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Budget Transparency for Children’s Rights (BT4CR)

QUESTIONNAIRE ON BUDGET TRANSPARENCY AND CHILD MALNUTRITION

FINAL VERSION

(version 8)

This final version was informed by consultations with the BT4CR researchers and

Save the Children staff present at a BT4CR workshop in Pretoria 28-29 May 2012,

and with Elena Mondo at the International Budget Partnership.

At the pen: Anna Schnell, Erica Coetzee and Judith Streak

Accountability & Transparency for Human Rights Foundation

COUNTRY:

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CONTENTS

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE 1

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 10

SECTION 2: PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON INTERVENTIONS & SUB-NATIONAL UNITS 17

SECTION 3: RUNNING REFERENCE LIST OF SOURCES 48

SECTION 4: QUESTIONS ABOUT POLICY & PLANNING FOR CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS 57

A. POLICY AND STRATEGIC COORDINATION IN CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS 59

B. PLANNED (BUDGETED) EXPENDITURES FOR CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS 95

SECTION 5: QUESTIONS ABOUT THE IMPLENTATION OF CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS 102

C. ACTUAL EXPENDITURES ON CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS 106

D. BUDGET PERFORMANCE IN RELATION TO CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS 130

SECTION 6: QUESTIONS ABOUT PARTICIPATION IN BUDGETING FOR CHILD NUTRITION 163

E. PUBLIC AND CHILDREN’S PARTICIPATION IN BUDGETING DECISIONS 165

Please note that when you, the researcher, start to fill in the questionnaire the page numbering above will change and no longer be correct.

QUESTIONNAIRE ON BUDGET TRANSPARENCY & CHILD MALNUTRITION

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE

To answer the questions in this questionnaire it is important to know the definitions of the terms used. This is why the glossary below is the first to

be presented in this questionnaire.

Actual expenditures: These are the amounts actually spent by a government department or by the government as a whole on a specific

programme over a given period, usually over a budget year.

Approved expenditure: These are the amounts reflected in the budget enacted by the legislature in a given country, including any revised

estimates and other amendments approved by the legislature during the budget year.

Budget allocations: See ‘Planned expenditures’.

Budget documents: In the questionnaire the term ‘budget documents’ refers to all the formal planning, communication and reporting mechanisms

used by a government to present and disseminate information about its budgets and budgeting. It may include print publications,

unpublished documents as well as online sources. Typically the most common types of budget documents produced by a government to

this end would include a pre-budget statement, the executive’s budget proposal, a popular version of the budget or citizens’ budget, the

enacted budget, in-year budget reports, a mid-term budget review, year-end reports and audit reports. Sector specific planning and

reporting documents may also present budget information, such as strategic plans and annual reports.

Budget information: All information produced, published and disseminated by a government regarding its budgets and budgeting, including the

budget implementation process. This means that information from different sectors and departments regarding the roll-out of programmes

and services should also be seen as part of budget information.

Budget planning: The first phase of the budget process in most countries, usually led by the Ministry of Finance. Budget planning generally

includes macro-economic modelling and analysis, revenue projections and the formulation of detailed spending proposals.

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Budget proposals: Plans drawn up, for example, by a government or by the government as a whole, outlining which programmes and activities it

plans to undertake in the upcoming budget year (or over the medium-term) and the costs associated with those programmes and activities.

Budget transparency: For the purposes of this questionnaire, ‘budget transparency’ is defined as a situation in which a member of the public or

civil society is able to access information about a given government intervention or programme either via the internet, at a public library or

resource centre, or by requesting such information from a government office, in person, by phone or via email. In the latter instance,

transparency is seen to be adequate if the information is provided within two weeks of the request being made. See also ‘publically

available’.

Budget year: A budget year (sometimes called a fiscal year) is the period for which budget planning is done. When the questionnaire refers to ‘the

budget year’ without further qualification, this is the year for which the executive’s most recent budget proposal is being drafted.

Caregivers: All those involved in the care and supervision of children, including parents, grandparents, siblings, other children and family or

household members, as well as child-minders, babysitters, crèche staff, early childhood development practitioners, teachers, teachers’ aides,

nurses and those working in shelters, orphanages and places of safety. See also ‘Primary caregivers’.

Cash transfer: A government intervention that takes the form of providing money to individuals or households, usually targeted to those most in

need or to those with limited or no income-earning capacity. Cash transfer programmes are typically directed to people with disabilities,

veterans, the aged, vulnerable children, the unemployed and impoverished. In different contexts, such programmes may also be referred to

as income support, social grants, social security, social benefits or in the case of the aged, state pensions.

Child: A child is defined as a person between the ages of birth and seventeen years, up to the day before the eighteenth birthday. This is the same

definition as in the United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Union’s African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of

the Child.

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Children: For the purpose of this questionnaire the word ‘children’ is used to encompass different children and different groups of children. We do

recognise, however, that children are not a homogenous group.

Child malnutrition: Child malnutrition includes three distinct conditions known as stunting, wasting and micronutrient deficiency. Stunting is also

referred to as chronic malnutrition and can come about in two ways. Firstly stunting can result from a poor diet extending over a number of

years, so that the child takes in too few calories or too little nutritious food or both. Secondly, an infection can prevent the absorption of

nutrients in the child’s body. When a child is stunted, he/she is too short for his/her age. Wasting results from a severe and often sudden

lack of food or disease. When a child is wasting, his weight is too low for his height. Micronutrient deficiency exists when a child lacks vital

vitamins and minerals in his/her diet. This is linked to long-term lack of nutritious food, or having an infection such as worms. Nearly all child

deaths linked to micronutrient deficiency are due to a lack of vitamin A, zinc or iron.

Child nutrition: The term ‘child nutrition’ is used to refer broadly to the nutritional status of children. It represents a range of conditions which

differ in the extent to which children are receiving and absorbing the nutrients they need to grow and develop.

Child nutrition interventions: This is used in the questionnaire as a short-hand term to refer to all the various kinds of government programmes,

projects or other undertakings aimed at reducing child malnutrition or otherwise improving the nutritional status of children in a country.

Child rights obligations: The legal obligations on the state to use available resources in order to protect, fulfil and deliver the rights of children

living in that country. Such obligations may derive from international or regional human rights treaties and laws, such as declarations and

conventions of the African Union and United Nations, recommendations from UN and AU committees overseeing the implementation of

specific international or regional human rights treaties, recommendations from the Universal Peer Review of states by the UN Human Rights

Council, the Abuja Declaration, and so forth. These examples are referred to as international and regional documents or sources of child

rights obligations. However, a government’s obligations to children also derive from national laws and policies that give content and

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substance to the delivery of child rights. The in-country documents and sources may include laws and constitutions, policies, strategies,

codes of conduct, norms and standards, regulations, formal guidelines and plans of action.

Consult with the public: As accepted methods of government consultation tend to vary from country to country, the exact form the consultations

take will have to be assessed by the researcher. In most instances, it would be assumed that a government has consulted with citizens if it

has undertaken such activities as hosting public meetings, engaging with different stakeholders, inviting submissions from the public, or

public feedback on its own proposals, holding focus group discussions with affected groups, conducting public opinion polls, and so forth.

Coordinated planning, budgeting and service delivery: Concrete actions taken by government departments to work together to improve child

nutrition through joint planning, budgeting and service delivery concerning an intervention that relates to more than one sector or

department.

Cost an intervention: In short to ‘cost an intervention’ entails mapping the content of a programme or law for example. Then analysing the

content and building a costing model that takes different scenarios into account. The scenarios are based on the current situation and

different roll-out scenarios. The roll-out scenario’s costs are estimated and outlined. The information is used in planning and budgeting for

the intervention.

Current budget documents: In this questionnaire, this refers to all the budget documents and strategic plans produced and disseminated by the

government pertaining to the budget year for which the government’s most recent budget proposal is being drafted. This includes older

documents that were produced before the budget year, but are still being used with reference to the budget year. Researchers are

encouraged to exercise their discretion in identifying publically available government documents that are most apt for answering the

questions.

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Department: For the purposes of this study, ‘department’ is used to refer to an administrative unit of government responsible for the execution of

programmes or services in a given sector. In some countries, such units may be referred to as ministries or agencies. At different levels of

government, departments may also be known as (or divided into) agencies, branches, district offices, and so forth.

Development aid: ‘Development aid’ is used as an umbrella term in this questionnaire to refer to all foreign funds, including grants and loans,

received by a developing country from another country’s government, a donor organisation or international financial institution for the

purposes of welfare and socio-economic development. It may take the form of official development assistance or technical assistance and

includes both bilateral and multi-lateral aid.

Intervention: For the purposes of this questionnaire, the term ‘intervention’ denotes any project, programme, good or service undertaken by a

government sector, department or agency to meet a given objective, for example to improve child nutrition. Typically the interventions

under the spotlight in this study are not once-off events (for example a conference on child malnutrition) but rather on-going initiatives

running for at least one budget year, if not longer.

Income support: See ‘Cash transfer’.

Indicators: See ‘Performance indicators’.

Law: See ‘Policy’.

Mechanisms to gather the public’s perspectives: The government is accountable to the public and is responsive to public participation when it

provides feedback to the public on issues raised. Mechanisms to gather the public’s perspectives are therefore needed. These mechanisms

can take many shapes and forms. This questionnaire agrees with the following statement found in the Open Budget Survey 2012 of the

International Budget Partnership (slightly modified): The government should systematically collect, maintain, monitor, and evaluate

information gained from public involvement activities. The government should also maintain contact information for individuals and groups

that want to be involved in specific budget issues, and it should use multiple communication mechanisms to ensure that those that want to

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be involved are notified of opportunities to engage in and decisions regarding these issues. The government should explain to those who

participated in its public engagement mechanisms, and to the broader public, how this engagement has informed budget plans and

execution. It should also gather feedback on the public’s perception of how successful these processes and their outcomes have been. This

type of engagement is particularly important for those members of the public who put effort into participating. There may be certain

legitimate situations in which the government may choose to withhold the identity of a person providing inputs on the budget, for instance,

if the safety of the person is of concern (e.g., such situations may arise over corruption complaints).

Non-financial data: The budget should not only present the amount of money being spent on an intervention but also other information needed

to analyse it. In terms of this questionnaire ‘non-financial data’ could be the number of vulnerable children, number of beneficiaries, number

of meals, number of social security grants, number of health workers, etc.

Outputs: Goods or services delivered as the result of a government intervention being implemented. For example, the outputs of an education

programme could be teachers trained, schools built or students educated.

Performance indicators: Measures defined and used in government programmes to plan and monitor the implementation of services and

programmes. Indicators may be used to measure progress towards meeting certain targets (see ‘outputs’ and ‘service delivery targets’ in this

glossary). For example, if a performance indicator for a child nutrition programme is to measure the number of children reached through a

school-feeding scheme, the associated service delivery target might be to reach 10,000 children.

Planned expenditures: These are the projected spending figures that make up a department’s (or the entire government’s) budget for the

upcoming fiscal year, and for two to three subsequent years if that country uses a medium-term economic framework. In this questionnaire,

the term ‘planned expenditures’ is seen to be synonymous with ‘budgeted expenditures’, “allocated expenditures” and “allocations”.

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Policy: Guiding national, regional and international documents, including laws, which set out the principles, goals, rules and parameters of a

government’s approach to a certain sector, function, problem or issue. Policies are generally expected to have a longer lifespan than

strategic plans and budgets, and may include norms and standards that have to be met through such strategic plans and budgets.

Primary caregiver: The person or persons responsible for the largest share of the care and supervision given to a child, frequently the mother,

grandmother and/or other female family member(s).

Publically available: For the purposes of this study, information is regarded as publically available if a member of the public or civil society is able

to access it via the internet, at a public library or resource centre, or by requesting such information from a government office, in person,

by phone or via email. In the latter instance, information is seen as publically available if it is provided within two weeks of the request

being made. Only documents that are publically available should be used as source material for this study. See also ‘budget transparency’.

Public participation: For the purpose of this questionnaire the term ‘public participation’ is used to describe what takes place when people engage

with the government in relation to public budget planning and spending. The public’s engagement could for example be intended to lead to

better service delivery of an intervention in a community.

Scale: For the purpose of this study the term scale refers to the number of children.

Sector: A term used to differentiate between broad areas of societal activity and government intervention. Traditionally the social sectors are seen

to include education, health, welfare, housing and so on. The economic sectors are seen to include agriculture, trade and industry, forestry

and so forth.

Service delivery targets: The planned outputs to be achieved by a given government intervention over a defined period. For example, the service

delivery targets of a child nutrition programme could be to increase uptake of Vitamin A supplementations by 20 per cent over three years,

or to ensure that 50,000 children are provided with meals through a school-feeding scheme. For the purposes of this questionnaire, service

delivery targets are understood as the immediate (annual) or medium-term aims of an intervention. Service delivery targets may have

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different names in different documents or countries; they may for example be referred to as planned outputs, performance targets, service

delivery milestones and the like. Progress in meeting service delivery targets are often measured with the help of performance indicators

(see ‘Performance indicators’ in this glossary).

Sources of revenue: All the means through which a country, or sub-national section of a country, collects income for public spending, investment

and debt repayment. Sources of revenue could include direct and indirect taxes, levies, interest on investments, income from extractive

industries, loans, grants and other forms of development aid,

Spending plans: See ‘Planned expenditures’.

Sub-national level: A level or sphere of government other than the national level. In many countries, certain powers and duties of government are

devolved to lower levels, for example provinces, states, regions, districts or municipalities.

Sub-national units: A sub-national unit is a single province, district, municipality or similar entity that is under the executive authority of a given

sub-national government.

Vulnerable children and most vulnerable children: The term ‘vulnerable children’ refers to children who due to difficult circumstances in which

they live are at high risk of suffering, or suffer, from malnutrition. The target audience of child nutrition interventions are most often selected

from among these vulnerable children (who form a subgroup to the whole child population). From a child rights perspective, all children have

a right to adequate nutrition, and hence governments should identify and target all vulnerable children in their child malnutrition

interventions. However, in reality, resources are limited. It is acknowledged in the Convention on the Rights of the Child that a sub-set of

vulnerable children may therefore be targeted, with progressive upward adjustment in eligibility over time as more resources become

available. In this questionnaire the term used for this sub-set of vulnerable children is ‘most vulnerable children’. For the purpose of this

study ‘most vulnerable children’ refers to the subset of children among the vulnerable children that suffers most from malnutrition. These

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children are important to identify as they need to be given special priority by government when designing, budgeting for and implementing

interventions to promote child nutrition.

Year-end reports: Budget reports, including actual expenditure figures, submitted at the end of the budget year, reporting on the implementation

of approved programmes.

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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Broad aims of the Budget Transparency for Child Rights initiative

Budget Transparency for Child Rights (BT4CR) was established to work towards more effective monitoring of children’s rights. The core idea is that

we need greater access to more and better budget information about what governments around the world are doing to realise the rights of

children. Over the next few years, the BT4CR aims to:

Investigate and report on the extent and nature of transparency in public spending on interventions and services aimed at children;

Develop tools to track budget transparency for children through budget planning to service delivery, at national and sub-national levels;

Provide opportunities for child rights advocates in various countries to build a budget transparency angle into their campaigns; and to

Encourage dialogue on possible norms for transparency in public budgeting in relation to children, so that we are better able to meaningfully

monitor the implementation of children’s rights.

1.2 Specific objectives of this questionnaire

The questionnaire contained in this document is a pilot research instrument. It intends to shed light on how transparent government budgeting is

when it comes to one critical responsibility we have towards children: ensuring that they have enough nutrition to survive into adulthood. The

specific objectives of the questionnaire are to:

Take a detailed look into transparency around public spending on child malnutrition in five African countries, namely Kenya, South Africa,

Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

In these five countries, assess and record how much and what kind of budget information is publically available pertaining to government

interventions aimed at combating child malnutrition.

Collate and compare the findings to formulate recommendations and inform further advocacy and research.

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1.3 Definition of budget transparency

Transparency can be and has been defined in many different ways by civil society actors, academics and governments themselves. It is generally

agreed that transparency is a key element in democratic practice, and helps to ensure and enhance participation and accountability. In an ideal

case, transparency requires more than the mere existence of information, and includes considerations about the quality and usefulness of that

information. However, it would be a huge undertaking to assess not only whether budget information exists in relation to a government’s child

nutrition interventions, but furthermore to evaluate how comprehensive and useful that information is. Given the constraints of this pilot study,

this questionnaire applies a narrow definition of budget transparency. Budget information is regarded as transparent if it is “publically available” in

the sense that:

The information can be accessed online, or

The information can be found in a hard copy budget document in a public library or similar public resource centre, or

The information can be requested (and is duly provided) from a government office, or

The information is provided freely (or at a very low cost) within 2 weeks of a request for such information having been made via letter,

email or telephone.

1.4 The focus on child malnutrition

It is not possible within the bounds of this pilot study to investigate all government budgeting affecting children’s rights. To mark out a manageable

research terrain, this questionnaire has a specific focus on the child’s right to health, and within that, on efforts to prevent and reduce child

malnutrition. (For more information on the definition of child malnutrition, see the Glossary of Terms at the beginning of the document).

The selection of this focus is informed by strategic and practical considerations. The nutritional status of children plays a critical role in their well-

being and survival. Malnourished children are more vulnerable to disease: it is one of the key factors affecting the life expectancy of children,

especially young children. The Millennium Development Goal number 4 (MDG4) is to reduce the mortality rate of children under 5 by a third by

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2015. Addressing child malnutrition has been identified by Save the Children and others as a critical strategy for achieving MDG4. We would expect

to see government interventions aimed at advancing child nutrition and combatting child malnutrition in the budgets of any country committed to

reducing child mortality.

In addition, government budgeting to advance child nutrition is likely to display some other features which should assist this study:

It is anticipated that interventions for child nutrition can relatively easily be identified within budgets as distinct programs or projects –

thereby enhancing the scope for meaningful research and comparisons across countries.

Interventions for child nutrition may well involve more than one government department or sector. This could help to shed light on intra-

governmental co-ordination – an important factor affecting government delivery for children more broadly.

Interventions to improve child nutrition stand a good chance of involving more than one level of government. This should allow the study

to gain more nuanced insights into variations in budget transparency at different levels.

1.5 Identification of relevant government sectors

In many countries, government interventions to combat child malnutrition involve more than one government sector. Therefore this questionnaire

cannot be customised for or limited to a single sector. In each of the pilot countries, researchers will have a preliminary task of scanning the

various sectors in their context and identifying interventions that have as a direct or indirect aim to enhance the nutritional status of children. It is

anticipated that in the majority of countries, relevant interventions are most likely to be found in the sectors of health, social development or

welfare, agriculture and education. However, interventions affecting child nutrition may also be uncovered in other sectors such as trade and

industry, community development, water and sanitation, public works – and in some instances, located within dedicated ministries or

departments of child affairs or child welfare. SECTION 2 of this document provides background information and guidelines for conducting this

preliminary exercise.

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1.6 Levels and units of government

This questionnaire asks of researchers to look into budget transparency at both the national level and at relevant sub-national levels in their

countries. The dual emphasis is important because:

The implementation of interventions aimed at children often happens at sub-national levels and it should be possible to track public funds to

where they are spent.

The extent and nature of budget information about interventions at sub-national levels may vary considerably from that which is available at

national level.

There may be noteworthy variations in budget transparency between different sub-national units, for example different provinces or districts,

in the same country.

It is, however, beyond the scope of this study to investigate the budget transparency of government’s child nutrition interventions at all sub-

national levels and within every sub-national unit in a country. It will be necessary for researchers to identify three sub-national units (for example,

three provinces, districts or municipalities) to consider more closely as part of their enquiry. These units should be selected with a view to

including areas that are likely to have better and worse capacity for budget reporting and varying track-records in government transparency.

SECTION 2 of this document provides guidance for researchers to identify the most relevant sub-national units to focus on in their study.

1.7 Spotlight on government budgets

The questionnaire on budget transparency and child malnutrition focuses exclusively on public resources in the five pilot countries; therefore the

spotlight falls on all funds that flow through government budgets, whether at the national or sub-national levels. Development aid (including

donor funds and loans from international financial institutions) may play a significant role in financing government interventions aimed at

combating child malnutrition. Such funds will only form part of the study to the extent that they form part of the country’s public budget. Off-

budget funding of child nutrition interventions are explicitly excluded from this research.

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1.8 The structure of the questionnaire

The questionnaire is divided into six parts:

SECTION 1 is the introduction to the document.

SECTION 2 provides a framework for preliminary research into government budgeting for child nutrition. It guides the selection of five

interventions to focus on in the rest of the questionnaire, as well as the three sub-national units that will be investigated.

SECTION 3 is a running bibliography of sources pertaining to the research. It includes tables for recording documents and other sources

consulted in the process of completing the questionnaire, as well as the details of interviews and other investigative communications.

SECTION 4 consists of questions relating to the government’s policy and planning for child nutrition interventions, including budget planning.

SECTION 5 presents questions about the implementation of child nutrition interventions, including actual expenditures and service delivery.

SECTION 6 sets out questions pertaining to public participation in budget decision-making about interventions to advance child nutrition.

1.9 Research deadlines and submission dates

The overall deadline for the completion of this questionnaire is 17 August 2012. A number of interim deadlines have been set to ensure steady

progress and opportunities for feedback during the research process:

SECTION 2 is to be completed and submitted by 2 July 2012.

SECTIONS 4 and 5 are to be completed and submitted by 27 July 2012.

SECTIONS 6 and 3 are to be completed and submitted by 17 August 2012.

All sections should be submitted to Anna Schnell by email at the following address: [email protected]). Following the

submission of the completed questionnaires, researchers will be asked to respond to questions of clarification and comments from peer reviewers.

Questions related to this questionnaire should also be communicated with Anna.

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mailto:[email protected]


1.10 The findings from this research

The findings from this questionnaire on budget transparency and child malnutrition will be used to inform budget advocacy and child rights

campaigns in each of the five pilot countries. In addition, the collective findings across the five pilot countries will be analysed and summarised to

produce a cross-country research report. Relevant findings and insights will be highlighted and if appropriate, included as a special focus theme in

or alongside the forthcoming Open Budget Index (OBI) 2012 report, which is due to be published and disseminated by the IBP in 2013.

1.11 Organisations involved in the study

This pilot questionnaire on budget transparency and child malnutrition was developed by the Accountability and Transparency for Human

Rights (ATHR) Foundation, in consultation with domain experts. The ATHR is a new organisation created to undertake this pilot study. It seeks

to advance children’s rights by promoting transparency, accountability and participation.

The pilot study is supported by the International Budget Partnership (IBP) and aims to complement the IBP’s work on budget transparency in

countries around the world, particularly through its Open Budget Initiative (see www.internationalbudget.org). IBP staff played a key role in

informing the conceptualisation and design of the project and research methodology.

This pilot study is being carried out in collaboration with the Child Rights Governance Initiative (CRGI) of Save the Children. The pilot study aims

to inform the CRGI breakthrough on “Investment in Children” and complement Save the Children’s EveryOne campaign, which is active in 50

countries and focuses particularly on countries with high child death rates (see www.everyone.org). Save the Children supported the BT4CR

workshop held in Pretoria in May 2012 and is part of the reference group that contributes to the methodology development of BT4CR. Save

the Children intends to use results of the BT4CR to among other target the African Union.

The following organisations are research partners in this pilot study:

In Kenya, the Children’s Legal Action Network (CLAN).

In South Africa, the Public Service Accountability Monitor (PSAM).

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http://www.everyone.org/

http://www.internationalbudget.org/


In Uganda, the Uganda Debt Network (UDN).

In Zambia, the University of Zambia in collaboration with Zambia Civic Education Association (ZCEA).

In Zimbabwe, the National Association of Non-Governmental Organisations (NANGO).

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SECTION 2: PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON INTERVENTIONS & SUB-NATIONAL UNITS The aim of this section is to provide a framework for selecting the interventions you will focus on in the rest of the questionnaire, as well as the

sub-national units most relevant for your research. The section is structured as follows:

Sub-section 2.1 offers background information and examples of the typical kinds of interventions you might expect to find in a developing

country to advance child nutrition. Read only.

Sub-section 2.2 gives criteria to inform the selection of interventions for the research you undertake in your country. Read only.

Sub-section 2.3 contains 8 tables to be completed by the researcher. These tables guide you through the process of listing, scoring and

selecting the five most relevant interventions in your context. Researcher to complete TABLES 1A to 1E, as well as TABLES 2, 3 and 4 by ticking

boxes and entering text as instructed.

Sub-section 2.4 gives criteria to inform the selection of the sub-national units you will focus on in your research. Read only.

Sub-section 2.5 contains 2 tables to be completed by the researcher. These tables guide you through the process of analysing and selecting

three appropriate sub-national units for your research. Researcher to complete TABLES 5 and 6 by ticking boxes and entering text as instructed.

Please note: If you are in doubt regarding a definition of a term in this questionnaire, consult the glossary at the beginning of this document or

contact Anna Schnell at ATHR (see section 1.9).

2.1 Government interventions to combat malnutrition

Child malnutrition is caused, in direct terms, by inadequate diet and by infection. These primary causes of malnutrition are influenced by food

access and availability, health care, water and sanitation, the nutritional and hygiene knowledge of caregivers, as well as other determinants of

health and hygiene in the child’s environment.

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Every country will have a different collection of strategies for combating child malnutrition. In addition, various government functions, for example

the provision of sanitation services, can have a significant indirect impact on children’s nutritional status, without having the overt purpose of

combating child malnutrition. For the purposes of this study, the term ‘interventions’ is used as a blanket term to refer to all government

programmes, projects and/or other initiatives that aim to improve, either directly or indirectly, the nutritional status of children. One of the first

tasks you, as the country researcher, will have to undertake is to identify relevant government interventions in your own context that you will

focus on when completing the questionnaire. The interventions you select will depend on what is actually being done by your country’s

government in relation to child nutrition. However, it is important to think broadly when considering which interventions to focus on in. To this

end, some examples are given below of a range of different interventions that governments may be using to reduce child malnutrition and

promote child nutrition. Please note that these are simply examples to inform your own research and thinking, and that the interventions in your

own country may be different from, or not appear on, the list.

Examples of interventions that could advance child nutrition

Income support/cash transfers (including conditional and unconditional grants and transfers) targeted at children and/or vulnerable adults,

for example the elderly.

Food transfers (targeted at poor families, households or/and communities).

Providing support to small scale farmers, which may include subsidies for key inputs and/or raising productivity by improving knowledge.

Food fortification.

Providing meals to children at schools (often referred to as school-feeding).

Enhancing the nutritional intake of children attending early childhood development (ECD) facilities, for example by providing subsidies to

centres that provide ECD programmes.

The promotion of exclusive breast-feeding up to 6 months.

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The promotion of breast-feeding plus complementary feeding post 6 months.

Vitamin A and Zinc supplementation for children (from 6 months of age).

Improving the nutrient intake of breastfeeding mothers.

Special care for children exposed to and infected with HIV.

Growth monitoring of very young children.

Food supplements for new mothers at high risk of malnutrition and their children.

Programmes providing social support for pregnant and lactating mothers.

Providing insecticide-treated bed-nets in areas of high risk for malaria (as infection has a detrimental effect on children’s nutritional intake).

Strategies to prevent infectious diseases amongst children.

De-worming of children aged 6 to 69 months.

Interventions that improve access to clean water for children at risk of malnutrition and their families.

Interventions that improve access to adequate sanitation facilities.

Educating caregivers of children on basic hygiene practices to prevent infection.

Interventions to address child malnutrition have been found to work differently in different contexts (World Bank 2010). Therefore it is vital that

the design and combination of interventions in a country is soundly informed by the particular nature of the child malnutrition problem in that

country. The institutional capacity to deliver interventions is also an important consideration. There is no ‘one size fits all’ approach that a

government can adopt wholesale from another country. As a general trend, an appropriate ‘package’ of government interventions to reduce child

malnutrition and promote child nutrition (should) usually displays the following characteristics:

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Interventions involving different parts of government: Given the broad range of factors affecting child nutrition, action is typically required

across multiple sectors, including health, welfare/social development, education, agriculture, trade and industry, water and sanitation,

community development and public works.

Focus on prevention and cure: More than one strategy is required to deal with the causes and effects of child malnutrition. Governments

typically need to implement both preventive and curative interventions.

Interventions targeting poverty relief or vulnerable households more broadly: At least some interventions that could have substantial

impact on child nutrition may not be defined in nutritional terms or targeted directly to children. For example, in some countries, social

transfers (in cash or in kind) are distributed to poor households, families or communities. The exact extent to which such interventions

specifically benefit children’s nutritional status is not easy to determine. However, research suggests that they do have an impact and that

resources transferred to women are more likely to be spent on child nutrition than those transferred to men.

Prioritisation of very young children: Very young children (those under 2 years of age) are the most vulnerable to malnutrition. The

negative effects of malnutrition are also amplified when it occurs at a young age and more likely to lead to permanent damage.

Interventions to support mothers (ante and post natal): The health of very young children is intertwined with the health of their mothers.

Thus a key element in promoting child nutrition is providing basic health care and social support to pregnant women and new mothers

who, due to poverty and other factors, are at risk of having malnourished children.

To learn more about existing research on government interventions that aim to combat malnutrition (including assessments of what seems to

work and what doesn’t), please see the reference list at the end of this section and consult with health experts in your country. However, keep in

mind that you are not expected to be an expert on child nutrition in order to undertake this research. Nor does this questionnaire ask you to

evaluate the adequacy or effectiveness of your government’s interventions in relation to child malnutrition. The core question is rather whether

resource decision-making and public spending on these interventions (however adequate they may be) are transparent or not.

20


2.2 Criteria for selecting interventions to focus on in this questionnaire

In order to complete the rest of this questionnaire, it is necessary to select a maximum of five government interventions that combat malnutrition

or otherwise advance child nutrition in your country. If there are exactly five or less than five interventions of this nature in your country, there is

no need to make a selection and you should focus on all the interventions that do exist.

However, if there are more than five government interventions for child nutrition to take into consideration in your country, you will have to select

those that are most relevant and appropriate for this study. It is impossible to prescribe a checklist for the selection of these interventions in your

context. The criteria listed below are included here as a set of guidelines to steer your research and thinking. They contain normative phrases like

‘most critical’, ‘best geared’ and so forth. It will be necessary for you to consult with a reference group of health experts and child health experts in

your country to interpret these criteria, and on that basis, apply your own judgment in choosing the interventions to focus on.

The following criteria should be considered in making your decision.

Importance: Select those government interventions that appear, in the light of the current child malnutrition, policy and institutional

context the most critical or central to combating child malnutrition in your country. As is explained below, to identify the most important

interventions you will need to speak to experts in the area of child health, poverty and rights.

Targeting: Select those government interventions that are best geared to reach children who are the most vulnerable to malnutrition in

your country (henceforth called vulnerable children).

Child rights obligations: Select those government interventions that can most clearly be linked back to the government’s legal obligations

to realise children’s rights in your country.

Traceability: Select those government interventions that can most readily be identified as distinct programs or lines of expenditure in your

country’s budget documents.

21


Decentralisation: Select those government interventions that are implemented (and even better, budgeted for) at levels of government

lower than the national level in your country.

2.3 Selecting interventions relevant to child nutrition in your country

This sub-section contains eight tables to be completed by the researcher:

TABLES 1A to 1E provide space for you to capture your consideration of the child nutrition interventions in your country in relation to each of

the five criteria presented in Section 2.2. There is a separate table for each of the criteria.

TABLE 2 is a summary table of your findings from TABLES 1A to 1E. It should allow you to compare the overall ‘scores’ you have allocated to the

various interventions across all five criteria.

TABLE 3 provides space to list your selected interventions and capture some basic information about each one.

TABLE 4 invites the researcher to record the child rights and legal/policy framework relating to each selected intervention.

Instructions for completing TABLES 1A to 1E:

Apply the same process to each of the five tables:

1. Use the left-hand column to list all the government interventions that exist in your country that could be seen to combat child malnutrition or

advance child nutrition in some way. This may require some preliminary research and consultations in your country.

2. Be sure to consider at least the following four sectors: health, social development/welfare, agriculture and education.

3. Once you have listed the interventions in the left-hand column, score each intervention in terms of the criterium given in the heading row,

using a scale of 1 to 5.

4. Please use the comments box that follows each table to record any concerns you had or important points you want to highlight concerning the

scoring of the interventions.

22


You are encouraged to consult with child health experts in your context, as required, in order to score the interventions .

TABLE 1A: SCORING OF INTERVENTIONS IN TERMS OF IMPORTANCE IN COMBATING CHILD MALNUTRITION

Interventions under consideration

IMPORTANCE: How critical is this intervention for advancing child nutrition?

1(Not critical at

all)

2(Not very

important)

3(Fairly

important)

4(Very critical)

5(Extremely

critical)

For each intervention, write down a score of 1 to 5 in the corresponding cell

1. For example: the Southern Highlands School-Feeding Scheme

(Delete the example when you complete your own table)4

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. Insert additional rows if necessary

23


Comments on Table 1A: Scoring for importance

Please use the space below to record any concerns or important issues relating to the scoring of interventions. These comments are not

compulsory, and are to be completed at the discretion of the researcher. There is no need to comment if you are satisfied that, in consultation

with health experts in your country, you have been able to score an intervention with relative ease and accuracy.

Intervention # Comments concerning the scoring of interventions

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Insert more rows as required

24


TABLE 1B: SCORING OF INTERVENTIONS IN TERMS OF HOW TARGETED THEY ARE TO VULNERABLE CHILDREN


TARGETING: How well-targeted is this intervention to reach vulnerable children?

1(Not targeted to

vulnerable children at all)

2(Not very well-

targeted to reach vulnerable

children)

3(Fairly well-targeted to vulnerable children)

4(Well-targeted

to reach vulnerable children )

5(Extremely well-

targeted to reach vulnerable

children)


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.


25


Comments on Table 1B: Scoring in terms of targeting





1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


26


TABLE 1C: SCORING OF INTERVENTIONS IN TERMS OF HOW CLEARLY THEY CAN BE LINKED TO CHILD RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS

Please note: The aim of including this criterium is to encourage the selection of interventions for which there is a strong basis for advocacy. The

more clearly an intervention can be seen to rest, and give expression to, specific legal obligations that your government has in relation to children

and their rights, the better the chances of using your findings effectively for advocacy. In order to investigate the possible legal obligations in

relation to the interventions:

First look to your country’s constitution (if it has one) and to national legislation pertaining to health, nutrition, child health, children’s

rights and other relevant issues. Also consider whether policies, regulations, codes of conduct, norms and/or standards exist, some of

which may have been formally adopted as legal obligations.

If no legal obligations can be uncovered at the national level, consider any relevant regional and international human rights treaties or

conventions that place legal obligations on the state to advance and deliver children’s rights.


CHILD RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS: How clearly can this intervention be linked to the legal child rights obligations of the government?

1(Would be hard to link at all to

child rights obligations)

2(Very vague links to child

rights obligations)

3Some links to

child rights obligations, but not very clear)

4(Clear links to


5 (Extremely clear

links to child rights

obligations)


1.

2.

3.

4.

27



CHILD RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS: How clearly can this intervention be linked to the legal child rights obligations of the government?

1(Would be hard to link at all to


2(Very vague links to child

rights obligations)

3Some links to

child rights obligations, but not very clear)

4(Clear links to


5 (Extremely clear

links to child rights

obligations)


5.

6.

7.

8.

9.


28


Comments on Table 1C: Scoring in terms of child rights obligations





1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


29


TABLE 1D: SCORING OF INTERVENTIONS IN TERMS OF HOW READILY THEY CAN BE TRACED IN THE BUDGET

Please note: This criterium has been included as some interventions may be difficult to conduct budget research on because they are not

presented as distinct items in budget documents.


TRACEABILITY: How easily can this intervention be identified in budget documents?

1(Impossible to

identify )

2(Difficult to

identify in the budget)

3(Challenging but

possible to identify in the

budget)

4(Easy to identify in the budget )

5(Extremely easy to identify in the

budget)


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.


30


Comments on Table 1D: Scoring in terms of traceability





1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


31


TABLE 1E: SCORING OF INTERVENTIONS IN TERMS OF HOW DECENTRALISED THEY ARE


DECENTRALISATION: How decentralised is the budgeting and implementation of this intervention?

1(All budgeting & implementation done at national

level)

2(Budgeting done at national level

& some implementation at sub-national)

3(Some

budgeting & implementation

done at sub national level)

4(Most budgeting

& all implementation

done at sub-national level)

5(All budgeting & implementation

done at sub-national level)


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.


32


Comments on Table 1E: Scoring in terms of decentralisation





1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


33


Instructions for completing TABLE 2:

TABLE 2 is a summary table for collating and calculating the overall scores of the interventions for child nutrition you considered in TABLES 1A to

1E. In order to complete the TABLE 2 on the following page:

1. Copy all the interventions for child nutrition into the left-hand column of the table.

2. Each of the five criteria is represented by a separate column in TABLE 2. Look back to TABLES 1A to 1E and for each of the criteria, enter the

score you assigned to each intervention.

3. Calculate the total scores of all the interventions. Circle or mark in red the five top scores.

Summary of the five scoring scales (used in TABLES 1A to 1E) and TABLE 2:

Importance: 5 = Highly critical to combating child malnutrition ↔ 1 = Not very critical to combating child malnutrition.

Targeting: 5 = Very well-targeted to vulnerable children ↔ 1 = Not targeted to vulnerable children at all

Child rights obligations: 5 = Clear link to government’s child rights obligations ↔ 1 = No clear link to government’s child rights obligations

Traceability: 5 = The intervention is easy to identify in the budget ↔ 1 = The intervention cannot be specifically distinguished in the budget

Decentralisation: 5 = Budgeted for and implemented at sub-national level ↔ 1 = Budgeted for and implemented at national level

34


TABLE 2: BROAD SCAN & SCORING OF CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS

Interventions to combat child malnutrition

How important for child

nutrition?See TABLE 1A

How well-targeted?

See TABLE 1B

How clear CR connection?

See TABLE 1C

How easy to see in the budget?

See TABLE 1D

How decentralised?

See TABLE 1E

SCORE TOTAL

PER INTERVENTION

Enter the assigned score of between 1 and 5 in each cell

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Add additional rows if necessary...

35



1. Consider the scores of the interventions listed in TABLE 2.

2. In the light of these scores, select the 5 most appropriate and relevant interventions to focus on in the rest of this questionnaire.

3. Use the left-hand column to list the 5 interventions you have selected.

4. Next to each intervention:

a) In Column A, name the ministry, department or agency that is ultimately responsible for this intervention. Where relevant, note

interventions that formally involve collaboration between more than one ministry or department.

b) In Column B, indicate how this intervention is referred to in the budget. Which budget programme or sub-programme channels its funding?

TABLE 3: SELECTED CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS - BASIC INFORMATION

Selected interventionsA

Responsible ministry/ies or department(s)B

Corresponding budget programme(s)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

36



1. As in TABLE 3, list the five interventions you have selected down the left-hand column.

2. For each intervention:

a) In Column A, clarify which specific children’s right the intervention most clearly seeks to protect or realise. For example, does it advance the

child’s right to social security, to health, to safe drinking water?

b) In Column B, list the main laws and policies that govern and have bearing on the intervention you have selected. Give attention first and

foremost to national laws and policies, as their provisions can usually be linked back more directly to government obligations. Once you have

considered the national frameworks, look to relevant international and regional conventions and treaties.

TABLE 4: SELECTED CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS – CHILD RIGHTS & POLICY FRAMEWORK

Selected interventionsA

Main child right this intervention aims to advance

BMain laws and policies governing this

intervention

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

37


2.4 Criteria to inform the selection of sub-national units

The five child nutrition interventions selected in Section 2.3 will form the main focus of your research throughout the questionnaire. As you

proceed with Sections 3 to 6 of the questionnaire, you will be asked to apply the questions to either the national level or sub-national level, or to

both, depending on the degree of decentralisation of each intervention. In preparation, it is necessary to decide in advance which areas (here

referred to as ‘sub-national units’) you will use as the unit of analysis when it comes to the sub-national level. It is important for you to apply all

the sub-national questions to the same three sub-national units – for example the same three provinces, three districts or three municipalities.

TABLE 5 in Section 2.5 provides a framework to consider each of the selected child nutrition interventions in relation to the various levels of

government in your country. This should help you to decide which level of government is the most appropriate for you to focus on besides the

national level. Once you have identified the most appropriate level of government, at least one of the following criteria should be applied to

identify which three specific sub-national units (which three provinces, districts or the like) to concentrate on:

Select three sub-national units that have differing socio-economic profiles;

Select three sub-national units that have varying track-records or likely capacity for budget reporting;

Select three sub-national units that have predominantly urban, peri-urban and rural settlement patterns, respectively.

2.5 Selecting sub-national units in your country


1. Select the version of TABLE 5 that matches your country and delete the other versions of TABLE 5.

2. List the five child nutrition interventions you have selected down the left-hand column of the table.

3. For each intervention, find out and record:

a) Which level(s) of government are responsible for the policy-making and strategy that govern the intervention?

b) Which level(s) of government are responsible for budget planning in relation to this intervention?

c) Which level(s) of government are responsible for the implementation of and actual spending on the intervention?

38


TABLE 5: SELECTED CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS & LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT (KENYA)

Selected interventions Type of responsibilityNational level County level Constituency

levelWard level and

lower

In each line, mark all the level(s) of government involved in this responsibility

1. Policy-making & strategy

Budget planning

Implementation/spending


Budget planning



Budget planning



Budget planning



Budget planning


39


TABLE 5: SELECTED CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS & LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT (SOUTH AFRICA)

Selected interventions Type of responsibilityNational level Provincial level

District or metropolitan

level

Lower than ward level



Budget planning



Budget planning



Budget planning



Budget planning



40


Selected interventions Type of responsibility National level Provincial levelDistrict or

metropolitan level

Lower than ward level

Budget planning


TABLE 5: SELECTED CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS & LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT (UGANDA)

Selected interventions Type of responsibilityNational level Administrative

region level District level Sub-county level and lower



Budget planning



Budget planning



Budget planning



Budget planning

41


Selected interventions Type of responsibility National level Administrative region level District level Sub-county level

and lower



Budget planning


TABLE 5: SELECTED CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS & LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT (ZAMBIA)

Selected interventions Type of responsibilityNational level Provincial level District level Ward level and

lower



Budget planning



Budget planning



Budget planning

42


Selected interventions Type of responsibility National level Provincial level District level Ward level and lower



Budget planning



Budget planning


TABLE 5: SELECTED CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS & LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT (ZIMBABWE)

Selected interventions Type of responsibilityNational level Provincial level District level Ward level and

lower



Budget planning



Budget planning

43


Selected interventions Type of responsibility National level Provincial level District level Ward level and lower



Budget planning



Budget planning



Budget planning


Interpreting the findings of TABLE 5:

1. Look across the selected child nutrition interventions as listed in TABLE 5, can you identify a level of government in your country that:

a) Is not the national level; and

b) Is sometimes or always responsible for budget planning in relation to the selected child nutrition interventions?

If your answer is yes to the above, this is the level of government you should select for the sub-national research.

44


2. If there is more than one sub-national level in your country that meets the requirements set out under point 1 above, select either one to focus

on in this study. For example, if budget planning for a specific intervention occurs at both provincial and district level, you could focus on either

of these. It may be wise to choose the level it will be most easy to access budget documents for.

3. If your answer to question 1 above is no, consider further if you can identify a level of government that:

a) Is not the national level; and

b) Is sometimes or always responsible for the implementation of - and actual spending on - the selected interventions.

If your answer is yes to the above, then this is the level of government you should select for the sub-national research. Again if there is more

than one level that meets these requirements, choose the one that is likely to be most feasible and practical to conduct budget research on.

4. If your answer to all the questions above is no, consult with the Anna Schnell at ATHR (see section 1.9). You may not be able to select sub-

national units and complete TABLE 6.

45



1. Assuming you have been able to identify an appropriate level of government following the steps above, the next task is to identify 3 areas

(units) at this level of government to focus on in your research. This could be, for example, three provinces, three counties, three districts or

three municipalities.

2. Apply the criteria given in Section 2.4 in order to decide on the three most appropriate sub-national units for this study. For ease of reference

these criteria were as follows:

Select three sub-national units that have differing socio-economic profiles;

Select three sub-national units that have varying track-records or likely capacity for budget reporting;

Select three sub-national units that have predominantly urban, peri-urban and rural settlement patterns, respectively.

3. Write the names of your chosen sub-national units down in the left-hand column of TABLE 6 on the following page.

In the column next to each sub-national unit, explain which criteria you applied in making your choice. Give a brief motivation why this sub-

national unit is an appropriate unit to consider when investigating budget transparency for child nutrition at the sub-national level.

46


TABLE 6: SELECTED SUB-NATIONAL UNITS

Selected sub-national units (please name them below)

Which of the five selected child nutrition interventions are

present here?(List the corresponding numbers)

Motivation and criteria used in making the selection

1.

2.

3.

47


FURTHER READING ON INTERVENTIONS TO COMBAT MALNUTRITION Alderman H & Linnemayr S. (2008) Reducing child malnutrition through community intervention programmes: Evidence from a large scale

randomized trial in rural Senegal. 5 March.

Bhutta Z, Ahmed T, Black R, Cousens S, Dewey K, Giugliani E, Haider B, Kirkwood B, Morris S, Sachdev H, Shekar M. (2008) “Maternal and Child Undernutrition 3: What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival” in Lancet 2008.

Bhutta Z, Ali S, Cousens S, Ali T, Haider B, Rizvi A, Okong P, Bhutta S, Black R. Alma-ata. (2008). “Rebirth and Revision 6 Interventions to address maternal, newborn, and child survival: what difference can integrated primary health care strategies make?” in Lancet 2008: 972-89.

Masset E, Haddad L, Cornelius A, Isaza-Castro. (2011) A systematic review of agricultural interventions that aim to improve nutritional status of children. Published by UKaid, IDS, 3ie; ePPI Centre and IOE.

Save the Children. (2012) A life free from hunger: Tackling child malnutrition. Save the Children: UK.

World Bank Independent Evaluation Group. (2010) What can we learn from nutrition impact evaluations? Lessons from a review of interventions to reduce child malnutrition in developing countries. World Bank: Washington D.C.

48


SECTION 3: RUNNING REFERENCE LIST OF SOURCES The purpose of this section is to support the accumulation of a comprehensive list of all sources consulted during the course of the research. This

section is to be submitted together with the final sections of the questionnaire at the end of your research process (see Section 1.9 in the

Introduction). In completing all the following tables:

Please give full citations of all document titles and publication details, including names of author(s), date of publication, the publisher and place

of publication.

Under the heading “Available at”, give the physical location (if a hard copy document was consulted) or the internet address (if an on-line

source was used). ‘Physical location’ refers to the name of the office or facility (no street or postal address is necessary).

Documents accessed on or downloaded from the internet should be recorded in TABLE 7 rather than TABLE 8. There is no need to duplicate.

For periodicals, newspaper and journal articles, give the name of the article as well as the publication in which it appeared, and the relevant

issue, volume and/or page numbers.

When giving the date of publication, include the year - and also record the month, when it is given.

Where publication details are unknown, record them as unknown or undated. For example: Department of Health (Undated), Health for the

Future. Published by the National Communications Ministry: Capital City.

For internet sources, please record on which date a site was visited and/or a document was downloaded. Also be sure to give the full internet

address.

In listing interviewees and correspondents, please provide their official designations/full job titles as far as possible.

Unpublished documents may be used to inform your research for SECTION 2. All unpublished documents used should appear in TABLE 7.

For answering the questions in Sections 4 to 6, remember that only publically available government documents are to be used as sources.

Consult the glossary at the beginning of the questionnaire to see how ‘publically available’ is defined for the purposes of this study.

49


TABLE 7: DOCUMENTS CONSULTED

1 Document title: Fill in document title here

Author(s) Date of publication

Fill in authors’ names here Fill in date here

Publication details (publisher, place of publication) Available at (give physical location or internet address and date accessed)

Fill in publication details here Fill in location and the date you accessed the source at this location here
















50






















51

















PLEASE COPY AND PASTE MORE SETS OF ROWS AS REQUIRED

52


TABLE 8: WEBSITES CONSULTED

1 Name or website or organisation hosting the website: Fill in name here

Internet address: Date of visiting site

Copy and paste or fill in internet address here Fill in date here













53

















PLEASE COPY AND PASTE MORE SETS OF ROWS AS REQUIRED

54


TABLE 9: NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES & JOURNALS CONSULTED

This table is largely relevant only for sources consulted to complete SECTION 2. With reference to SECTIONS 4 to 6, if government budget

information is made publically available in the commercial media, or quoted in magazines or journals, try as far as possible to find the original

government source of the information (for example the budget proposal or annual report the information was originally published in).

1 Name of article or chapter: Fill in name here

Author(s) of article or chapter: Fill in authors’ names here

Name of publication (e.g name of newspaper or journal) Date of publication (year, month, day for newspapers)

Fill in the name of the publication here Fill in publication date here

Volume and Issue number, if relevant: Publication details (publisher, place of publication)

Fill in volume and issue number here, if relevant Fill in publication details here

Available at (give physical location or internet address and date accessed)

Fill in location and the date you accessed the source at this location here









55


















PLEASE COPY MORE SETS OF ROWS AS REQUIRED

56


TABLE 10: INTERVIEWS & CORRESPONDENCE AS RESEARCH SOURCES

Name of person interviewed or correspondent Title/position/organisation

Means of communication (email, telephone, meeting in person)

Date of interview or correspondence

Add more rows if necessary....

57


SECTION 4: QUESTIONS ABOUT POLICY & PLANNING FOR CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS

How to complete this section of the questionnaire

General

Save the questionnaire onto your own computer and work directly into the document.

Please respond to all the questions in every section of the questionnaire.

Selecting an answer in response to each question

Every question is followed by five possible answers to choose from, marked a) to e). Select only ONE answer for each of the interventions you

are conducting research on.

The answers contain normative words like ‘extensive’, ‘clearly’, ‘vague’ and ‘limited’. There are no exact definitions of what should count as

‘extensive’ for example, or what characteristics qualify as information that is ‘vague’. When an answer says that ‘important details’ have been

excluded or that a reference is not ‘sufficiently clear’there is no single definition of what those details would be. The definitions will vary

depending on what intervention is in focus. It is necessary for the researcher to apply his or her judgement in interpreting these terms.

The answers represent a range: Keep in mind that the answer marked ‘a’ always represents the ‘best case’ or ideal situation and the answer

marked ‘d’ always represents the worst case scenario. The answers in between – ‘b’ and ’c’ – should be seen to fall on a continuum ranging

between the two poles. If the situation you find in relation to an intervention falls more towards the worst case but is not quite as bad as ‘d’, it

generally makes sense to choose the ‘c’ answer. If your finding is positive but not quite ‘ideal’, it will usually be apt to choose the ‘b’ answer.

58


Whenever you would like to record concerns or important points regarding the interpretation of the answers, please use the comment boxes

provided to explain or elaborate. Please also highlight any significant anecdotal evidence or other observations about why information being

looked for is not available.

When selecting the ‘not applicable’ option

In some instances, it may not be possible or appropriate to apply a certain question to all the interventions. For example, when a question asks

about past expenditure and the intervention is in its first year, the question does not apply to that intervention.

Where it is not relevant or appropriate to provide an answer to a question (for one or more of the interventions), choose ‘not applicable’ as

your response.

When choosing ‘not applicable’, it is always necessary to provide an explanation in the comment box on why the question does not apply to

that intervention.

Deciding which answer box(es) to complete

For each question, there are two answer boxes: one for the national level and one for the sub-national level. The sub-national answer box

provides spaces to enter answers for each intervention across three sub-national units (e.g. three selected provinces, districts, counties or

otherwise-named units).

Which box(es) you complete will depend on the interventions you are researching and at which levels they are planned:

Complete the answer box for the national level in relation to all the interventions that are planned at national level.

Complete the answer box for the sub-national level in relation to all the interventions that are planned at sub-national level.

For interventions where planning takes place at national and sub-national level, complete both boxes.

59


A. POLICY AND STRATEGIC COORDINATION IN CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS

A1. Do current budget documents explain which laws and/or policies guide the design of interventions for child nutrition?

Consider the question above in relation to each of the child nutrition interventions you selected in SECTION 2. For each intervention, identify one

answer from the list below that most accurately reflects your findings. Write down the corresponding letter (for example “c”) in the boxes below.

You may have different answers for the different interventions. For further guidelines, see the pointers at the beginning of this section.

a) Current budget documents clearly explain which laws and/or policies guide the design of the intervention for child nutrition.

b) Current budget documents make some reference to laws and/or policies that guide the design of the intervention for child nutrition.

c) Current budget documents make very limited reference to laws and/or policies that guide the design of the intervention for child nutrition,

although such laws and/or policies exist.

d) Current budget documents make no reference to laws or policies that guide the design of the intervention for child nutrition.

e) Not applicable (i.e. no such laws or policies exist) / Other (please comment).

ANSWER BOX FOR THE NATIONAL LEVEL

Intervention 1 Intervention 2 Intervention 3 Intervention 4 Intervention 5

60


ANSWER BOX FOR THE SUB-NATIONAL LEVEL

Sub-national unit Intervention 1 Intervention 2 Intervention 3 Intervention 4 Intervention 5

1.

2.

3.

SOURCE REFERENCES

Intervention

number

State the source(s) that informed the selection of your answers. Please provide the relevant internet links, document names and interview references. Be as specific as possible, by for example giving page or section numbers in documents, quotes from interviews, as well as the date and full names of interviewees.

1

2

3

4

61


5

COMMENTS

Intervention # Comments regarding the interpretation of this question in relation to specific interventions

1

2

3

4

5

Comments regarding the national level answer box

Comments regarding the sub-national level answer box

Other comments on Question A1:

62


A2. Do current budget documents explain how the interventions for child nutrition are intended to meet the child rights obligations of the

government?




a) Current budget documents explain clearly how the intervention for child nutrition is intended to meet the government’s child rights

obligations.

b) Current budget documents make some links between the intervention for child nutrition and the government’s child rights obligations.

c) Current budget documents say very little about government’s child rights obligations in relation to the intervention for child nutrition.

d) Current budget documents make no mention of the government’s child rights obligations in relation to the intervention for child nutrition.

e) Not applicable (i.e.: No such obligations exist) / Other (please comment).



63




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Intervention

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2

3

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64


5

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65


A3. Do current budget documents explain whether the design of child nutrition interventions have been informed by evidence on the scale of

the child nutrition problem in the country?




a) Current budget documents explain clearly how evidence about the scale of the child nutrition problem has informed the design of this

intervention.

b) Current budget documents note that evidence about the scale of the child nutrition problem has informed the design of this intervention,

but the explanation is not sufficiently clear.

c) Current budget documents make very little reference to evidence about the scale of the child nutrition problem.

d) Current budget documents make no reference to evidence about the scale of the child nutrition problem in explaining the design of this

intervention.

e) Not applicable / Other (please comment).



66




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Intervention

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1

2

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67


4

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68


A4. Do current budget documents explain whether the design of child nutrition interventions have been informed by evidence on the

geographical distribution of the child nutrition problem in the country?




a) Current budget documents explain clearly how evidence about the geographical distribution of the child nutrition problem has informed

the design of this intervention.

b) Current budget documents note that evidence about the geographical distribution of the child nutrition problem has informed the design

of this intervention, but the explanation is not sufficiently clear.

c) Current budget documents make very little reference to evidence about the geographical distribution of the child nutrition problem.

d) Current budget documents make no reference to evidence about the geographical distribution of the child nutrition problem in explaining

the design of this intervention.



69





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SOURCE REFERENCES

Intervention

number


1

2

70


3

4

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71



A5. Do current budget documents, in presenting the selected child nutrition interventions, provide information on obstacles children may face

in accessing these interventions?




a) Current budget documents show clearly how consideration was given, in the design of this intervention, to the obstacles children may face

in accessing the intervention.

b) Current budget documents show that, in the design of this intervention, some consideration was given to obstacles children may face in

accessing the intervention, but the explanation is not sufficiently clear.

c) In discussing the design of the child nutrition intervention, current budget documents make very little reference to considerations about

obstacles children may face in accessing the intervention.

d) Current budget documents make no reference to considerations about obstacles children may face in accessing this child nutrition

intervention.


72






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73


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74



A6. Do current budget documents, in their description of interventions for addressing child malnutrition, make statements about reaching the

most vulnerable children?




a) Current budget documents, in their description of the intervention, make clear statements about reaching the most vulnerable children.

b) Current budget documents, in their description of the intervention, make some reference to reaching the most vulnerable children.

c) Current budget documents, in their description of the intervention, make very little reference to reaching the most vulnerable children.

d) Current budget documents make no reference to reaching the most vulnerable children in their description of the intervention.




75


76




1.

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77


COMMENTS


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78


A7. Do current budget documents explain how the government intends to promote coordinated planning, budgeting and service delivery to

advance child nutrition?




a) In describing the child nutrition intervention, current budget documents explain clearly how the government intends to promote

coordinated planning, budgeting and service delivery.

b) In describing the child nutrition intervention, current budget documents explain how the government intends to promote coordinated

planning, budgeting and service delivery, but the explanation is not sufficiently clear.

c) In describing the child nutrition intervention, current budget documents make very little reference to the promotion of coordinated

planning, budgeting and service delivery.

d) In describing the child nutrition intervention, current budget documents make no reference to the promotion of coordinated planning,

budgeting and service delivery.




79




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80


COMMENTS


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81


A8. Do current budget documents provide details on the sources of revenue for child nutrition interventions?




a) Current budget documents provide extensive information on sources of revenue for the child nutrition intervention.

b) Current budget documents provide information on sources of revenue for the child nutrition intervention, but some details are excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide little information on sources of revenue for the child nutrition intervention, and important details are

excluded.

d) Current budget documents provide no information on sources of revenue for the child nutrition intervention.

e) Not applicable/ Other (please comment).



82




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83


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84


A9. Do current budget documents provide information about the role of development aid in financing child nutrition interventions?




a) Current budget documents provide extensive information on the role of development aid in financing the child nutrition intervention,

including details about sources of aid, aid modalities and conditionalities.

b) Current budget documents provide information on the role of development aid in financing the child nutrition intervention, but some

details are excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide little information on the role of development aid in financing the child nutrition intervention, and

important details are excluded.

d) Current budget documents provide no information on the role of development aid in financing the child nutrition intervention.

e) Not applicable (i.e.no development aid plays a role in this sector) / Other (please comment).



85




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SOURCE REFERENCES

Intervention

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2

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86


COMMENTS


1

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87


A10. Do current budget documents provide information on steps taken to enhance delivery capacity in the child nutrition interventions?




a) Current budget documents provide extensive information on steps taken to enhance delivery capacity in the child nutrition intervention.

b) Current budget documents provide information on steps taken to enhance delivery capacity in the child nutrition intervention, but some


c) Current budget documents provide little information on steps taken to enhance delivery capacity in the child nutrition intervention, and

important details are excluded.

d) Current budget documents provide no information on steps taken to enhance delivery capacity in the child nutrition intervention.

e) Not applicable/ other (please comment).




88



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2.

3.

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Intervention

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COMMENTS

89



1

2

3

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90


A11. Do current budget documents provide information on steps taken to expand vulnerable child coverage in the child nutrition interventions?




a) Current budget documents provide extensive information on steps taken to expand vulnerable child coverage in the child nutrition

intervention.

b) Current budget documents provide information on steps taken to expand vulnerable child coverage in the child nutrition intervention, but

some details are excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide little information on steps taken to expand vulnerable child coverage in the child nutrition intervention,

and important details are excluded.

d) Current budget documents provide no information on steps taken to expand vulnerable child coverage in the child nutrition intervention.

e) Not applicable/ other (please comment).




91



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3.

SOURCE REFERENCES

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COMMENTS

92



1

2

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93


A12. Do current budget documents provide information on attempts to cost the child nutrition interventions?




a) Current budget documents provide extensive information on attempts to cost the child nutrition intervention, including details about how

the costing informed the design of the intervention.

b) Current budget documents provide extensive information on attempts to cost the child nutrition intervention, but some details are

excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide extensive information on attempts to cost the child nutrition intervention, and important details are

excluded.

d) Current budget documents provide no information on attempts to cost the child nutrition intervention.

e) Not applicable (i.e.no development aid plays a role in this sector) / Other (please comment).



94




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3.

SOURCE REFERENCES

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95


COMMENTS


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96


B. PLANNED (BUDGETED) EXPENDITURES FOR CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS

B1. Do current budget documents provide information on planned expenditures in relation to the selected child nutrition interventions?




a) Current budget documents provide extensive information on planned expenditures for the child nutrition intervention, including narrative

discussion and quantitative estimates.

b) Current budget documents provide information on planned expenditures for the child nutrition intervention, but some details are

excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide little information on planned expenditures for the child nutrition intervention, and important details are

excluded.

d) Current budget documents provide no information on planned expenditures for the child nutrition intervention.




97




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3.

SOURCE REFERENCES

Intervention

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98


COMMENTS


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Other comments on Question B1:

99


B2. Do current budget documents provide information about planned expenditures for the child nutrition interventions for at least one year

beyond the budget year?




a) Current budget documents provide extensive information about planned expenditures for the child nutrition intervention for at least one

year beyond the budget year, including narrative discussion and quantitative estimates.

b) Current budget documents provide information about planned expenditures for the child nutrition intervention for at least one year

beyond the budget year, but important details are excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide little information about planned expenditures for the child nutrition intervention one year beyond the

budget year.

d) Current budget documents provide no information about planned expenditures for the child nutrition intervention beyond the budget year.




100




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101


COMMENTS


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102


B3. Do current budget documents provide non-financial data in relation to the planned expenditures on the child nutrition interventions?




a) Current budget documents provide extensive non-financial data in relation to the planned expenditures on the intervention.

b) Current budget documents provide non-financial data in relation to the planned expenditures on the intervention, but some details are

excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide little non-financial data in relation to the planned expenditures on the intervention, and important


d) Current budget documents provide no non-financial data in relation to the planned expenditures on the intervention.





103



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104



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105


SECTION 5: QUESTIONS ABOUT THE IMPLENTATION OF CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS


General

















106






your response.


that intervention.





Which box(es) you complete will depend on the interventions you are researching and at which levels they are implemented:

Complete the answer box for the national level in relation to all the interventions that are implemented at national level.

Complete the answer box for the sub-national level in relation to all the interventions that are implemented at sub-national level.

For interventions where implementation takes place at national and sub-national level, complete both boxes.

107


C. ACTUAL EXPENDITURES ON CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS

C1. Do current budget documents provide information on actual expenditures in relation to the selected child nutrition interventions?




a) Current budget documents provide extensive information about actual expenditures on the child nutrition intervention, including narrative

discussion and quantitative figures.

b) Current budget documents provide information about actual expenditures on the child nutrition intervention, but some details are

excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide little information about actual expenditures on the child nutrition intervention, and important details

are excluded.

d) Current budget documents provide no information about actual expenditures on the child nutrition intervention.




108




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109


COMMENTS


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Other comments on Question C1:

110


C2. Do current budget documents provide comparison between actual and budgeted expenditures in relation to the selected child nutrition

interventions? Consider the question above in relation to each of the child nutrition interventions you selected in SECTION 2. For each intervention,

identify one answer from the list below that most accurately reflects your findings. Write down the corresponding letter (for example “c”) in the

boxes below. You may have different answers for the different interventions. For further guidelines, see the pointers at the beginning of this section.

a) Current budget documents provide substantial comparison between actual and budgeted expenditures in relation to the selected child

nutrition intervention, including a narrative explanation and quantitative data.

b) Current budget documents provide comparison between actual and budgeted expenditures in relation to the selected child nutrition

intervention, but some important details are excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide little comparison between actual and budgeted expenditures in relation to the selected child nutrition

intervention.

d) Current budget documents provide no comparison between actual and budgeted expenditures in relation to the selected child nutrition

intervention.




111




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112


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113


C3. Do current budget documents provide information about past actual expenditures on the child nutrition interventions for at least one year

prior to the budget year?




a) Current budget documents provide extensive information about past actual expenditures on the child nutrition intervention for at least one

year prior to the budget year, including narrative discussion and quantitative estimates.

b) Current budget documents provide information about past actual expenditures on the child nutrition intervention for at least one year

prior to the budget year, but some details are excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide little information about past actual expenditures on the child nutrition intervention prior to the budget

year, and important details are excluded.

d) Current budget documents provide no information about past actual expenditures on the child nutrition intervention prior to the budget

year.




114




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115


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116


C4. Do current budget documents provide non financial data in relation to the actual expenditures on the child nutrition interventions?




a) Current budget documents provide extensive non financial data in relation to the actual expenditure on this child nutrition intervention.

b) Current budget documents provide non financial data in relation to the actual expenditure on this intervention, but some details are

excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide little non financial data in relation to the actual expenditure on this intervention, and important details

are excluded.

d) Current budget documents provide no non financial data in relation to the actual expenditure on this child nutrition intervention.




117




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118


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119


C5. Do current budget documents provide actual expenditure information more often than on a yearly basis in relation to the child nutrition

interventions?




a) Current budget documents provide actual expenditure information on the child nutrition intervention at least monthly, including narrative

discussion and expenditure estimates.

b) Current budget documents provide actual expenditure information at least quarterly on the child nutrition intervention.

c) Current budget documents provide actual expenditure information at least twice a year on the child nutrition intervention.

d) Current budget documents s provide no in-year actual expenditure information on the child nutrition intervention.




120




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121


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122


C6. Do current budget documents provide comparison between actual and budgeted expenditures (based on the enacted budget) more often

than on a yearly basis in relation to the child nutrition interventions?

Consider the question above in relation to each of the child nutrition interventions you selected in SECTION 2. For each intervention, identify one answer from the list below that most accurately reflects your findings. Write down the corresponding letter (for example “c”) in the boxes below. You may have different answers for the different interventions. For further guidelines, see the pointers at the beginning of this section.

a) Current budget documents provide comparison between actual and budgeted expenditures (based on the enacted budget) at least monthly in relation to the child nutrition intervention.

b) Current budget documents provide comparison between actual and budgeted expenditures (based on the enacted budget) at least

quarterly in relation to the child nutrition intervention.

c) Current budget documents provide comparison between actual and budgeted expenditures (based on the enacted budget) at least twice a

year in relation to the child nutrition intervention.

d) Current budget documents provide no in-year comparison between actual and budgeted expenditures (based on the enacted budget) in

relation to the child nutrition intervention.




123




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124


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125


C7. Do year-end reports explain differences between the approved expenditures on the child nutrition interventions (including supplementary

budgets) and actual expenditures?




a) The year-end report provides extensive account of differences between approved expenditures and actual expenditures on the child

nutrition intervention.

b) The year-end report provides information on the differences between approved expenditures and actual expenditures on the child

nutrition intervention, but some differences are not addressed.

c) The year-end report provides very little information on the differences between approved expenditures and actual expenditures on the

child nutrition intervention, and important differences are not explained.

d) The year-end report provides no explanation for differences between the approved expenditures and actual expenditures on the child





126




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127


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128


C8. Have the data on the actual expenditures related to the intervention been audited in any of the two years prior to the budget year?

a. Yes. the data on the actual expenditures related to the intervention have been fully audited in one or both of the years prior to the budget

year.

b. Most (more than half) of the data on the actual expenditures related to the intervention has been audited in one or both of the years prior

to the budget year.

c. The minority (less than half) of the data on the actual expenditures related to the intervention has been audited in one or both of the years

prior to the budget year.

d. None of the data of the data on the actual expenditures related to the intervention has been audited any of the two years prior to the

budget year.

e. Not applicable / other (please comment)



129




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130


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131


D. BUDGET PERFORMANCE IN RELATION TO CHILD NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS

D1. Do current budget documents present performance indicators for monitoring the service delivery of the child nutrition interventions?




a) Current budget documents provide clear performance indicators for monitoring the service delivery of the child nutrition intervention.

b) Current budget documents provide performance indicators for monitoring the service delivery of the child nutrition intervention, but they

are not sufficiently clear.

c) Current budget documents make limited reference to performance indicators for monitoring the service delivery of the child nutrition

intervention, but do not clarify what these indicators are.

d) Current budget documents make no reference to performance indicators for monitoring service delivery in relation to the child nutrition

intervention.




132




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133


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Other comments on Question D1:

134


D2. Do current budget documents present service delivery targets for the child nutrition interventions for the current budget year?




a) Current budget documents provide detailed information on service delivery targets for the child nutrition intervention for the current

budget year.

b) Current budget documents provide information on service delivery targets for the child nutrition intervention for the current budget year,

but some details are excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide very little information on service delivery targets for the child nutrition intervention for the current

budget year, and important details are excluded.

d) Current budget documents don’t provide any information on service delivery targets for the child nutrition intervention.




135




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136


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137


D3. Do current budget documents present service delivery targets for the child nutrition interventions for at least two years beyond the current

budget year?




a) Current budget documents provide detailed information on service delivery targets for the child nutrition intervention for at least two

years beyond the current budget year.

b) Current budget documents provide information on service delivery targets for the child nutrition intervention for at least two years beyond

the current budget year, but some details are excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide very little information on service delivery targets for the child nutrition intervention beyond the current

budget year, and important details are excluded.

d) Current budget documents do not provide any information on service delivery targets for the child nutrition intervention beyond the

current budget year.




138




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139


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140


D4. Do the service delivery targets attached to the child nutrition interventions make reference to reaching the most vulnerable children?




a) The service delivery targets for this child nutrition intervention make clear reference to reaching the most vulnerable children.

b) The service delivery goals for this child nutrition intervention make reference to reaching the most vulnerable children, but the reference is

not sufficiently clear.

c) The service delivery targets for this child nutrition intervention make very little reference to reaching the most vulnerable children.

d) The service delivery targets for this child nutrition intervention make no reference to reaching the most vulnerable children.




141




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142


COMMENTS


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143


D5. Do the performance targets for monitoring the delivery of the child nutrition interventions make reference to overcoming obstacles in

children’s access to such interventions?




a) The performance targets for monitoring the delivery of this child nutrition intervention make clear reference to overcoming obstacles in

children’s access to the intervention.

b) The performance targets for monitoring the delivery of this child nutrition intervention make reference to overcoming obstacles in

children’s access to the intervention, but the reference is not sufficiently clear.

c) The performance targets for monitoring the delivery of this child nutrition intervention make little reference to overcoming obstacles in

children’s access to the intervention.

d) The performance targets for monitoring the delivery of this intervention make no reference to overcoming obstacles in children’s access to

the intervention.




144




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145


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146


D6. Do the performance targets for monitoring the delivery of these child nutrition interventions make reference to reaching children in their

very early years (from birth to two years)?




a) The performance targets for monitoring the delivery of this intervention make clear reference to reaching children in their very early years

(from birth to two years).

b) The performance targets for monitoring the delivery of this intervention make reference to reaching children in their very early years (from

birth to two years), but the reference is not sufficiently clear.

c) The performance targets for monitoring the delivery of this intervention make very little reference to reaching children in their very early

years (from birth to two years).

d) The performance targets for monitoring the delivery of this intervention make no reference to reaching children in their very early years

(from birth to two years).




147




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148


COMMENTS


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149


D7. Do the performance targets for monitoring the delivery of these child nutrition interventions make reference to reaching children in their

first five years?




a) The performance targets for monitoring the delivery of this intervention make clear reference to reaching children in their first five years.

b) The performance targets for monitoring the delivery of this intervention make reference to reaching children in their first five years, but the

reference is not sufficiently clear.

c) The performance targets for monitoring the delivery of this intervention make very little reference to reaching children in their first five

years.

d) The performance targets for monitoring the delivery of this intervention make no reference to reaching children in their first five years.




150




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151


COMMENTS


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152


D8. Are the performance indicators for the child nutrition interventions well-designed to enable monitoring of whether service delivery targets

have been met?




a) The performance indicators for the child nutrition intervention are well-designed to enable thorough monitoring of whether service

delivery targets have been met.

b) The performance indicators for the child nutrition intervention are designed in such a way that they enable some monitoring of whether

service delivery targets have been met.

c) The performance indicators for the child nutrition intervention are designed in such a way that they enable very limited monitoring of

whether service delivery targets have been met.

d) The performance indicators for the child nutrition intervention are not adequate to enable any monitoring of whether service delivery

targets have been met.




153




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154


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155


D9. Are the performance indicators for the child nutrition interventions well-designed to enable monitoring of whether the most vulnerable

children have been reached?




a) The performance indicators for the child nutrition intervention are well-designed to enable thorough monitoring of whether the most

vulnerable children have been reached.

b) The performance indicators for the child nutrition intervention are designed in such a way that they enable some monitoring of whether

the most vulnerable children have been reached.

c) The performance indicators for the child nutrition intervention are designed in such a way that they enable very limited monitoring of

whether the most vulnerable children have been reached.

d) The performance indicators for the child nutrition intervention are inadequate to enable any monitoring of whether the most vulnerable

children have been reached.




156




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157


COMMENTS


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158


D10. Do current budget documents compare the results achieved through the child nutrition interventions against the service delivery targets

that were set for the corresponding year?




a) Current budget documents give a substantial comparison of the results achieved through the child nutrition intervention against the service

delivery targets that were set for the corresponding year, including a narrative explanation and quantitative data.

b) Current budget documents make reference to the results achieved through the child nutrition intervention relative to the service delivery

targets that were set for the corresponding year, but some important details are excluded.

c) Current budget documents provide little information on the results achieved through the child nutrition intervention relative to the service

delivery targets that were set for the corresponding year.

d) Current budget documents do not compare the results achieved through the child nutrition intervention against the service delivery targets

that were set for the corresponding year.




159




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160


COMMENTS


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161


D11. Do year-end reports show the differences between the original estimates of number of beneficiaries for the interventions and the actual

outcome?




a) The year-end report provides an extensive account of differences between the original estimates of beneficiaries and the actual

outcome of the child nutrition intervention.

b) The year-end report comments on the differences between the original estimates of beneficiaries and the actual outcome of the child

nutrition intervention, but the commentary is not sufficiently detailed.

c) The year-end report says very little about the differences between the original estimates of beneficiaries and the actual outcome of the

child nutrition intervention, and important discrepancies are not explained.

d) The year-end report provides no explanation of the differences between the original estimates of beneficiaries and the actual outcome

of the child nutrition intervention.




162




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163


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164


SECTION 6: QUESTIONS ABOUT PARTICIPATION IN BUDGETING FOR CHILD NUTRITION


General

















165






your response.


that intervention.





Which box(es) you complete will depend on the interventions you are researching and at which levels the scope for participation is located:

Complete the answer box for the national level in relation to all the interventions where scope for participation is located at national level.

Complete the answer box for the sub-national level in relation to all the interventions where scope for participation is more appropriately

located at sub-national level.

For interventions where participation does or could take place at national and sub-national levels, complete both boxes.

166


E. PUBLIC AND CHILDREN’S PARTICIPATION IN BUDGETING DECISIONS AROUND CHILD NUTRITION

E1. In developing its expenditure plans, did the government consult with the public about priorities to focus on in the design and

implementation of interventions for child nutrition?




a) In developing its expenditure plans, the government consulted extensively with the public about which priorities to focus on in the design

and implementation of the intervention for child nutrition.

b) In developing its expenditure plans, the government consulted to a fair extent with the public about which priorities to focus on in the

design and implementation of the intervention for child nutrition.

c) In developing its expenditure plans, the government consulted to a negligible extent with the public about which priorities to focus on in

the design and implementation of the intervention for child nutrition.

d) In developing its expenditure plans, the government didn’t consult with the public about which priorities to focus on in the design and

implementation of the intervention for child nutrition.




167




1.

2.

3.

SOURCE REFERENCES

Intervention

number


1

2

3

4

5

168


COMMENTS


1

2

3

4

5



Other comments on Question E1:

169


E2. In developing its expenditure plans, did the government consult with children about priorities to focus on in the design and implementation

of interventions for child nutrition?




a. In developing its expenditure plans, the government consulted extensively with children about which priorities to focus on in the design


b. In developing its expenditure plans, the government consulted to a fair extent with children about which priorities to focus on in the design


c. In developing its expenditure plans, the government consulted to a negligible extent with children about which priorities to focus on in the


d. In developing its expenditure plans, the government didn’t consult with children about which priorities to focus on in the design and

implementation of the intervention for child nutrition.

e. Not applicable / Other (please comment).



170




1.

2.

3.

SOURCE REFERENCES

Intervention

number


1

2

3

4

5

171


COMMENTS


1

2

3

4

5




172


E3. In developing its expenditure plans, did the government consult with vulnerable children about priorities to focus on in the design and

implementation of interventions for child nutrition?




a) In developing its expenditure plans, the government consulted extensively with vulnerable children about which priorities to focus on in the


b) In developing its expenditure plans, the government consulted to a fair extent with vulnerable children about which priorities to focus on in

the design and implementation of the intervention for child nutrition.

c) In developing its expenditure plans, the government consulted to a negligible extent with vulnerable children about which priorities to

focus on in the design and implementation of the intervention for child nutrition.

d) In developing its expenditure plans, the government didn’t consult with vulnerable children about which priorities to focus on in the design





173




1.

2.

3.

SOURCE REFERENCES

Intervention

number


1

2

3

4

5

174


COMMENTS


1

2

3

4

5




175


E4. In developing its expenditure plans, did the government consult with primary caregivers of vulnerable children about priorities to focus on

in the design and implementation of child nutrition interventions?




a) In developing its expenditure plans, the government consulted extensively with care givers of vulnerable children about which priorities to

focus on in the design and implementation of the child nutrition intervention.

b) In developing its expenditure plans, the government consulted to a fair extent with care givers of vulnerable children about which priorities

to focus on in the design and implementation of the child nutrition intervention.

c) In developing its expenditure plans, the government consulted to a negligible extent with care givers of vulnerable children about which

priorities to focus on in the design and implementation of the child nutrition intervention.

d) In developing its expenditure plans, the government didn’t consult with care givers of vulnerable children about which priorities to focus on

in the design and implementation of the child nutrition intervention.




176




1.

2.

3.

SOURCE REFERENCES

Intervention

number


1

2

3

4

5

177


COMMENTS


1

2

3

4

5




178


E5. Has the government created accessible mechanisms to gather the public’s perspectives on the implementation of child nutrition

interventions?




a) The government has established mechanisms to gather the public’s perspectives on the implementation of the child nutrition intervention,

and these mechanisms are accessible in practice to the majority of the public.

b) The government has established mechanisms to gather the public’s perspectives on the implementation of the child nutrition intervention,

but these mechanisms are accessible in practice only to some but not the majority of the public.

c) The government has established mechanisms to gather the public’s perspectives on the implementation of the child nutrition intervention,

but these mechanisms are not effective or practical or are not accessible in practice to a majority of the public.

d) The government has not established any mechanisms to gather the public’s perspectives on the implementation of child nutrition

intervention.




179




1.

2.

3.

SOURCE REFERENCES

Intervention

number


1

2

3

4

5

180


COMMENTS


1

2

3

4

5




181


E6. Does the government provide detailed feedback to the public on how its budget inputs have been used to deliver child nutrition

interventions? (Please note, such feedback could be through the media, including radio, newspapers, television, bulletin boards, or through

public meetings and other events)




a) The government provides extensive and detailed feedback to the public on how its budget inputs have been used to deliver the child


b) The government provides a fair amount of feedback to the public on how its budget inputs have been used to deliver the child nutrition

intervention, but some details are not communicated.

c) The government provides very little feedback to the public on how its budget inputs have been used to deliver the child nutrition

intervention and important details are not communicated.

d) The government provides no feedback to the public on how its budget inputs have been used to deliver the child nutrition intervention.

e) Not applicable / Other (please comment)



182




1.

2.

3.

SOURCE REFERENCES

Intervention

number


1

2

3

4

5

183


COMMENTS


1

2

3

4

5




184


E7. Between 2007 and 2012, has the government produced any summaries of its budget documents in a format that is designed for children?

Consider the question above in relation to each level of government selected for this study and identify an answer from the list below that most

accurately reflects your findings for each level. Write down the corresponding letter (for example “c”) in the boxes below. You may have different

answers for the different levels of government. For further guidelines, see the pointers at the beginning of this section.

a) Between 2007 and 2012, the government produced at least one summary of its budget documents in a format designed for children, which

provided a very user-friendly overview of information.

b) Between 2007 and 2012, the government produced at least one summary of its budget documents in a format designed for children, but it

excluded some information.

c) Between 2007 and 2012, the government produced at least one summary of its budget documents in a format designed for children, but it

excluded a great deal of information.

d) Between 2007 and 2012, the government did not produce any summaries of its budget documents in a format designed for children.



National

185



Sub-national unit Answer

1.

2.

3.

SOURCE REFERENCES


186


COMMENTS

Intervention # Comments regarding the interpretation of this question in relation to specific child nutrition interventions

1

2

3

4

5




187


E8. Between 2007 and 2012, has the government produced any summaries of its budget documents focusing on interventions that directly

and/or indirectly target children?




a) Between 2007 and 2012, the government produced at least one summary of its budget documents focussing on interventions that directly

and/or indirectly target children, which provided an extensive overview.

b) Between 2007 and 2012, the government produced at least one summary of its budget documents focussing on interventions that directly

and/or indirectly target children, but it excluded some details.

c) Between 2007 and 2012, the government produced at least one summary of its budget documents focussing on interventions that directly

and/or indirectly target children, but it excluded important details.

d) Between 2007 and 2012, the government did not produce any summaries of its budget documents focussing on interventions that directly

and/or indirectly target children.



National

188




1.

2.

3.

SOURCE REFERENCES


189


COMMENTS

Intervention # Comments regarding the interpretation of this question in relation to specific child nutrition interventions

1

2

3

4

5




190


E9. Do the laws of this country allow children to access budget information?

Consider the question above and identify one answer from the list below that most accurately reflects your findings. Write down the corresponding

letter (for example “c”) in the answer box below. For further guidelines on the interpretation of terms, see the pointers at the beginning of this

section.

a) The laws of this country allow children to access budget information without restriction.

b) The laws of this country allow children to access budget information, but there are some restrictions.

c) The laws of this country allow children to access budget information, but there are extensive restrictions.

d) The laws of this country do not allow children to access budget information.


ANSWER BOX ONLY FOR THE NATIONAL LEVEL

National

191


SOURCE REFERENCES

State the source(s) that informed the selection of your answer. Please provide the relevant internet links, document names and interview references. Be as specific as possible, by for example giving page or section numbers in documents, quotes from interviews, as well as the date and full names of interviewees.

COMMENTS

Any comments on Question E9:

192


E10. Are there mechanisms in place for government to engage with children during the budget process?




a) There are mechanisms in place for government to engage with children during the budget process, and these mechanisms are accessible in

practice to the majority of children.

b) There are mechanisms in place for government to engage with children during the budget process, but these mechanisms are accessible in

practice only to some but not the majority of children..

c) There are mechanisms in place for government to engage with children during the budget process, but these mechanisms are not effective

or practical or are not accessible in practice to a majority of children.

d) There are no mechanisms in place for government to engage with children during the budget process.



National

193




1.

2.

3.

SOURCE REFERENCES


194


COMMENTS

Any comments on Question E10:

195


E11. Has the government created accessible mechanisms to gather children’s perspectives on the implementation of child nutrition

interventions?



You may have different answers for the different interventions and levels of government. For further guidelines, see the pointers at the beginning of

this section.

a) The government has established mechanisms to gather children’s perspectives on the implementation of the child nutrition intervention,

and these mechanisms are accessible in practice to the majority of children.

b) The government has established mechanisms to gather children’s perspectives on the implementation of the child nutrition intervention,

but these mechanisms are accessible in practice only to some but not the majority of children.

c) The government has established inaccessible mechanisms to gather children’s perspectives on the implementation of the child nutrition

intervention, but these mechanisms are not effective or practical or are not accessible in practice to a majority of children.

d) The government has not established any mechanisms to gather children’s perspectives on the implementation of the child nutrition

intervention.

Not applicable / Other (please comment).ANSWER BOX FOR THE NATIONAL LEVEL


196




1.

2.

3.

SOURCE REFERENCES

Intervention number


1

2

3

4

5

197


COMMENTS


1

2

3

4

5




198


END OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

199