type.

Unit IX : Polar Regions : Highland or Ice Cap type,Lowland or Tundra type.

Unit X : Regions – Development of Regional Concept –Formal and Functional regions – RegionalHierarchy

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REFERENCES

1. Oliver, H. Heintzelman, Richard M. Highsmith, J.R.(1965). World Regional Geography – Printice Hall ofIndia (P) Ltd. New Delhi.

2. Roger Minshull (1967). Regional Geography : Theoryand Practice, Hutchinson University Library, London

PAPER IX - PRACTICAL III – MAPINTERPRETATION AND SURVEY, MAPS,

PROJECTIONS, GIS AND GPS

Part – A

Unit I : Signs and symbols used in topographicalmaps,Topographical maps and their referencingby quarter inch, half inch and one inch maps ofsurvey of India.

Unit II : Cartographic description of Survey ofIndia,Cartographic description of ordinancesurvey, United States Geological Maps.

Unit III : Interpretation of 1:50,000 topographical mapsof survey of India (maps highlighting of typicallandforms including drainage and coastal areasand cultural features should be done) a minimumof 6 exercise.

Unit IV : Simple methods of surveying: surveying withchain – open and closed traverse, Prismaticcompass – Recalculation of bearing – Bowditchmethod of correction of closing error.

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Unit V : Plane table survey: Open and closed traverses– Resection by two point and three point method,Abney level – Indian Clinometer – heightdetermination by accessible and inaccessible,Aerial Photo interpretation.

Part – B

Unit VI : Study of weather symbols, weather data andcodes – station model, Study and interpretationof Indian Weather Reports Interpretation ofWeather reports according to seasons – studyof cyclonic tracks.

Unit VII : Cylindrical Projection: equidistant, equal area andMercator’s Projection ; Conical Projection; Onestandard and Two standard parallels – Bonne’sProjection and Polyconic Projection.

Unit VIII : Conventional (Whole World) Projections –Sinusoidal and Mollwids Projections – theirinterrupted types, Choice of map projections.

Unit IX : Definition of map projection – purpose of mapprojections, Graphical construction andproperties of the map projection, Zenithalprojection – equidistant, equal area, gnomonicand stereographic or orthomorphic projections.

Unit X : GIS – Raster Encoding, GPS – Location andRouting.

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REFERENCES

1. Raghunandan Singh, Practical Geography

2. Kentkar, Elements of Surveying

3. Austin Miller, Skin of the Earth

4. Monkhouse, F.J. Maps and Diagrams

5. Her Majesty Publications, Map Reading.

6. Johnson and Ormsby, Surveying and Map Reading

7. Singh and Dutt, Practical Geography

8. Monkhouse, Maps and Diagram

CANDIDATES OFFERING GEOGRAPHYSHALL OFFER ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING

APPLICATION ORIENTED SUBJECTS INTHIRD YEAR

1. Demographic Studies 2.Geography of Tourism

3. Medical Geography 4. Socio-economic studies and PRA

1. DEMOGRAPHIC STUDIES

Unit I : Demography – Scope, contents and trends,relevance of Demographic studies

Unit II : Demographic Studies and its applications

Unit III : Population Information – Census and Samplesurveys – Fertility Services – Household surveys

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Unit IV : Study of Demographic structure – Populationdistribution and structure - Age-sex variation

Unit V : Ethnicity – literacy structure – occupationdifferences- Income variation.

Unit VI : Growth dynamics – Growth estimation – Impactsof death and birth growth

Unit VII : Population movements – rural-urbanmovements, intra - national and internationalmigrations- migration and growth

Unit VIII : Population dynamics – Demographic transition– mortality factors- Population changes

Unit IX : Demographic Planning and problems:Population Problems- Planning in Developedand Developing countries.

Unit X : Demographic studies: Policies – populationresources - Population geography in the 21st

century.

REFERENCES

1. Clark. I., (1984). Geography of Population: Approachesand Applications. Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.

2. Chandna, R.C. (1984). A Geography of Population,Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

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2. GEOGRAPHY OF TOURISM

Unit I : Tourism – Definition – Development of tourism– Model of Tourism : Origins, Destinations,Transit – Factors of tourism

Unit II : Physical, Historical, Socio-Cultural, Economic,Environmental, Education, Political,Recreational, Natural Wonders.

Unit III : Types of tourism : Cultural toursim, Eco Tourism,adventure tourism, Heritage tourism,Pilgrimages – Measurement of tourismPhenomena

Unit IV : The need for measurement – Problems ofmeasurement – Method of measurement –tourist statistics

Unit V : Components of tourism industry – travel,hospitality, visitors services – distance, modes,cost – culture and hospitality – food, beverages– stay and accommodation.

Unit VI : Accommodation – types of accommodation,Chain accommodation, time sharing – tours,tour operators – private and public tourismdevelopment corporations.

Unit VII : Tourism promotion – Role of advertising andpublicity, audio-visual, photographs, posters,information offices – Role of handicrafts, fairs,festival, Exhibition

Unit VIII : World Tourism Organizations – WTO, IATA,PATA, IUOTO – International tourists flows

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Unit IX : Indian Tourism, major types - India as a paradisefor tourists -Importance of tourism in IndianEconomy

Unit X : Consultant of tourism development – Measureof promoting tourism – Tourism Developmentin Tamil Nadu.

REFERENCE

1. Maneet Kumar (1992). “Tourism Today “ , KanishkaPublishing House, Delhi

2. Michael M.Coltman (1989) “ Tourism Marketing”, VanNostrand Reintold, New York

3. Fodder Hoddles, Fodder’s Guide of India, Hoden andStrongton

4. Rosemary Burton (1995). Travel Geography, PitmanPublishing, London.

3. MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY

Unit I : Medical Geography – Introduction – Scope –Contents – components of medical geography

Unit II : Environment and diseases – water bornediseases – air borne diseases – mineralenrichment and deficiencies – diseases

Unit III : Culture and Health – food habits, family andcommunity life, traditional outlook,

Unit IV : Food and health:, habits, Food habits, familyand community life, traditional outlook, religionand health

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Unit V : Society and Health – Sanitation, modernization,Western way of living and emerging healthissues

Unit VI : Ecology and diseases – diseases epidemics –communicable and contagious diseases

Unit VII : Disease mapping : disease related data –disease mapping – disease analysis

Unit VIII : Natural hazards – disasters calamities andhealth problems

Unit IX : Health Planning – Health Care Centers andplanning- Family and community health planning

Unit X : Health and health care systems in Tamil Nadu

REFERENCES

1. Learmonth, Andrew (1978). Patterns of Disease andHunger – A Study in Medical Geography, David andCharles, London.

2. Misra, R.P. (1969). Medical Geography of India, N.B.T.,New Delhi

3. Howe, M. and Loraine (Eds.) Environmental Medicine(2nd Edition), William Jeinemanu.

4. Pyle, G.F. (1979). Applied Medical Geography, W.H.Winston-Sons, Washington D.C.

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4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES AND PRA

Unit I : Socio-economic studies – Introduction - need -scope and limitations

Unit II : Socio economic studies and its applications.

Unit III : Social groups: social groups and culture - Villageand Urban community

Unit IV : Religious and cultural groups- religiouscommunities – ethnic societies

Unit V : Assessment, Approaches and Integrated studyfor Planning and Development

Unit VI : PRA – Definition- scope - importance of thestudy

Unit VII : PRA - Conceptual understanding – Principlesof PRA – Advantages of PRA

Unit VIII : PRA methods – space related social andresource maps – transact – participatory census

Unit IX : PRA and Time : Trend analysis – seasonaldiagrams – activity schedules

Unit X : PRA and relational methods - Network andimportant diagrams – matrix and Venn diagrams

REFERENCES

1 . Somesh Kumar, Methods for Community participation.Vistar Publication, New Delhi.

bsc geography fine - university of madras, institute of distance

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