btec nyserda pellet storage stakeholder session # 3 · v. el fili ttfexamples of implementing...
TRANSCRIPT
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
BTEC NYSERDA Pellet Storage Stakeholder Session # 3
1 PM ET J l 23 20131 PM ET, July 23, 2013This Webinar is brought to you by:
Biomass Thermal Energy Council (BTEC) and the New York State h d l h ( )Energy Research and Development Authority(NYSERDA)
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
Quick notesTwo Audio Options: Streaming Two Audio Options: Streaming Audio and Dial-In.1. Streaming Audio/Computer
Speakers (Default)2 Dial In: Use the Audio Panel2. Dial-In: Use the Audio Panel
(right side of screen) to see dial-in instructions. Call-in separately from your telephone.
Ask questions using the Questions Panel on the right side of your screen.
The recording of the webinar and the slides will be available after the event. Registrants will be notified by emailnotified by email.
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
Speakers
Joseph Seymour, Biomass Thermal Energy
CouncilCouncil
Ray Albrecht, Biomass Thermal Energy
Council
Dr. Alan Rossner, Clarkson University
Dr. Philip Hopke, Clarkson University
Tim Cullina, Fauske & Associates
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Cu a, aus e & ssoc ates
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
Presentation OutlineI. Project overview and survey results–Seymour
II. Update on ventilation techniques–Albrecht
IV. Preliminary results of wood pellet storage research–
Hopke & Rossner
V E l f i l ti f t d ti V. Examples of implementing safety recommendations –
Cullina
VI Q&A –SeymourVI. Q&A Seymour
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
Joseph SeymourExecutive Director, Biomass Thermal Energy Council
P j t O i d S Project Overview and Survey Results
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
About BTECThe Biomass Thermal Energy Council (BTEC) is the industry trade association dedicated to advancing the use of biomass for heat and other thermal energy applications.
Why was BTEC established?1. To advocate for and promote the biomass thermal industry in the
national energy policy debate2 T h t t d d t th bli d d i i k th 2. To reach out to and educate the public and decision makers on the
benefits and advantages of using biomass for heat and CHP3. To develop biomass energy research and analysis that enables
sound investment and policy decisions 1. Technical and Regulatory Affairs Committee (TRAC) created to
help address safety and regulatory concerns, increase markets2. Member-led3 Will assist NYSERDA project when needed
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3. Will assist NYSERDA project when needed
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
About the Pellet Storage Surveyg y
Online, conducted mid-April 2013 to June 2013Distributed through BTEC/PFI networksDistributed through BTEC/PFI networksNational and regional breakdown
Nat’l – 18 respondentsNE - 13 respondentsp
Preliminary findings, limited responses, warrants further study
Use for descriptive purposesp p pComplete results available at conclusion of projectOption of conducting annually
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
Fuel Type
Wood Pellets Sold/Used for Bulk Delivery
39% Softwood39% Softwood22% Hardwood44% Blend of Softwood and Hardwood
(some are a combination of the three)
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
3035
Frequency of Bulk Pellet Deliveries
15202530
05
105
Percent
Once a Week
Once Every Two
Weeks
Once Every Month
Once Every Two Months+
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
Typical Pellet Storage Size
46%
40%
45%
50%
25%
30%
35%
40%
8%
15% 15%
8%10%
15%
20%
25%
0% 0% 0%0%
5%
1 ton bulk 2 ton bulk 3 ton bulk 10 ton bulk 20 ton bulk 40 ton bulk 1 ton pallet, 40 lb bag
2 ton pallet, 40 lb bag
Typical Pellet Storage SizeTypical Pellet Storage Size
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
OtherI d O tdIndoor vs. Outdoor
1-25% of reported serviced consumers have outdoor systems5 and 10 ton storage were most common
75-99% have indoor systems75 99% have indoor systems3 ton storage was most common
VentilationMost Common
Vented cap on filling pipes
Also usedOpen window/vent or mechanical active ventilation system
Safety/Warning Signage69% indicated that warning signs are in use15% said no or did not know15% said no or did not knowThe remainder sometimes use safety/warning signs depending on the application
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BTEC/NYSERDA CO Off-Gassing Project
Ray AlbrechtTechnical Consultant, Biomass Thermal Energy Council
Update on Ventilation pTechniques
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Update on BTEC/NYSERDA Project
Ventilation in Bulk Pellet Storage
For
Residential and Commercial Pellet‐fired Boiler Systems
R d J Alb ht P ERaymond J Albrecht, P.E.Technical AdvisorBiomass Thermal Energy Council (BTEC)
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Information Gathering Relating to Policies and Standards
Austria, Germany, Sweden and Canada
English translation of Austrian M 7137 standard for delivery and storage of bulk pellets
Technical resource for development of US pguidelines
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Information Gathering Relating to Policies and Standards
Austria, Germany, Sweden and Canada
English summary translation of German g yVDI 3464 pellet storage standard
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Bioenergy 2020 gy
Technical Research Reports
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Sample Graph of CO Formation Rate vs TimeSample Graph of CO Formation Rate vs Time
Laboratory Testing
CO formation rate in mg CO per kg of pellets per 24 hrs
Most pellet samples show less than 1 mg/kg conversion to CO per day but occasional higher rates up to 3 mg/kg have been measured with some samples of softwood pellets sa p es o so t ood pe ets
Rapid drop after initial period
Ventilation needs to meet peak i t f fi t 1 2 krequirements for first 1 or 2 weeks
after delivery
Longer term CO formation rate typically less than 10% of peak
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CO Formation Rate in Samples of Fresh Softwood Pelletsp
Bioenergy 2020 ‐ Austria
Strong majority of pellet samples have lower CO formation rates
But exceptions occur – science of CO formation not fully understood
No data yet for hardwood pellets
No data for US pellets
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European Recommendation for Pellet Storage Ventilation
14,0
European Recommendation for Pellet Storage Ventilation
Target CO concentration of 30 ppm in
10,0
12,0
1/
h]
VPellets : VAir 1:1VPellets : VAir 1:2VPellets : VAir 1:3VPellets : VAir 1:15
storage compartment
Summary:
1 mph cross‐ventilation airflow
6,0
8,0
an
ge
rate
n [
1 1 mph cross ventilation airflow through a 4 inch opening provides 30 ppm CO level for storage system filled with 5 tons of worst‐case (3 mg CO per kg pellets per 24 hrs) pellets
2 0
4,0
Air
exch
a
Airflow = 4 cfm
About 5% of typical bathroom exhaust fan volume
0,0
2,0
0,01 0,1 1 10Emission rate CO [mg/ kg fuel] in 24 h
7 inch diameter opening to maintain 9 ppm in storage compartment
slide 19
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Ventilated Fill Caps – Laboratory Testing Results
Twist‐on caps with ventilation slots
Primary driving force for air exchange is difference in temperature (inside storage compartment– outside)
h f l f ³ ll
r excha
nge rate [m
³/h] Graph of test results for 8 m³ pellet storage
silo – with ventilated caps and 1 meter length fill piping
Airflow at 5 deg C temperature difference is OK for majority of pellet reactivity levelsAir is OK for majority of pellet reactivity levels
But average airflow at zero temperature difference only 2 ft3 per hour compared to recommended ventilation rate of 4 ft3 per minute for most reactive pelletsminute for most reactive pellets
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Comparison of Air‐tight Storage With and Without Ventilated Caps
Laboratory Testing Results
Reduced CO concentrations in pellet storage with ventilated caps
But additional openings needed to achieve 30 ppm in air‐tight storage compartments
More effective ventilation could be accomplished with variety of combined wind/temperature‐driven passive openings including integrated fill i / til ti th ll fittifill pipe/ventilation thru‐wall fittings similar to sealed combustion air supply/exhaust terminations for gas‐fired appliance
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Pellet Storage CO ConcentrationPellet Storage CO Concentration
Ventilated Cap with Supplemental Opening
Bioenergy 2020
Still has initial CO concentration peak but equilibrium value near zero ppm with supplemental opening
More effective cross‐ventilation or larger single opening would reduce or eliminate initial peak concentration of CO
Blue = Ventilated Cap only
Green = Ventilated Cap plus Supplemental OpeningGreen Ventilated Cap plus Supplemental Opening
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International Pellet Safety Workshop
Organized by European Pellet Council ‐ BTEC is now observing member
70 participants from Europe and US/Canada
27 discussion groups over 3 days
Pellet production, transport and storage
Report available at www.pelletcouncil.eu
Industry database and blog to be posted onlineIndustry database and blog to be posted online
2nd Workshop planned for May or June 2014
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Upcoming Pellet Storage Project Tasks
Safe Pellet Project Workshop – Austria
Briefing for government agencies
Final report
Technical article for biomass publication
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BTEC/NYSERDA CO Off-Gassing Project
Dr. Philip Hopke
Dr. Alan Rossner Professors, Clarkson Universityy
Preliminary Results of yWood Pellet Storage Research
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CO Monitoring ProjectCO Monitoring Project
Philip K. Hopke and Alan RossnerInstitute for a Sustainable Environment
Clarkson [email protected]@clarkson.edu
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MotivationMotivation
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MotivationMotivationThe installation of wood pellet heating as a cost-effective and climatically neutral source of energy for private households has increased steadily in recent years. We report two deaths that occurred within the space of about a year in wood pellet t f i t h h ld i G kistorerooms of private households in German-speaking
countries and were investigated by forensic medical teams. This is the first report of fatalities in this special context as is shown in the literature review Both victims died of carbonshown in the literature review. Both victims died of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning; one of the victims was a woman who was 4 months pregnant. Measurements at the scene detected life-threatening CO concentrations (7500 ppm,detected life threatening CO concentrations (7500 ppm, >500 ppm), which were not significantly reduced after ventilation of the storerooms as required by regulations.
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Health ImplicationsHealth ImplicationsToxic
CO Concentration Inhalation Time Symptoms(ppm)
9 Short term exposureASHRAE recommended maximum allowable concentration in living area.The maximum exposure allowed by OSHA in the
35 8 hoursThe maximum exposure allowed by OSHA in the workplace over an eight hour period.
200 2‐3 hoursSlight headache, tiredness, fatigue, nausea and dizziness.
400 1‐2 hours Serious headache‐other symptoms intensify.Life threatening after 3 hours.
800 45 minutes Dizziness, nausea and convulsions.Unconscious within 2 hours.Death after 2‐3 hours.
1,600 20 minutes Headache, dizziness and nausea.Death within 1 hour.
3,200 5‐10 minutes Headache, dizziness, nausea.D th ithi 1 hDeath within 1 hour.
6,400 1‐2 minutes Headache, dizziness, nausea.Death within 25‐30 minutes.
12,800 1‐3 minutes Death within 1‐3 minutes
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Pellet StoragePellet Storage
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Scope of WorkScope of Work– Monitoring a series of pellet bins
• 1 ton of storage in our Energy Cabin (20 kW)\• 10 ton bin at the Walker Center 150 kW system• 20 ton bin at the Wild Center for their 500 kW boiler.• 10 ton storage facility in a residential basement• 20 ton storage facility at elementary school• ~30 ton storage in coal bunker at middle schoolg• Up to 100 ton storage facility at SUNY-ESF
– Monitor forMonitor for• CO• PM in some cases• CO O T and RH in others• CO2, O2, T and RH in others
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Energy CabinEnergy Cabin
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Initial MeasurementsInitial Measurements
• Used a Langan L76 CO/CO2 monitorUsed a Langan L76 CO/CO2 monitor
CO Concentrations
80 0
100.0
120.0
CO Concentrations
20 0
40.0
60.0
80.0
CO (ppm)
‐20.0
0.0
20.0
0 50 100 150 200Temporal Variations
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Pellet BagPellet Bag
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Pellet SiloLocation of sensorof sensor
This is at the Elementary School in Saranac Lake
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Middle School Coal Bunker
Pellet Storage BinPellet Storage Bin
Area where the two 1 MMBTU boilers are placed
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Sensor PackagesSensor Packages
• We are make sensor packages using City TechWe are make sensor packages using City Tech sensors.– CO – electrochemical– O2 – electrochemical– CO2 – NDIR2– RH and T using Vaisala HUMICAP systems
• Built into 1 or 8 gallon cansg– Filter on top– Fan on the bottom to provide flow through
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Sensor PackagesSensor Packages
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CalibrationCalibration120
Calibration Plot
ppm
) 100 r ² =0.9987
ntra
tion
(p
60
80
CO
Con
ce
40
0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9
C
0
20
Output Voltage (V)0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
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Sensor PackagesSensor Packages
• For the Middle School andFor the Middle School and ESF bins, we will also measure PM concentrations to examine the dust levels during pellet delivery.g p y
• Use a commercial PM monitor (Met One Model (831) that gives PM1, PM2.5, PM4, and PM10.
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Monitoring to DateMonitoring to Date
• We have data fromWe have data from– The residential basement in Massena
Two of the three locations in the Malone school– Two of the three locations in the Malone school– The Saranac Lake Elementary School
E C bi– Energy Cabin
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Massena Residence Basement1-hr values
80
Massena Residence
60
80
(ppm
)
40
60
OSHA Limit
CO
(
20
40 OSHA Limit
20ASHRAE Limit
Date
04/01
00
05/01
00
06/01
00
07/01
00
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Massena Residence Basement
M R id
801-hr values
Massena Residence
60
O (p
pm)
40 OSHA
CO
20
ASHRAE
Date
03/01
00
04/01
00
05/01
00
06/01
00
07/01
00
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Massena Residence Basement8-hr rolling average
Massena Residence
30
20
CO
(pp 10pm)
Date
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Malone Middle SchoolI hr Values
10
Malone Middle School
8 C0 (Boiler Room) CO (Hallway)
(ppm
) 6
CO (Hallway)
CO
(
4
0
2
03/04
00
03/11
00
03/18
00
03/25
00
04/01
00
04/08
00
04/15
00
04/22
000
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Malone Middle School
18000
1 hr PM Values
14000
16000 PM1.0PM2.5PM4.0
μg/m
3 )
10000
12000 PM10
PM ( μ
6000
8000
0
2000
4000
DateMon 25 Mon 11 Mon 25 Mon 08 Mon 22
0
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Malone Middle School
18000
1 hr ValuesNOTE:
14000
16000 PM1.0PM2.5PM4.0
NOTE: These values are all well less than the
μg/m
3 )
10000
12000 PM10explosive limits for wood dust.
PM ( μ
6000
8000
0
2000
4000
DateMon 25 Mon 11 Mon 25 Mon 08 Mon 22
0
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Saranac Lake School1 hr Values
250
Saranac Lake School
200
O (p
pm) 150
CO
50
100
00 00 00 00 00
50
Date
04/01
00
04/08
00
04/15
00
04/22
00
04/29
00
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Saranac Lake School1 hr Values
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Lab StudiesLab Studies
• We are also performing a limited series ofWe are also performing a limited series of laboratory studies to determine the kinetics of off-gassing of CO and VOCs
• Fill 15 gallon cans with 10 pounds of pellets– Hardwood, softwood, mixed hard/soft– Triplicate cans (9 in all)
• Daily measurements of CO, CO2, O2, RH, and T• Collect 300 ml canisters from each sample after 1
day and after 30 days to measure VOCs by GC/MSGC/MS
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COCO200
H d 1
160
180Hard 1 Hard 2 Hard 3 Soft 1
(ppm
)
100
120
140 Soft 2 Soft 3 Blend 1 Blend 2
CO
(
60
80
100Blend 3
20
40
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
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VOC EmissionsVOC Emissions
• Canister samplers for VOC analyses wereCanister samplers for VOC analyses were obtained at 1 day after placing the pellets in the drums and after 30 daysthe drums and after 30 days
• Samples are being analyzed to examine VOC being off gassedbeing off-gassed
• Blended pellets clearly had the strongest smell.
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ChromatogramsChromatogramsHardwood S ft d
al alanal
Softwood
hexa
na
hexa
na
pent
a
acet
one
ol ane
enta
nal
α-pi
nene
met
hano
pent
a pe
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Methanol Production RatesMethanol Production Rates30000
Hardwood
tion
25000
HardwoodSoftwoodBlend
Con
cent
rat
15000
20000
Rel
ativ
e C
10000
R
0
5000
Day0 2 4 6 8 10 12
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Additional ExperimentsAdditional Experiments
Index Preprocess characteristics
Regular Not processed reference
Dried Dried overnight in drying oven Low RHDried Dried overnight in drying oven Low RH
Aq.Phase With an aqueous phase present Highest RH
DisinfectedDisinfected by an autoclave sterilizer at 115ºC for 20 min
Killed all microbes and fungus, (Second highest RH)
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Additional ExperimentsAdditional Experiments250
200
250As IsDriedWith waterAutoclaved
PPM
) 150
Autoclaved
CO
(P
100
50
X Data
04/17 04/21 04/25 04/29 05/03 05/07 0
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Relevant U.S. Safety Standards: Confined Space Entry and
Carbon Monoxide
Timothy Cullina P. E. Senior Safety Engineer
Fauske & Associates, LLC (FAI)[email protected]
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Dangers of Confined Spaces
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Related OSHA Standards
General Industry Standards
- 1910.38 - emergency action plans- 1910.94 – ventilation- 1910.132 - personal protective equipment- 1910.134 - respiratory protection- 1910.146 – confined spaces- 1910.1200 - hazard communication
- General Duty Clause
- Others depending upon hazards
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Related OSHA Standards
Emergency Action Plan - who, what, where, when, how…
Industrial Ventilation - control emissions, exposures, and chemical hazards in the workplace
Personal protective equipment - hazard assessment and equipment required
Respiratory protection - respirator shall be provided to each employee when necessary to protect the health of the employee
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Related OSHA Standards OSHA Hazard Communication
The five key elementsWritten Program
Material Safety Data Sheets
Labeling
Training
Materials Inventory and Hazard Assessment
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General Duty ClauseSection 5(a) of the “Act”
SEC. 5. Duties (a) Each employer --
(1) shall furnish to each of his employees employment and aplace of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees;
(2) shall comply with occupational safety and health standardspromulgated under this Act.
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Permit-Required Confined Spaces29 CFR 1910.146
Scope and applicationDefinitionsGeneral requirements (to include development of written plan)Permit-required confined spacesPermit systemEntry permit
TrainingDuties of authorized entrantsDuties of attendantsDuties of entry supervisorsRescue and emergency servicesEmployee participation
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How to Identify Confined Spaces29 CFR 1910 .146 Permit-required confined spaces
Space large enough to enter
Limited or Restricted Entry or
Exit
Not Designed for Continuous
Worker Occupancy
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Two Types of Confined Spaces29 CFR 1910.146
Permit required- Meets confined space
definition, and- Has inadequate ventilation,
or- Has a hazardous health or
safety condition, or- Has a known or potential
hazardous atmosphere, or- Any other recognized
serious hazard
Non-permit required- Meets confined space
definition- Has adequate
ventilation- Does not contain any
hazards that can cause death or harm
- There is absolutely no potential for a hazardous atmosphere
WARNING: Don’t make a false assumption that a non-permit space or a space that is not “confined” is a
SAFE SPACE.
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Confined Spaces29 CFR 1910.146
. .
WARNING: Don’t make a false assumption that a non-permit space or a space that is not “confined” is a
SAFE SPACE.
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Examples of “Typical” Confined Spaces
PipelinePitPumping stationReaction or process vesselMillsSiloStorage tank
BargesSewerUtility vaultTrenchesShaftsCaissonsCoal bins
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Large Enough to Enter
source: osha.gov Training Grant Materials
Limited Openings for Entry/Exit
Not for Continuous Occupancy
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Who Decides What A Confined Space Is?
Employer must evaluate a space based on the definition, NOT on whether or not you may enter the space.
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Examples of “Pellet Storage”Are They Confined Spaces?
Silo, above or below groundStorage room
Converted Coal bins
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Not Designed for Continuous Worker Occupancy
Most OSHA defined confined spaces are not designed to enter and work in on a regular basisThey are designed to:- Store a product at location or in transit- Enclose materials or processes- Allow occasional entry for inspection, repair, cleanup,
and maintenance, etc
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=f_8ZtbOoSz2f3M&tbnid=OHJEUynYCbRdTM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http://www.mywoodpelletsolution.com/wood-pellet-storage/&ei=eprtUbqoEKmpyAHY34GQCA&psig=AFQjCNFKCL107zdXE76cEjDnVgJuA9Rz-w&ust=1374612474315899
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Is It an OSHA Confined Space?
Cut-away of Converted Coal Storage Room
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Is It Potentially Hazardous?
Cut-away of Converted Coal Storage Room
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Is It an OSHA Confined Space?Is it Potentially Hazardous?
Combination Work Area and Wood Pellet Storage Room
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=f_8ZtbOoSz2f3M&tbnid=OHJEUynYCbRdTM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.pellergy.com/wood-pellet-central-heating-products/&ei=uZrtUcCzHYLlyAHZu4CoAw&psig=AFQjCNFKCL107zdXE76cEjDnVgJuA9Rz-w&ust=1374612474315899
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Confined Space? - follow the OSHA Standard! Appendices 29 CFR 1910.146
Appendix A - Permit-Required Confined Space Decision Flow ChartAppendix B - Procedures for Atmospheric TestingAppendix C - Examples of Permit-Required Confined Space ProgramsAppendix D - Confined Space Pre-Entry Check List
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=oS3NJESKztjnWM&tbnid=YDLkpqfRvJee0M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://yff.myy2y.co.uk/Learners_Online/Road_skills/RevRight/RR.html&ei=gFYiUfGNA8-tqQHNjIHgDg&psig=AFQjCNFH2dcS1AwhDM4UCIkWlQ82QbmjWw&ust=1361291087722856http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=_n0NV_WqL6AoIM&tbnid=hNnywumAvREjiM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.speakdigital.co.uk/personal.php&ei=5lYiUf7tE9O1qQGz1oGoCQ&psig=AFQjCNFH2dcS1AwhDM4UCIkWlQ82QbmjWw&ust=1361291087722856
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Not a Confined Space? – focus on the Hazard
What is a hazard?
A hazard is the potential for harm
In practical terms, …
a hazard often is associated with a condition or activity that, if left uncontrolled, can result in an injury or illness
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=oS3NJESKztjnWM&tbnid=YDLkpqfRvJee0M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://yff.myy2y.co.uk/Learners_Online/Road_skills/RevRight/RR.html&ei=gFYiUfGNA8-tqQHNjIHgDg&psig=AFQjCNFH2dcS1AwhDM4UCIkWlQ82QbmjWw&ust=1361291087722856http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=_n0NV_WqL6AoIM&tbnid=hNnywumAvREjiM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.speakdigital.co.uk/personal.php&ei=5lYiUf7tE9O1qQGz1oGoCQ&psig=AFQjCNFH2dcS1AwhDM4UCIkWlQ82QbmjWw&ust=1361291087722856
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Hazards of Storage Spaces
Oxygen Deficient AtmospheresOxygen Enriched AtmospheresFlammable AtmospheresToxic AtmospheresTemperature Extremes
Engulfment hazardsSlick/wet surfaces, falling objects, noiseMechanical hazardsConfiguration hazardsOther hazards
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=BzdxOrztVQCe4M&tbnid=aw_cMdYzf04fQM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.hydro-klean.com/ProjectLibrary/GrainBinEntry/&ei=LgccUcXRJcbIqQGnyYCYAg&bvm=bv.42261806,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEEGTvW2VfucFECNO4PAQ4Cf3Pv_Q&ust=1360877730968444
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Flammable/Explosive AtmospheresCombustible Dust
Critical Factors:- Oxygen content in the air- Presence of dust - Confined area- Dispersed in air- Ignition source
Proper dust mixture can lead to explosionTypical Ignition Sources:- Sparking or electric tool- Welding/cutting operations- Smoking- Static Electricity
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NFPA Standards
OSHA uses NFPA Standards as RAGAGEP - “Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices”
OSHA may cite the “General Duty Clause”(Section 5(a)(1) of the OSHA Act )
if hazards are not identified and mitigated per RAGAGEP
Section 5(a)(1) of the OSHA Act states:"Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees."
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Toxic Atmospheres in Storage Spaces
Product in a Storage Space:- Gases released when cleaning- Materials absorbed into walls of storage space- Decomposition of materials in the storage space
Work performed in a space:- Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering- Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing- Sealing, bonding, melting
Areas adjacent to a storage space- Exhaust , pumps, generators
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If Unfavorable Natural Ventilationin Wood Pellet Storage Area
Lack of air movement in and out of the space can create an atmosphere much different than the outside atmosphereDeadly gases can be trapped insideOrganic materials can decomposeMay not be enough oxygen due to presence of other gases or chemical reactions such as rusting
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Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless and toxic gas Because it is impossible to see, taste or smell the toxic fumes, CO can kill you before you are aware of it
More than 150 people in the Unites States die every year from accidental non-fire related CO poisoning associated with consumer products
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Test Before Entry
Before employee enters space, internal atmosphere shall be tested, with calibrated direct-reading instrument, for following conditions in order given- Oxygen content- Flammable gases and vapors- Potential toxic air contaminants (e.g., carbon monoxide)
Source: osha.gov Training Grant Materials
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OSHA RequiredCarbon Monoxide Monitoring
Carbon Monoxide is listed in Table Z‐1
An exposure to any substance listed in Tables Z‐1, Z‐2, or Z‐3 shall be limited in accordance with the requirements of 1910.1000. Exposures to hazardous and toxic substances are also addressed in specific standards, such as powered industrial trucks (forklifts, etc)
1910.178 (i)(1) Internal combustion engine powered industrial trucks (forklifts, etc)…employers shall monitor environmental exposure of employees to CO whenever internal combustion engine powered industrial trucks are operated indoors to ensure that CO levels do not exceed 50ppm
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Symptoms of CO Poisoning
HeadacheDizzinessWeaknessNauseaVomitingChest painConfusion
Carbon monoxide molecules are 200 times more likely
to bind to hemoglobin thanare oxygen molecules
Carbon monoxide crowds out the oxygen molecules depriving the body
of the oxygen
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Carbon Monoxide
An Odorless, Colorless, Tasteless Gas
PPM Effect
50 . Permissible Exposure Level
200 Slight headache, discomfort
200 Headache, discomfort
1000-2000 Confusion, nausea, headache
1000-2000 Tendency to stagger
1000-2000 Slight heart palpitation
2000-2500 Unconsciousness
Extended exposures can lead to brain and organ damage and death
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Exposure Limits
OSHA PEL OLD ACGIH TLV 50 ppm
NIOSH REL BASED ON CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS 35 ppm
ACGIH TLV BASED ON CARBOXYHEMEGLOBIN EFFECTS 25 ppm
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Two Types of Pellet Storage Spaces
Permit required- Has inadequate
ventilation, or- Has a hazardous health
or safety condition, or- Has a known or
potential hazardous atmosphere, or
- Any other recognized serious hazard
Non-permit required- Has adequate
ventilation- Does not contain any
hazards that can cause death or harm
- There is absolutely no potential for a hazardous atmosphere
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Categorizing Confined Spaces29 CFR 1910 .146 Permit-required confined spaces
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Categorizing Confined Spaces29 CFR 1910 .146 Permit-required confined spaces
. For OSHA, Enter means to put any part of your bodyinto the space
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Recommendations
Identify all confined spaces and comply with OSHA standards
For non-confined space storage areas:- Treat all storage spaces as hazardous until proven otherwise
- If possible, identify all hazards in storage space before entry
- Respond appropriately to hazards before entry
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Categorizing Storage AreasModified from 29 CFR 1910.146 Permit-Required Confined Spaces
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Warning Signs & Safety Instructions from the DEPV
Source: Gauthier S et al. Ann Occup Hyg 2012;56:755-763
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Thank you
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
Q & A
Ask questions using the Questions Panel on the right side of Ask questions using the Questions Panel on the right side of your screen.
The webinar slides and recording will be made available after todayafter today.
Look for future project updates from BTEC staff throughout Q3 of 2013of 2013
96
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
Upcoming EventsWebinar: Where Does Biomass Energy Policy Stand?*
July 26, 12PM ETwww Biomassthermal orgwww.Biomassthermal.org
PFI Annual ConferenceJuly 28-30, Asheville, NCPelletheat.org Pelletheat.org
International Training Seminar Biomass Heating -Market development and technologies
Sept. 9 – 12, 2013, Linz, AustriaNebiomassheat.comScholarships available
*97
* Discount for BTEC members
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BTEC/NYSERDA Off-Gassing Project
Thank you for attending today’s webinar!Thank you for attending today s webinar!
For more information, contact:Joseph SeymourJoseph Seymour
BTEC Executive [email protected]
202-596-3974 x302202 596 3974 x302
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BTEC_Part1_CO_7.23.2013.pdfuse this one_cullina_CO Off-Gassing of Wood Pellets inStorage Relevant US Safety Standards2 [Recovered]Slide Number 1Dangers of Confined SpacesRelated OSHA StandardsRelated OSHA Standards�Related OSHA Standards �OSHA Hazard Communication General Duty Clause�Section 5(a) of the “Act”�Permit-Required Confined Spaces�29 CFR 1910.146 ��How to Identify Confined Spaces�29 CFR 1910 .146 Permit-required confined spaces��Two Types of Confined Spaces�29 CFR 1910.146 ��Confined Spaces�29 CFR 1910.146 �Examples of “Typical” Confined SpacesLarge Enough to Enter�Who Decides What A Confined Space Is? Examples of “Pellet Storage”�Are They Confined Spaces?Not Designed for �Continuous Worker OccupancyIs It an OSHA �Confined Space?Is It Potentially Hazardous?Is It an OSHA Confined Space?�Is it Potentially Hazardous? �Confined Space? - follow the OSHA Standard! �Appendices 29 CFR 1910.146 ��Not a Confined Space? – focus on the Hazard �Hazards of Storage Spaces�Flammable/Explosive Atmospheres�Combustible DustNFPA StandardsToxic Atmospheres in Storage SpacesIf Unfavorable Natural Ventilation�in Wood Pellet Storage AreaCarbon Monoxide Test Before EntryOSHA Required�Carbon Monoxide MonitoringSymptoms of CO PoisoningSlide Number 30Exposure Limits�Two Types of Pellet Storage Spaces��Categorizing Confined Spaces�29 CFR 1910 .146 Permit-required confined spacesCategorizing Confined Spaces�29 CFR 1910 .146 Permit-required confined spacesRecommendationsCategorizing Storage Areas�Modified from 29 CFR 1910.146 Permit-Required Confined Spaces Warning Signs & �Safety Instructions from the DEPVThank you�������[email protected]
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