INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted by:-

Meenakshi Gupta

6040

1184751 Ece -5b LUDHIANA COLLEGE

Of Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana

Acknowledgement

I would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who were part of this training report in numerous ways. People who gave unending support right from the stage the training report idea were conceived. In particular I am extremely grateful to BHARAT SANCHAN NIGAM LIMITED for providing me with an excellent opportunity of undergoing summer training for the duration of six weeks. First of fall I would like to thank the Management at BSNL for giving me the opportunity to do my two-month project training in their esteemed organization I would like to thanks my faculty of my college who allow me to undergo my training with BSNL exchange and help me providing tips for this training. As well as I would like to thanks to the staff of BSNL who help me a lot over their and give me their support in training. Staff of BSNL is very hardworking and supportive. Above all, conveys my thanks to my parents and my friends for their moral support. I am very thankful to them for what ever they done for me.

MEENAKSHI GUPTA1184751

(Signature of student)Abstract

Industrial training is must for the every student perusing professional degree because the ultimate goal of every student is to get the information the industrial traing helps us to get an idea of the things. We should know in order to get a good job i.e. I have a good professional career. Industrial taring teaches us lots of things. It helps us to know the kind of environment we would be getting in the industry and help us to get with the kind of environment. Industrial traing is helps us to know the kind of grade an engineer of specific branch plays in the industry. It helps us to get used to working in groups of unknown people in it teach us team work because my work in industrial is accomplished by a group and an individual. The totality the industrial teaches us industrial ethics. Some advance technical knowledge how and help us to acquired with industrial working style.

Meenakshi GuptaContents Sr. No. Topics Page no.

1.Introduction of BSNL 5-8

2.Exchange 9-13

3.Technologies 14-24

4.Transmission Media 25-30

5.Network Topology 31-37

6.Facilities 38-43

7.Future scope 44

8.Vision and Mission 45

9.Conclusion 46

10.Bibliography 47

Chapter- 1 Introduction of BSNLHistory OF BSNL

The foundation of Telecom Network in India was laid by the British sometime in 19th century. The history of BSNL is linked with the beginning of Telecom in India. In 19th century and for almost entire 20th century, the Telecom in India was operated as a Government of India wing. Earlier it was part of erstwhile Post & Telegraph Department.

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is Indias leading telecommunications provider and the countrys largest public-sector firm. BSNL provides local-exchange access and domestic long-distance services through a network of more than 45 Million access lines covering most of India. It also offers Wireless Communications, Data and Internet Services, as well as business voice and data services. The company is still controlled by the Government, as is one of Indias other large phone companies, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). Plans to merge the two companies have been discussed but seem to be on hold.

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED has a vast reservoir of highly skilled andexperienced work force of about 3, 57,000 personnel. I believe that their staff is one of the best trained manpower in thetelecom sector, is our biggest asset.

To meet the technological challenges, employees are trained for technologyup-gradation, modernization, computerization etc in BSNL's training centersspread across country. To apex training centers of BSNL i.e. Advance Level Telecom Training Center at Ghaziabad and Bharat Rattan Bhimrao Telecom Training Centerat Jabalpur are comparable to any world class telecom training center.Moreover, 43 zonal training centers and a national academy of telecomfinance and management have been running for several years now. Different curriculum run in these centers to impart technology based training,training for attitudinal change, basic educational and skill developmentprogram etc.Main Services Offered1. Basic and Limited Mobile Telephone Services: -BSNL Is the Leading Service Provider in the Country in the Basic Telephone Services. As Of Now More Than 35 Million Direct Exchange Lines & More Than 2.2.Million Telephones In The Limited Mobile Telephone Services Are Existing. BSNL Has Provides A Number Of Attractive Tariff Packages & Plans Which Shall Further Strengthen Its Subscriber Base.

2. Cellular Mobile Telephone Services:-BSNLS GSM Technology Based Cellular Mobile Network Has Reached A Long Way, Covering More Than 6400 Towns, With A Subscriber Base Of Over 1.54 Crore As On 31St Jan. 2006 Out Of Which 1.16 Crore Cellular Telephones Are In The Prepaid Segment.

3. Internet Services:-BSNL Offers Dialup Internet Services To The Customers By Post-Paid Service With The Brand Name Netone, And Pre-Paid Service With The Brand Name Sancharnet. The Post-Paid Service Is A Cli Based Access Service, Currently Operational In 100 Cities. Sancharnet Is Available On Local Call Basis Throughout India To Isdn And PSTN Subscribers. The Internet Dhaba Scheme Of The Company Aims To Further Promote Internet Usage In Rural And Semi Urban Areas.4. Intelligent Network:-Intelligent Network Services Is A Service That Incorporates Several Value Added Facilities, Thoroughly Designed To Save Time And Money, And Enhance Productivity. At Present, Your Company Offers Free Phone (FPH), Premium Rate Service (PRM), India Telephone Card (ITC), Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Universal Access Number (UAN) And Tele Voting In Services.

5. Broadband Services:-BSNL Has Launched Its Broadband Services Under The Brand Name Dataone On 14/1/2005. This Offers Services Like High Speed Internet Access With Speed Ranging From 256 Kbps To 8 Mbps. Other Services Like Streaming Video, Video On Demand, Bandwidth On Demand Etc., Have Also Been Planned. Development Of Rural Telecom NetworkRural Dels:-As on 31.03.2005, in BSNLs network, a total of 1.356 Crore Rural telephone connections were working. As on 31.1.2006, there are 1.425 Crore rural telephones working in BSNL network.Village Public Telephones (VPTS) & RCPS:-BSNL, in its unstinted efforts to make the slogan Connecting India, a reality, had provided VPTS In 5,18,992 villages up to 31.03.2005. The company entered into an agreement with USO fund for expansion of Rural Telecom Network by November 2007, by providing VPTS in 66,822 undisputed, undisturbed, accessible and inhabited villages having population more than 100 as per census, 1991 in the country.

Network Management:-BSNL is committed to provide a robust state of the art infrastructure that will provide stable and superior services to its customers. Accordingly, the MLLN network covering more than 200 cities was made operational in may 2004. Since then, about 22000 circuits have been provided on this network. This has provided high level of stability to the leased circuits and capability to offer n x 64 kbps circuits.

Setting up Ku Band VSAT Network:-As regards the ku band VSAT network equipment, the hub of this network is being set up at Bangalore, the equipment has been installed and expected to be commissioned shortly. This will help your company, to become a service provider with all types of media equipment i.e. OFC, microwave and satellite for provision of bandwidth, this will also enable the company to offer composite solutions to its customers.

Policy on Transmission Network Maintenance:-

Telecom circles have large transmission networks. To improve the maintenance of transmission network, guidelines for route parties and vehicles have been formalized. Telecom territorial circles are also being connected with computerized network for booking

Of Transmission system faults, with a view to improve follow up and faster restoration faults.

Computerization:-Implementation of inter operator billing and accounting system (IOBAS) has been completed. Your company plans to provide CDR based customer care and convergent billing system. This will help company in providing effective and efficient billing & customer care solutions for its fixed line subscribers. It envisages building of country wide intranet to reduce the cost of operation, increase realization, stop leakage of revenue and minimize frauds, besides providing round the clock best customer care services to the companys subscribers.

Obligations: -1. towards customers and dealersto provide prompt, courteous and efficient service and quality of products/services at fair and reasonable services.2. towards employees? Develop their capability and advancement through appropriate training and career planning? Expeditious redressed of grievances? Fair dealings with recognized representatives of employees in pursuance of healthy trade union practices and sound personnel policies.Chapter-2 ExchangesExchange are those from were we can transmit our data or voice from one end sender to other end receiver. All telephone subscribers are sere by automatic exchange todays automatic exchange use a pair of computer one running that program that provides the services.Typical exchange consists of:-1. Switch room2. Operation and maintains room3. Input output processor room4. Power plant room5. Battery room 6. Main distribution frame room In BSNL Ludhiana, many types of exchanges working which are as follow:-

1. Automatic exchanges

2. Digital exchanges

3. Trunk automatic exchanges

4. OCB 283 exchanges

5. CDOT exchange

6. AXE 107. E10B

8. 5ESS

9. EWSD1. Automatic exchange:-

Automatic exchanges, ordial service, came into existence in the early 1900s. Their purpose was to eliminate the need for humantelephone operators. Before the exchanges became automated, operators had to complete the connections required for atelephone call.

Almost everywhere, operators have been replaced by computerized exchanges. Telephone switchis the brains of an automatic exchange. It is a device forrouting calls from onetelephoneto another, generally as part of thepublic switched telephone network.

The local exchange automatically senses an off hook (tip)telephonecondition, provides dialto that phone, receives the pulses orDTMFtones generated by the phone, and then completes a connection to the called phone within the same exchange or to another distant exchange.

2. Digital exchange:-

Digital switches work by connecting two or more digital circuits together, according to a dialedtelephone number. Calls are set up between switches using theSignaling System 7protocols, or one of its variants. In U.S. and militarytelecommunication, digital switchis a switch that performs time division switching of digitized signals.

This was first done in a few small and little used systems. The first product using a digital switch system was made byAtmel. Prominent examples includeITT System 12, NortelDMS-100, Lucent5ESS switch, SiemensEWSDand EricssonAXE telephone exchange. With few exceptions, such asPAMswitches, most switches built since the 1980s are digital. This article describes digital switches, including algorithms and equipment.

Digital switches encode the speech going on, in 8000 time slices per second. At each time slice, a digitalPCMrepresentation of the tone is made. The digits are then sent to the receiving end of the line, where the reverse process occurs, to produce the sound for the receiving phone. In other words, when you use a telephone, you are generally having your voice "encoded" and then reconstructed for the person on the other end. Your voice is delayed in the process by a small fraction of one second it is not "live", it is reconstructed delayed only minutely.3. Trunk automatic exchanges:-Tandems help connect pairs of switches that are not directly connected. Inter-city switches are called trunk automatic exchanges (TAX). For example, a TAX in Ludhiana with a connection to a switch in Ambala, would indirectly connect all the switches in Ludhiana (connected to this tandem) to Ambala. All of these tandems have trunk connected to the local VSNL international tandem switch, called the gateway Digital Switch. 4. OCB 283 exchange:-OCB stands for the Origen Control Bhersion 283 version. This exchange is in used these days. This is also a digital switching system. This exchange works at 5-25 degree census. A maximum of 2048 PCM switch can be conducted. This exchange support both analog and digital subscribers.5. CDOT exchange:-C-DOT triggered a telecom revolution in the rural India that was responsible for all-round socio-economic development. Rural India gained access to a whole new world of opportunities as they got connected globally. As part of its development process, C-DOT has spawned a wide base of equipment manufacturers and component vendors for the industry.C-DOT exchanges can be configured using four basic modules:-1. Base Module

2. Central Module

3. Administrative Module

4. Input Output Module6. AXE 10:- TheAXE telephone exchangeis a product line ofcircuit switcheddigitaltelephone exchangesmanufactured byEricsson, a Swedish telecom company. It was developed in 1974 byEllemtel, aresearch and developmentsubsidiary of Ericsson andTeleverket.The first system was deployed in 1976.AXEis anacronymforAutomatic Cross-Connection Equipment. Ericsson AXE telephone exchanges supportlawful interceptsvia the remote-control equipment subsystem (RES), which carries out the tap, and the interception management system (IMS), software used for initiating the tap, which adds the tap to the RES database. In a fully operating lawful interception system the RES and IMS both create logs of all numbers being tapped so that system administrators can perform audits to find unauthorized taps. Code is written inPLEX(a proprietary language tied to the AXE hardware, designed by Goren Hem Dahl), SDLand ASA210C programming languages. Code for Regional Processors (controlling hardware Extension Modules) is written in ASA210R.7. E10B:- The E10B is one of the earliest SPC digital exchanges in the world. They were commissioned first in the France. One of the best moves the Indian Telephone Industries (a government own company) did was to entire into an agreement whereby the E10B was manufactured under license by the ITI in India, E10Bs stared entering service all over India by 1989-1990. The E10Bs were developed in huge numbers all over India to such an extent that a separate wing of the Department of Telecommunications were created to provide services and maintenance for the E10B installation. This wing is called the National Center for Electronic Switching. 8. 5ESS exchange:-The 5ESS Class 5 Switch first appeared inSeneca, Illinois(815Area Code) in 1982, and slowly replaced the1ESS switchand other electromechanical and analog systems in the 1980s and 1990s. The 5ESS was also used as aClass 4 telephone switchor as a mixed Class 4/5 in markets too small for a4ESS switch. Approximately half of all U.S.telephone exchangesare serviced by 5ESS switches. The 5ESS is also exported internationally, and manufactured outside of the U.S. under license. The development effort for 5ESS reached 5000 employees, producing 100 million lines of code, with 100 million lines of header and make files. Evolution of the system took place over 20 years, while three releases were often being developed simultaneously. A 5ESS-2000 version, introduced in the 1990s, increased the capacity of the switching module (SM), with more peripheral modules and more optical links per SM to the communications module (CM).5ESS has three main kinds of Module: AM isAdministrative Module, which contains the central computers. CM isCommunications Module, which is the central time-divided switch of the system. SM isSwitching Modulewhich in most exchanges is the majority of equipment. SM performs multiplexing, analog/digital coding, and other work to interface with the outside world. Each has a controller, a small computer whosCPUsand memories, like most common equipment of the exchange, are duplicated for redundancy.Distributed systemlessens the load on the Central Administrative Module or main computer. Power for all circuitry is distributed as 48VDC and converted to logic or telephone voltages as needed byDC to DC converterson each shelf of circuit packs.

9. EWSD exchange:-EWSDis one of the most widely installedtelephone exchangesystems in the world. EWSD can work as a local or tandem switch or combined local/tandem, and forlandlineor mobile phones. It is manufactured bySiemens AG, who claims that EWSD switches perform switching for over 160 million subscriber lines in more than 100 countries.

DeTeWebought its first EWSD under license in 1985 for remote switching.Boschbuilt its first EWSD as a local exchange in 1986.Deutsche Telekom, formerly Deutsche Bundespost, the largest German telephone company, uses EWSD and System 12 (Alcatel), the former more than the latter.

In 2007,NokiaCorporation and Siemens AG formed the new companyNokia Siemens Networks, and responsibility of further development and shipments of the EWSD system is dependent on this new company

Main subsystems are:

1. CP (Central Processor)

2. MB (Message Buffer)

3. CCNC (Common Channel Network Control)

4. LINE (Analog Line Group)

5. LTG (Line Trunk Group)

6. DLU (Digital Line Unit)

7. SN (Switching Network)

8. PA (ISDN Primary Access)Chapter-3 TechnologiesEverybody is aware of the fact that the technology keeps on evolving from one form to the other everyday & for all the stuff related to it. This pattern of changing & improving mobile technology makes it very complicated for the people to use the mobiles with the latest technology. There are many technologies are present in BSNL which are used to provide mobile and internet services to the subscriber which are as follow:-1. FDMA2. TDMA3. CDMA4. GSM5. GPRS6. WAP7. EDGE8. WI-FI9. WI-MAXGenerations of Mobile Communication:-The terms 3G, has evolved from the other terms like 1G, 2G, etc. where they indicate the generation of the mobile communication. For example, 1G is the short form of 1st Generation, and so on. This 1G mobile was introduced or launched in 1970s, which was primarily used for only voice transfers. The 2G-2nd Generation mobiles came into existence in 1990s, which was further developed to 2.5G including GSM, TDMA & CDMA. These mobiles were used for transferring voice & data.The present generation of mobiles is 3G, which delivers the data speed from 384kbps to 2mbps over the wireless interfaces like GSM, TDMA & CDMA.

1. FDMA:- Frequency Division Multiple Access:-FDMA uses separate frequencies for each call and they do not interfere amongst themselves, which limits the number of users because of this reason.FDMA is distinct fromfrequency division duple Xing(FDD). While FDMA allows multiple users simultaneous access to a transmission system, FDD refers to how the radio channel is shared between theuplinkanddownlink. Frequency-division multiplexing(FDM) is also distinct from FDMA. FDM is a physical layer technique that combines and transmits low-bandwidth channels through a high-bandwidth channel. FDMA, on the other hand, is an access method in thedata link layer.There are two main techniques:

Multi-channel per-carrier (MCPC)

Single-channel per-carrier (SCPC)

Disadvantage:-

1. Crosstalkmay cause interference among frequencies and disrupt the transmission.2. TDMA:- Time Division Multiple Access:-TDMA allocates unique time slots to each user within each channel, enabling many users to access the radio frequency without anybody elses invitation. Each mobile conversation uses only a particular frequency slot of the time.TDMA is a type ofTime-division multiplexing, with the special point that instead of having onetransmitterconnected to onereceiver, there are multiple transmitters. In the case of theuplinkfrom amobile phoneto abase stationthis becomes particularly difficult because the mobile phone can move around and vary thetiming advancerequired to make its transmission match the gap in transmission from its peers.Advantages:-1. Installation offers substantial saving in base station equipment, space and maintenance, as important factor as cell sizes grow ever smaller.

2. TDMA most cost effective technology for upgrading a current analog signal to digital.3. It also provides users to extended battery life and talk time since the mobile is the only transmitting of time of time during the conversation. Disadvantages:--

1. Each user has a predefined slot.

2. It is subjected to multipath distortion. 3. CDMA:- Code Division Multiple Access:-This was commercially used in 1995 by Qualcomm & had become very quickly & fastest growing wireless mobile technology. The 3G CDMA network provides more clarified voice traffic with the high-speed data capabilities. This technology enables a very wide usage of the features of a mobile phone & also it is one of the cost-saving technologies where the people can get many benefits with the lowest possible costs.One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (seebandwidth). This concept is calledmultiple access. CDMA employsspread-spectrumtechnology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast,time division multiple access(TDMA) divides access bytime, whilefrequency-division multiple access(FDMA) divides it byfrequency. CDMA is a form ofspread-spectrumsignaling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higherdata bandwidththan the data being communicated.

Uses:-

One of the early applications for code division multiplexing is inGPS. This predates and is distinct from its use inmobile phones.

TheQualcommstandardIS-95, marketed as CDMA One.

TheQualcommstandardIS-2000, known as CDMA2000. This standard is used by several mobile phone companies, including theGlobal starsatellite phonenetwork.

TheUMTS3G mobile phone standard, which usesW-CDMA.

CDMA has been used in theOmni TRACSsatellite system for transportationlogistics.Advantages:-

1. The transmission power is extremely small, so conversation is not only less radiation, but also longer battery life mobile phones.

2. The use of advanced soft-switching technology allows mobile phone is not GSM phones are dropped.

3. Better call quality, almost no noise when making a call, in the case of large background noise; you can also get a better call quality.

4. A high put-through rate. As military interference from CDMA systems, and the signal occupy the entire band, almost an ordinary narrow-band modulation efficiency of seven times, so for the same bandwidth, CDMA system is the GSM system capacity of 4 to 5 times the extent of its mesh-plug a significant decrease in Therefore, uptake rates are much higher.

Disadvantages:- Our handset can only be used with the provider that we got the phone from. Should our phone brake under contract but out of warranty, getting a new phone from the provider will automatically extend your contract another 2 years.CDMA is limited for a few other places. If you like to travel over seas, for the most part, leave your CDMA phone at home.

4. GSM:- Global System for Mobile:-GSM was developed by TDMA protocol in Europe, which has become a standard mobile technology for mobiles across the globe. It provides a very high level of security & a superior sound quality. This technology is globally accepted, which needs a SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module) that contains the telephone service account information subscribed by you. These SIM cards are different based on the location of the person. The card of one location cannot be used on other location, unless & until your service provider approves for it.TheGSM Associationestimates that technologies defined in the GSM standard serve 80% of the global mobile market, encompassing more than 5 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks. GSM is acellular network, which means thatcell phonesconnect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro,micro, Pico,femtoandumbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where thestation antennais installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Pico cells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors. Femto cells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.Advantages:- * GSM is mature; this maturity means a more stable network with robust features.* Less signal deterioration inside buildings.* Ability to use repeaters.* Talktime is generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of transmission.* The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets at will.* GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem.Disadvantages:- * Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with some electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers. 3G uses W-CDMA now.* Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry participants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers.* GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 35 km, which is imposed by technical limitations. Uses:-There are basically three fields in todays engineering that use the GSM technology: Standardized digital telecommunication (mobile phones), home automation, and test equipment for dangerous environments in telemetry (for both protection of the personnel and accuracy of data collected). The GSM technology deals with radio waves, during the last decade it has become a good solution for home automation systems. This refers to using GSM protocols and devices for programming various tasks (to open the windows, to close the garage door, to start the washing machine at 18:00, and so on), dealing with the lighting system or even for security reason.5. GPRS:- General Pocket Radio Services:-GPRS is an enhancement to the GSM mobile technology that offers the high-speed connectivity to the internet. With this facility, you can check the emails, download games, transfer the messages to the computer, etc. which can be browsed at a very high-speed.GPRS, which supports a wide range ofbandwidths, is an efficient use of limited bandwidth and is particularly suited for sending and receiving small bursts ofdata, such as e-mail and Web browsing, as well as large volumes of data. GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data. This contrasts withcircuit switchingdata, which is typically billed per minute of connection time, regardless of whether or not the user transfers data during that period.GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services possible:

SMS messaging and broadcasting

"Always on" internet access

Multimedia messaging service(MMS)

Push to talkover cellular (POC)

Instant messagingand presencewireless village Internet applications for smart devices throughwireless application protocol(WAP)

Point-to-point(P2P) service: inter-networking with the Internet (IP)

Point-to-Multipoint(P2M) service: point-to-multipoint multicast and point-to-multipoint group calls

Usability:-

The maximum speed of a GPRS connection offered in 2003 was similar to amodemconnection in an analog wire telephone network, about 3240 Kbit/s, depending on the phone used.Latencyis very high; round-trip time (RTT) is typically about 600700 ms and often reaches 1s. GPRS is typically prioritized lower than speech, and thus the quality of connection varies greatly.

Devices with latency/RTT improvements (via, for example, the extended UL TBF mode feature) are generally available. Also, network upgrades of features are available with certain operators. With these enhancements the active round-trip time can be reduced, resulting in significant increase in application-level throughput speeds.Advantages:-1. Allows users use the Internet anywhere at any time

2. Allows the user to communicate on a world wide scale

3. Can be used on both mobiles and laptops

Disadvantages:-1. When GPRS is in use, other network related functions cannot be used.

2. Expensive to buy a mobile or laptop that has this feature

3. GPRS is billed per kilobyte or megabyte depending on the service provider

6. WAP:- Wireless Application Protocol:-Wireless Application Protocol(WAP) is atechnical standardfor accessing information over a mobilewireless network. A WAP browser is aweb browserformobile devicessuch asmobile phones(called "cellular phones" or "mobile phones") that uses the protocol. Before the introduction of WAP, mobile service providers had limited opportunities to offer interactive data services, but needed interactivity to supportInternetandWebapplications such as:

Emailby mobile phone

Tracking of stock-market prices

Sports results

News headlines

Music downloadsAdvantages:-

1. Easy and fast access to Internet.

2. WML and WML Script (new language, which is based on HTML).

3. Large choice in mobile phones (most of them support WAP).

4. Can be used to download abstract data types (videos etc.).

5. Supports most wireless networks (like: CDMA, GSM, PDC, PHS, TDMA etc.).

6. Can be built on any operating system.7. International standard.Disadvantages:-1. Low speed, security, and very small user interface.

2. Not very familiar to the users.

3. Business model is expensive.4. Forms are hard to design.

7. EDGE:- Enhanced Data GSM Environment:-This mobile technology has specifically been designed to meet the bandwidth needs of 3G. EDGE was introduced by Ericsson & it offers high-speed data transfers over the GSM networks with just a software upgrade to the handset. This technology allows the speed up to 384kbps.Edge Technologies, Inc.is anAmericansoftware company, focusing on the integration of secureweb applications. Edge provides software products and enterprise services to corporations and government agencies. Edge was founded in 1993 and is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. EDGE Tech Corporation is a US-based manufacturer and supplier ofmemory upgrades, portable external storage and flash devices. Edge Tech is headquartered inAda, Oklahomaand maintains sales, marketing and eCommerce facilities inAddison, Texas.Products:-

1. Computer-Original equipment manufacturer(OEM) system and motherboard specific memory

2. Server- OEM system and motherboard specific memory

3. Printer- OEM printer memory.

4. Digital Audio PlayersandMobile Phones- Mini-Secure Digital, Micro-Secure Digital,MMC5. Flash memory-Secure Digital,Compact Flash,USB Flash Drives, andSolid State Drives8. Wi-Fi:- Wireless Fidelity:- Wi-Fi is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange datawirelesslyover acomputer network, including high speedInternetconnections. TheWi-Fi Alliancedefines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network(WLAN) products that are based on theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards".[1]However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN". A device that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video game console, Smartphone,tablet, or digital audio player) can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via awireless network access point. Such an access point (orhotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (65feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square miles this is achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. "Wi-Fi" is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance and the brand name for products using theIEEE 802.11family of standards. Only Wi-Fi products that complete Wi-Fi Allianceinteroperabilitycertification testing successfully may use the "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED" designation and trademark.Advantages:-1. Flexible Learning - the accommodation of different learning styles and the adaptation of any learning space to suit the type of learning taking place.

2. Accessible access to the network can be from anywhere in the school within range of an access point, giving users the freedom to use ICT where and when it is needed.

3. Adaptable it is typically easier and quicker to add or move devices on the network.4. Cost while the initial investment required for Wifi antenna hardware can be similar to the cost of wired LAN hardware, installation expenses can be significantly lower.Disadvantages:-

1. Slower data transfer the current data rates of wireless networks means that high bandwidth activities are better done on wired networks. As the number of devices using the network increases, the data transfer rate to each device will decrease accordingly.

2. Upgrading as wireless standards change, it may be necessary, or at least desirable, to upgrade to higher specifications of wireless which could mean replacing wireless equipment 3. Security is more difficult to guarantee.

4. Signal Reception devices will only operate at a limited distance from an access point, with the distance largely determined by the standard used. Obstacles between the access point and the user, like walls, glass, water, trees and leaves can also determine the distance of operation.

5. Configuration as the number of people using wireless devices increases, there is the risk that certain radio frequencies used for wireless will become congested and prone to interference; particularly the 2.4GHz. Frequency.

9. Wi-max:-WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is awireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. It is a part of a fourth generation, or4G, of wireless-communication technology. WiMax far surpasses the 30-metre wireless range of a conventionalWi-Filocal area network(LAN), offering a metropolitan area network with a signal radius of about 50km. The name "WiMAX" was created by theWiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery oflast milewireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL". WiMax offers data-transfer rates that can be superior to conventional cableandDSLconnections, however, the bandwidth must be shared among multiple users and thus yields lower speeds in practice. Uses:-The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:

1. Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices.

2. Providing a wireless alternative to cable anddigital subscriber line(DSL) for "last mile" broadband access.

3. Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) andIPTVservices (triple play).

4. Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.

5. Smart grids and metering

Advantages:-

1. Single station can serve hundreds of users.

2. Much faster deployment of new users comparing to wires networks.3. Speed of 10 mbps at 10 kilometers with line-of-site.4. It is standardized, and same frequency equipment should work together.

Disadvantages:-

1. Line of site is needed for longer connection.2. Weather condition like rain could interrupt the signal.

3. Other wireless equipment could cause interference.

4. Multiplied frequency is used.

5. Big installation and operation cost.

Chapter-4 Transmission MediaTRANSMISSION MEDIA

The means through which data is transformed from one place to another is called transmission or communication media. There are two categories of transmission media used in computer communications.

BOUNDED/GUIDED MEDIA UNBOUNDED/UNGUIDED MEDIA1.BOUNDED MEDIA:-Bounded media are the physical links through which signals are confined to narrow path. These are also called guide media. Bounded media are made up o a external conductor (Usually Copper) bounded by jacket material. Bounded media are great for LABS because they offer high speed, good security and low cast. However, some time they cannot be used due distance communication. Three common types of bounded media are used of the data transmission. These are

1. Coaxial Cable

2. Twisted Pairs Cable

3. Fiber Optics Cable

1. COAXIAL CABLE:-Coaxial cable is very common & widely used commutation media. For example TV wire is usually coaxial. Coaxial cable gets its name because it contains two conductors that are parallel to each other. The center conductor in the cable is usually copper. The copper can be either a solid wire or stranded martial. Outside this central Conductor is a non-conductive material. It is usually white, plastic material used to separate the inner Conductor form the outer Conductor. The other Conductor is a fine mesh made from Copper. It is used to help shield the cable form EMI. The actual data travels through the center conductor in the cable. EMI interference is caught by outer copper mesh. There are different types of coaxial cable vary by gauge & impedance. fig. Coaxial cable

Here the most common coaxial standards.1. 50-Ohm RG-7 or RG-11 : used with thick Ethernet.

2. 50-Ohm RG-58 : used with thin Ethernet

3. 75-Ohm RG-59 : used with cable television

4. 93-Ohm RG-62 : used with ARCNET.Characteristics:-

1. Low cost

2. Easy to install

3. Up to 10Mbps capacity

4. Medium immunity form EMI

5. Medium of attenuation

Advantages:-1. Inexpensive

2. Easy to wire

3. Easy to expand

4. Moderate level of EMI immunity

Disadvantage:-1. Single cable failure can take down an entire network2. Twisted Pair Cable:-The most popular network cabling is twisted pair. It is light weight, easy to install, inexpensive and support many different types of network. It also supports the speed of100 mps. Twisted pair cabling is made of pairs of solid or stranded copper twisted along each other. The twists are done to reduce vulnerably to EMI and cross talk. The number of pairs in the cable depends on the type. The copper core is usually22-AWG or 24-AWG asmeasured on the American wire gauge standard. There are two types of twisted pairs cabling.fig. Twisted pair cable1. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)2. Shielded twisted pair (STP)1.Unshielded twisted pair (UTP):-UTP is more common. It can be either voice grade or data grade depending on the condition. UTP cable normally has an impedance of 100 ohm. UTP cost less than STP and easily available due to its many use. There are five levels of data cabling 1. These are used in telephone lines and low speed data cable.

2. These cables can support up to 4 mps implementation.

3. These cable supports up to 16 mps and are mostly used in 10 mps.

4. These are used for large distance and high speed. It can support 20mps.

5. This is the highest rating for UTP cable and can support up to 100mps.

UTP cables consist of 2 or 4 pairs of twisted cable. Cable with 2 pair use RJ-11 connector and 4 pair cable use RJ-45 connector.

Characteristics:-1. low cost

2. easy to install

3. High speed capacity

4. High attenuation

5. Effective to EMI

6. 100 meter limit

Advantages:-1. Easy installation

2. Capable of high speed for LAN

3. Low cost

Disadvantages:-1. Short distance due to attenuation

2.Shielded twisted pair (STP):-It is similar to UTP but has a mesh shielding thats protects it from EMI which allows for higher transmission rate.

IBM has defined category for STP cable.

Characteristics:-1. Medium cost

2. Easy to install

3. Higher capacity than UTP

4. Higher attenuation, but same as UTP

5. Medium immunity from EMI

6. 100 meter limit

Advantages:-1. Shielded

2. Faster than UTP and coaxial

Disadvantages:-1. More expensive than UTP and coaxial

2. More difficult installation

3. High attenuation rate3. Fiber Optics Cable:-Fiber optic cable uses electrical signals to transmit data. It uses light. In fiber optic cable light only moves in one direction for two way communication to take place a second connection must be made between the two devices. It is actually two stands of cable. Each stand is responsible for one direction of communication. A laser at one device sends pulse of light through this cable to other device. These pulses translated into 1s and 0s at the other end. In the center of fiber cable is a glass stand or core. The light from the laser moves through this glass to the other device around the internal core is a reflective material known asCLADDING. No light escapes the glass core because of this reflectivecladding. Fiber optic cable has bandwidth more than2 gbps (Gigabytes per Second)

fig. Optical Fiber Cable

Characteristics:-1. Expensive

2. Very hard to install

3. Capable of extremely high speed

4. Extremely low attenuation

5. No EMI interference

Advantages:-1. Fast

2. Low attenuation

3. No EMI interference

Disadvantages:-1. Very costly

2. Hard to install

Chapter-5 Network TopologyNetwork topologyis the arrangement of the various elements (links,nodes, etc.) of a computerorbiological network. Essentially, it is thetopologicalstructure of a network, and may be depicted physically or logically.Physicaltopology refers to the placement of the network's various components, including device location and cable installation, whilelogical topologyshows how data flows within a network, regardless of its physical design. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, and/or signal types may differ between two networks, yet their topologies may be identical.There are two basic categories of network topologies:-1. Physical topologies

2. Logical topologies

The shape of the cabling layout used to link devices is called the physical topology of the network. This refers to the layout ofcabling, the locations of nodes, and the interconnections between the nodes and the cabling.The physical topology of a network is determined by the capabilities of the network access devices and media, the level of control or fault tolerance desired, and the cost associated with cabling or telecommunications circuits.The logical topology, in contrast, is the way that the signals act on the network media, or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to the physical interconnection of the devices. A network's logical topology is not necessarily the same as its physical topology. For example, the originaltwisted pair Ethernetusing repeaterwas a logical bus topology with a physical star topology layout.Token Ringis a logical ring topology, but is wired a physical star from theMedia Access Unit.Logical topologies are often closely associated withMedia Access Controlmethods and protocols. Logical topologies are able to be dynamically reconfigured by special types of equipment such asroutersand switches.The study of network topology recognizes eight basic topologies:-

1. Point-to-point

2. Bus

3. Star

4. Ring or circular

5. Mesh

6. Tree

7. Hybrid

1. Point-to-Point Topology:-

Point-to-point (PTP) topology connects two nodes directly together. The following examples are pure point to point links:1. Two computers communicating via modems.

2. A mainframe terminal communicating with a front end processor.

3. A workstation communicating along a parallel cable to a printer.

2. Bus Topology:-In local area networks where bus technology is used, each machine is connected to a long, single cable. The cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network. Each computer or server is connected to the single bus cable through drop lines and some kind of connector. A terminator is required at each end of the bus cable to prevent the signal from bouncing back and forth on the bus cable.

Advantages of Bus Topology:-1. Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.

2. Requires less cable length than mesh or star topologies.

3. It is cheaper than any other topologies.Disadvantages of Bus Topology:-1. If the network cable breaks, the entire network will be down.

2. Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.

3. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.

4. Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

5. Include difficult reconnection and fault isolation.

6. The managing cost of network is too high.

7. Addition of new devices requires modification or replacement of the backbone.3. Star Topology:-In local area networks where the star topology is used, each machine is connected to a central hub. The star topology allows each machine on the network to have a point to point connection to the central hub. All of the traffic which transverses the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a signal booster or repeater which in turn allows the signal to travel greater distances.

fig. Star topology

Advantages of a Star Topology:-1. Easy to install and reconfigure.

2. No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.

3. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

4. Less expensive.

5. Includes robustness, that is, if one link fails, only that link is affected, other links remain active.

Disadvantages of a Star Topology:-1. If the hub fails, the whole system is dead.

2. If the hub, switch, or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.

3. Requires more cable length than a bus topology.

4. More expensive than bus topologies because of the cost of the hubs, etc.

4. Ring Topology:-In local area networks where the ring topology is used, each computer is connected to the network in a closed loop or ring. The signal passes through each machine or computer connected to the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination. Each machines or computers connected to the ring act as signal boosters or repeaters. When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along.

fig. Ring topologyAdvantages of a Ring Topology:-1. It is relatively easy to install and reconfigure.

2. Easy to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.

Disadvantages of a Ring Topology:-

1. Only one machine can transmit on the network at a time.

2. The failure of one machine will cause the entire network to fail.5. Mesh Topology:In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only between the two devices it connects. Here, if we have n nodes, then we need to connect to n-1 nodes and n(n-1) physical links. However, if each physical link allows communication in both directions (duplex mode), we need n(n-1)/2 links.

fig. Mesh topology

Advantages of a Mesh Topology:-1. Eliminates traffic problems in links sharing.

2. If one link becomes unusable, it does not incapacitate the entire system. Thus, act as robust.

3. It has privacy and security.

4. Point-to-point link make fault identification and fault isolation easy.Disadvantages of a Mesh Topology:-1. Installation and reconnection are difficult.

2. The hardware required to connect each link (I/O ports and cable) is expensive.

3. It is generally too costly and complex for practical networks.

6. Tree Topology:The type of network topology in which a central 'root' node (the top level of the hierarchy) is connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the second level) with a point-to-point link between each of the second level nodes and the top level central 'root' node, while each of the second level nodes that are connected to the top level central 'root' node will also have one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the third level) connected to it, also with a point-to-point link, the top level central 'root' node being the only node that has no other node above it in the hierarchy

fig. Tree topology

Advantages of a Tree Topology:-1. Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.

2. Supported by several hardware and software venders.

Disadvantages of a Tree Topology:-1. Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.

2. If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.

3. More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.7. Hybrid Topology:-Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected.Advantages of a Hybrid Topology:-1. It provides a better result by it.

2. It can be designed in many ways for various purposes. fig. Hybrid topology

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology:-1. It is costly.

2. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.Chapter-6 FacilitiesBSNL provides many facilities like the BSNL mobile connections, BSNL landline connections, BSNL broadband connections, BSNL WLL connections, BSNL internet connections.

Cellular Mobile Serves:-There are two mobile services present they are postpaid and prepaid.

BSNLs GSM cellular mobile service Cell one has a customer base of over 5.2 million. BSNL Mobile provides all the services like MMS, GPRS, Voice Mail, E-mail, Short Message Service (SMS) both national and international, unified messaging service (send and receive e-mails) etc. You can use BSNL Mobile in over 160 countries worldwide and in 270 cellular networks and over 1000 cities/towns across India. It has got coverage in all National and State Highways and train routes. BSNL Mobile offers all India Roaming facility to both pre-paid and post-paid customers (including Mumbai & Delhi).

BSNL launched Data One broadband service in January 2005 which shall be extended toall villages of the country very shortly. The service is being provided on existing copper infrastructure on ADSL2 technology. The minimum speed offered to the customeris 256 Kbps at Rs. 199/- per month only including rent of Telephone. So at just Rs 19 per month with 250 MB of free download. Subsequently, other services such as Multicasting, Video Conferencing, Video-on-Demand, Broadcast application etc will be added. In UP east circle Broadband services are available at all DHQ, more that 50 BHQ, 350 towns and more than 5000 villages. By This year every corner of the UP East circle will be covered with Broadband services. For Applying Broadband Dial 1500Or Fill the Broad Form and deposit in any of the customer service centers of your city.The most recent and attractive tariff plans are as follows:Check Broad Band Speed1. From Speed Test Site2. From BSNL Kolkata Server3. From BSNLNoida Server4. From International Server: Speed of downloading from Internet is restricted by the servers in which files are residing.

The Plain old, Countrywide telephone Service through 32,000 electronic exchanges. Digitalized Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) with a host of Phone Plus value additions.

Keeping the global network of Networks networked, the countrywide Internet Services of BSNL under the brand name

Wireless in Local Loop:-This is a communication system that connects customers to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) using radio frequency signals as a substitute for conventional wires for all or part of the connection between the subscribers and the telephone exchange. Countrywide WLL is being offered in areas that are non-feasible for the normal network. Helping relieve congestion of connections in the normal cable/wire based network in urban areas. Connecting the remote and scattered rural areas. Limited mobility without any air-time charge. Services are available through out UP East circle even where Land line is not there.Mobile Help Desk:-1. How to check the balance of validity.

2. Procedure of recharging cellular prepaid.

3. Procedure for activation of excel power plain.4. International roaming.5. Migration among prepaid plans.

On Line Services:- 1. landline and broadband booking

2. broadband booking

3. customer care protocol

4. pay cellone bill

5. postpaid duplicate bill.

International Roaming:-1. BSNL Postpaid customers can opt for international roaming facility.

2. Roaming in over 182 countries and over 302 networks around the world.

3. Security Deposit of Rs. 7500/-

4. Monthly rental is Rs. 99/-

5. Call charges depends on network utilized while roaming.

6. 15% added towards administration charges.

7. The bill will be raised by BSNL & can be paid in rupees.

Guidelines for BSNL Mobile Subscribers with International Roaming FacilityWelcome to the world of International Roaming: Now you can Roam world-wide*and stay in touch with the same BSNL Mobile Telephone Number. Please spend a minute and go through this online guide. This will guide you step by step on how to optimally utilize International Roaming Facility. Procedure Of Recharging The Cellular Prepaid:-1.Procedure for recharging the cellular prepaid while in home circle(a)Dial 123 and follow the instructions

Or

(b)Dial *123* (16Digit recharging code)# and enter

2.Procedure for recharging the cellular prepaid while roaming (a) Dial the number 094xxxxx123 and follow the instructions same as 123 IVRS.

Or

(b) Dial *123* (16 Digit recharging code)# and enterHow To Get Bill Amount & Usage Amount Of Postpaid Mobile:-1.Procedure for getting last bill amount and current usage amount through SMS:(i)Send SMS bill at 53333 for getting the bill amount

(ii)Send SMS amt at 53333 for getting the usage amount

Note: This is a chargeable facility.

2.Procedure for getting last bill amount through Website:i.Go to website www.bsnl.co.in

ii.Go to the link Cell one Duplicate Bill under the section Value Added Service available on the home page of BSNL website.

iii.Enter the mobile number & account number available on mobile bill at Cell one Bill Form and click on Submit to view and printing of duplicate cell one bill.

Five Black Out Days:-Facility of reduced rate (Special Tariff Vouchers) will not be available on 5 black-out days, i.e. New Year Eve 31st Dec., New Year Day 1st Jan., Valentine Day, Diwali & Christmas Day. (Except India Golden 50, Golden 50 plus & One sec pulse)Enterprise Business:-BSNL UP (E) Circle is fullyequipped and geared to meet the Telecom & IT requirements of our Corporate/Enterprise customers including Government Department, PSUs, Universities, Colleges etc. through single window arrangement.We undertake the provisioning of following services as per need of our esteemed customers:- Broadband services, VPN over Broadband, Web services, IPTV & Video on demand, fixed line, ISDN PRI/BRI services & CDMA WLL services etc. Mobile connections (Post paid/ Pre-paid), CUG facility on Mobile connections, Mobile Value Added Services viz SMS, PRBT, GPRS/WAP/MMS etc SMS & Bulk SMS Services through Sancharnet e-mail service Internet Bandwidth lease lines, MPLS-VPN and point to point lease data circuits Complete ready to use solution for Internet Bandwidth/MPLS-VPN Data circuits through Managed Network Services. EPABX service on payment of nominal rentals by installing EPABX free of cost at customers premises under BSNLs Last Mile Services.In addition to above and host of many other services being offered by BSNL, it also undertakes the following works:-(a)Project consultancy(b)Turn key projects.(c)Network Design.(d)Operation & MaintenanceFuture scopeB.Tech ECE graduates have good scope for jobs in public sector companies. Since your specialization lies in ECE stream, you can try for positions related to your domain in companies like BSNL; MTNL etc only after you finish your B.Tech. In BSNL, you can apply for JTO (Junior Telecom Officer) positions. You can apply for that position if you obtain 60% marks in B.Tech. Selection for JTO post will be on the basis of BSNL JTO examination. Higher age limit for this exam is 30 years. You will have to pass this exam after which you can attend GD and personal interview too. Regarding information about this exam, you can visit official site of BSNL for details.

Source:Jobs in tele communication sector being in B.Tech ECE? Process of getting it and information on exams to be conducted by BSNL? | Government Jobs 2012http://governmentjobsalerts.com/jobs-tele-communication-sector-being-b-tech-ece-process-getting-information-exams-conducted-bsnl-38219.html#ixzz20OPsvWvsVision and Mission of the BSNLVision:-

To Become The Largest Telecom Service Provider In South East Asia.

Mission: -

To Provide World Class State-Of-Art Technology Telecom Services On Demand AtAffordable Price.To Provide World Class Telecom Infrastructure to Develop Countrys Economy.Conclusion

I saw various divisions of C.T.O. compound area exchange and tried to group as much as I could, which switched my knowledge and logics. At the last, I would like to say thanks to all the staff of unit who helped me through my taring period. Hence,fromthisreportitisclear thatBSNListhebestservice providerinAsia. BSNLprovidesworld-class State-of-art technology telecom services to its customers on demand at competitive pricesworld class telecom infrastructure in its area of operation and to contribute to the growth of the countrys economy.

Thanks

Meenakshi Gupta

6040

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ECE 5BBibliography

OCB 283 Service Manuals - Call Processing In OCB 283

www.En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki - Common Channel Signaling No. 7

Ccs#7 Manuals - Principle & Requirements Of CCS

www.Tnd.Bsnl.Co.In - Features & Facilities Of The CCS System

OCB System Manuals - Hardware Configuration of OCB 283Data Communication and Networking by Behrouz A Forouzan.Wikipedia and other websites.

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