buddhism and taoism face to face scripture, ritual, and iconographic exchange in medieval china

8/8/2019 Buddhism and Taoism Face to Face Scripture, Ritual, And Iconographic Exchange in Medieval China

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Buddhism

and Taoism

C H R I S T I N E M O L L I E R

FACE TO FACE

S C R I P T U R E , R I T UA L , A N D I C O N O G R A P H I C

E X C H A N G E I N M E D I E V A L C H I N A


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Buddhism and TaoismFace to Face


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Buddhism and TaoismFace to Face

Scripture, Ritual, and Iconographic

Exchange in Medieval China

Christine Mollier

University o Hawaii Press

Honolulu


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2008 University o Hawaii Press

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States o America

13 12 11 10 09 08 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mollier, Christine.

Buddhism and Taoism ace to ace : scripture, ritual, and iconographic exchange in

medieval China / Christine Mollier.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical reerences and index.

ISBN 978-0-8248-3169-1 (hardcover : alk. paper)

1. BuddhismRelationsTaoism. 2. TaoismRelationsBuddhism. 3. China

Religion. I. Title.

BQ4610.T3M65 2008

294.3'35dc22

2007042577

University o Hawaii Press books are printed on acid-ree

paper and meet the guidelines or permanence and durability

o the Council on Library Resources.

Designed by Paul Herr o the University o Hawaii Press production sta

Printed by The Maple-Vail Book Manuacturing Group


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Contents

List o Illustrations vii

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction 1

1. The Heavenly Kitchens 23

2. In Pursuit o the Sorcerers 55

3. Augmenting the Lie Account 100

4. Under Stellar Protection 134

5. Guanyin in a Taoist Guise 174

Conclusion 209

Bibliography 213

Index 231


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Illustrations

Figures

2.1. Guanyin saving the aithul rom the peril o sorcery 59

2.2. The peril o sorcery in an illustrated Dunhuang manuscript

o the Guanyin jing 60

2.3. The peril o sorcery in a tenth-century illustrated booklet o

the Guanyin jing 61

2.4. The peril o sorcery in a series o recent paintings at theWenshu yuan 63

2.5. The peril o sorcery at the Pilu monastery 64

2.6. Four Taoist talismans to expel thegu poison 87

2.7. A Buddhist talisman or the expulsion o thegu poison 89

3.1. The Generals o the Sixjia at Mount Heming, Jiange (Sichuan) 1183.2. The talismans o the Great Dipper in the Taoist

Yisuan jing 124125

3.3. The talismans o the Buddhist Yisuan jing rom Dunhuang 1263.4. The teen talismans o the Taoist Yisuan jing 128129

3.5. The ve prophylactic talismans and the ten demoniuge

talismans 130

4.1. Diagram o the Great Dipper 139

4.2. Medical prognostication related to the seven stars o the Beidou 148

4.3. The Method o Ge Xuan or Honoring the Great Dipper 150

4.4. The true orms o the twelve Original Spirits 154

4.5. The talismans o the seven stars and icons o the nine stars 1574.6. The talismans o the Great Dipper 158

4.7. An altar with lamps or the Beidou at the Laojun temple,

Xinjin (Sichuan) 161


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viii Illustrations

4.8. The Method o lying down in the Dipper and meditating

on the seven stars 164

4.9. The talismanic names o the nine stars o the Great Dipper 167

4.10. The nine stars and their palaces 168169

4.11. The nine stars and their palaces 170

4.12. The nine stars o the Dipper in a teenth-century painting

at the Baoning temple, Shanxi 171

4.13. Two Beidou talismans o the late Han period 172

5.1. The Water-Moon Guanyin at Pilu monastery, Anyue

(Sichuan) 176

5.2. Guanyin, Savior rom Peril, a tenth-century painting rom

Dunhuang 187

5.3. Details o salvation rom the perils by Guanyin 188

5.4. Guanyin with a willow twig and a fask 197

5.5. The Jiuku tianzun o Tongnan 201

5.6. The Buddha and Laojun side by side, Xuanmiao temple,

Anyue (Sichuan) 202

5.7. Jiuku tianzun and his two guardians, Xuanmiao temple,

Anyue (Sichuan) 203

5.8. Two paintings o Jiuku tianzun 2055.9. A statue o Jiuku tianzun under construction at the Qingyang

gong monastery, Chengdu 206

5.10. The statue o Jiuku tianzun at the Qingyang gong monastery,

Chengdu 207


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Acknowledgments

The research presented here could have never been undertaken without theaid o my mentors and those who have given me their support. The pas-sage o time has not diminished my gratitude to Kristoer Schipper, who, be-

ginning with my studies as a graduate student, has greatly infuenced my

interest and direction in Taoist studies. The inspiration o two persons in par-

ticular stands in the background o this project. One is the late Michel Soymi,

director and editor o the French Dunhuang project. It was under his guid-

ance that I had the opportunity to work during the years 19891995 as anewly recruited researcher o the French National Center or Scientic Re-

search (CNRS) in the redaction o the th volume o the Catalogue des manu-

scrits chinois de Touen-houang: Fonds Pelliot de la Bibliothque nationale, thanks to

which I was progressively initiated into the rigors o Dunhuangology. It

was Michel Soymi, too, who drew my attention to the Stra of the Three

Kitchens, which is studied in the rst chapter o this book. My interest in the

eld o Buddho-Taoism has also been stimulated by my participation in the

collective readings o apocryphal stras that brought together a small team ohistorians o Chinese religions, organized by my riend and colleague Kuo

Liying over the years 19982000.

My decision to undertake the present volume, however, was made during

the spring semester in 2002 when I was invited to teach at the University o

Chicago as Numata Visiting Proessor o Buddhist Studies. The seminar I gave

at the Divinity School and the Department o East Asian Languages and Civili-

zations, in collaboration with Donald Harper, provided me with the opportu-

nity to deepen and synthesize my research on the canonical texts and Dunhuangmaterials that I had chosen to introduce to the participating students. The rele-

vance o this research, not only or specialists o China but also or historians o

religions in general, was brought home to me that same spring, when I pre-


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Acknowledgments

sented a talk to the Divinity School under the title Buddhism and Taoism Face

to Face. That somewhat overambitious title has been retained as the work

evolved into this book. I wish to warmly thank the dean o the Divinity School,

Richard Rosengarten, who welcomed me at this world-renowned institution

and generously expressed his enthusiasm regarding my research. I am also grate-

ul to the Numata Foundation or its municence in establishing the Numata

Visiting Proessorship. The students at Chicago were a pleasure to work with,

patiently enduring my French accent while contributing much to the seminar.

The rst chapter, in its original French version (rst published in Cahiers

dExtrme-Asie in 2000), was improved by the critical comments o Michel

Soymi and Jean-Pierre Drge. A presentation o this study was given in 2000 at

the International Congress o Asian and North Arican Studies (ICANAS) in

Montral (Canada). I thank, too, Kuo Liying or her many helpul suggestions on

the drat version o chapter 2, on sorcery. The third chapter, on the Stra to In-

crease the Account, was presented in its initial orm in September 2001 at the Euro-

pean and North American Exchanges in East Asian Studies Conerence (De

limage laction: La dynamique des reprsentations visuelles dans la culture in-

tellectuelle et religieuse de la Chine) held at the Collge de France in Paris.

Jean-Pierre Drge has kindly permitted the English version o the text to be pub-

lished here. My work on the cult o Great Dipper, the subject o chapter 4, wasadvanced by eedback received ollowing my summary presentation at the Inter-

national Association o Buddhist Studies (IABS) Conerence in London, 2005. A

rst survey o the materials contained in chapter 5 was given in December 2002

at the IABS conerence in Bangkok. The chapter was urther enhanced by the

suggestions o Poul Anderson. For their critical reading o the manuscript or the

University o Hawaii Press, I am grateul to him and to Gil Raz, whose numer-

ous suggestions and corrections greatly aided the nal revision o the work.

A number o institutions and individuals have been instrumental in makingavailable to me many o the images reproduced here. At the British Library, I

am grateul to Burkhard Quessel, curator o the Tibetan Collections, and Sam

van Schaik, research project manager or the International Dunhuang Project,

who generously provided me with illustrations rom the Dunhuang manu-

scripts in the Aurel Stein Collection. I thank Nathalie Monnet, chie curator o

Oriental books and manuscripts at the Bibliothque nationale de France or her

gracious help in locating the Dunhuang manuscripts rom the Pelliot Collec-

tion that I required, and Georgette Ballez o the Bibliothques bureau o repro-

duction. Thanks also to Jacques Gis, chie curator o the Muse Guimet, or his

permission to reproduce two images o the bodhisattva Guanyin belonging to

the museum.


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Acknowledgments i

In China, I owe a debt o gratitude to the superior o the Wenshu yuan

Buddhist monastery in Chengdu (Sichuan), who allowed me to photograph the

monasterys series o paintings o Guanyin as Savior rom Peril in 2001. The

Bureau o Cultural Relics in Anyue County (Sichuan) lent generous assistance

to acilitate my visit in the autumn o 2001 to many o its splendid archeological

sites, and in particular to the remains o the Xuanmiao Taoist temple, a marvel

despite the muddy conditions. Lei Yuhua, curator at the Chengdu City Mu-

seum, kindly oered me suggestions and recommended contacts during my

visit to Buddho-Taoist archeological sites in Sichuan in all 2004 and provided

me with a photograph o the statue o the Heavenly Venerable Savior rom Su-

ering located in Tongnan (Sichuan), reproduced here in chapter 5.

My special thanks go to Patricia Crosby, executive editor at the University

o Hawaii Press, and her expert sta, or their proessionalism in publishing this

work. I am especially grateul to Ann Ludeman, managing editor, and to ree-

lancer Rosemary Wetherold, whose meticulous copyediting has improved the

accuracy o the text throughout.

Above all, my heartelt gratitude goes to my number one supporter, Mat-

thew Kapstein, who has been involved in this project throughout, and certainly

more than he ever expected to be. It is thanks to his unailing, cheerul encour-

agements and his painstaking eorts at editing, correcting, reading, and reread-ing the text in its entirety that this project came to light.

Christine Mollier

Paris

November 2006


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Introduction

T implanaion o Bddim in Cina, dring r cnri o common ra, wa an nparallld pnomnon in iory o rligion.

Unlik Criianiy, wic playd a major clral, ocial, and poliical rolin ormaion o arly mdival Erop, Bddim did no av c aprvaiv c in Cin world. Alrady v or ix cnri old wni nrd Cina, Indian rligion nconrd r an ancin, iglyadvancd civilizaion. Cina ad i own ric inllcal, piloopical, and

rligio radiion. I ad alo a rong n o clral and poliical idniy,on xprd a a powrl nocnrim. Compard wi many orAian naion in wic Bddim bcam a dominan vcor o ocial and in-llcal organizaion, Clial Empir mingly ad vry li l o nvywi rpc o India gra civilizaion. Erik Zrcr marpic, The Bud-dhist Conquest of China (1959), wic dal wi ormaiv pa o iimplanaion, rmain r rrnc or anyon wo wi o ndr-and complx iory o mdival Cin Bddim.

T rmarkabl ablimn o Indian rligion in i Cin inga long bn a bjc o acinaion or colar o Bddim and Sinologi,wo av xplord i vario apc: piloopy and docrin, xal ma-rial, ocial and iniional organizaion, ar, conomy, and o on. Nvr-l, in conidring complx cor o i inicizaion, i maniold inllcalinnc on Cin clr, and magnid o i xal and ariic r-main, on canno b rprid a larg ara av rmaind nglcd. Ono m, and no la, i inracion o Bddim wi or majorCin rligion, Taoim, indigno radiion a, in pi o i long pr-iory, bgan i dvlopmn only in cond cnry o common ra.T nconr o wo gra rligion wa pariclarly ril in mdivalim, wn y conribd o aping on anor in many way. Tir in-


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BuddhismandTaoismFacetoFace

rrlaionip only ard o b rgardd a a bjc o ndamnal inr in la 1970, owvr, wn Zrcr opnd way in ld now allyrrrd o a Bddo-Taoim.

Zrcr inr in i larg and ricky domain wa, I bliv, moivadby an ambiio projc a ad j ard in Pari, namly, daild dyo Taoi Canon. Ti monmnal or wa iniiad and dircd by doyn o Taoi di, Krior Scippr, wo crad a am o bo niorand jnior Eropan Sinologi wo wold dvo mlv o analyio Taoi Canon 1,500 cripr. For o o wo joind i nr-pri, ak md rclan no only in rm o aniy o x o x-amin b alo in rm o ir difcly. Mo o Taoi cripr wr

complly nknown and nocd, wr by Cin, Japan, or W-rn colar. By and larg ndad, anonymo, and wrin in a rmic, o-ric yl, y ad id rom dirn Taoi cool daing rom bginning o common ra down o Ming dynay, wn xanCanon wa compild in n cnry. T opic ond in TaoiCanon (Daozang) wr alo xrmly divr, inclding piloopy,mdiaion cni, xorcim, mdicin, alcmy, agiograpy, mian-im, and, mo imporanly, lirgy. T cop o ak, ror, among i

or viciid, xplain wy i ook om iry yar o labor or i o b r-alizd. Ti naclar work wa nally pblid in 2004 by Univriy oCicago Pr.1 Wa i immdialy prinn r, owvr, i a, avingalrady o dal wi difcl work o idniying and claiying c annormo amon o marial, ion o poibl Bddi inncon om o mdival Taoi work wa no, in r inanc, viwd aa prioriy. I wa orly ar projc ad ard a Erik Zrcr vii oPari omow cangd i a o aair.

A im, I wa among Krior Scippr dn rying o nd myway in obcr nw ld o mdival Taoim and in i conx ad op-porniy o m Zrcr a w im, a wll a anor gra mar and pio-nr o Bddo-Taoi ld, la Micl Srickmann.2 I did noimmdialy raliz, owvr, o wa xn Bddi ra a Srick-mann owd m a mar o comparion wi Taoi cripr I waworking on mig prov rlvan o my work. I alrady ad oo mc on myand j in rying o pnra Taoi arcana, and o did no l any r-gncy o comprnd inrplay bwn wo gra Cin rligion.My or wr, or a w yar, nirly ddicad o dy o an imporan

1. Scippr and Vrlln (2004).2. S p. Sr ickmann (1982, 1990).


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Introduction

-cnry Taoi work nild Scripture of the Divine Incantations of theAbyssal Caverns (Dongyuan shenzhou jing), c dovr o m-dival Cin apocalypical caology.

Wil Bddo-Taoi comparion wa alrady wll ablid in Japa-n colarip, noably in monmnal work o Yoioka Yoioyo,4 in W i only gradally bgan o b rcognizd a a ld oom imporanc ollowing pblicaion, by Zrcr, o wo minal ari-cl in arly 1980. On, nild Bddi Innc on Early Taoim,illrad colonizaion o imaginaion a Bddim cd onTaoi oriological and caological rprnaion.5 T cond, PrincMoonlig, dal wi Bddi mianim and apocalypim. Ti la

work wa pariclarly inring o m, or Bddi ra a Zrcrinrodcd r ondd lik prc co o conmporano Tao-i marial I wa invigaing. Bo Bddi ra pracd by Bdda and Taoi cripr rvald by prm god Laozi wr,wi a imilar on o alarm, prdicing nd o world and prado billion o dmon bringing dia and calamiy all ovr ar. Bowr, in mc am rm, dnoncing moral and rligio dca-dnc o maniy, wic wold b rponibl or impnding comic

collap. Mianim and mor gnrally caology wr dnily domainin wic mdival Taoim and Bddim inncd on anor proondlyand ndringly, rom a ological a wll a an idological poin o viw.

Following Zrcr opning o way in Bddo-Taoi comparion,rr di appard in 1990 a owd ow wo Cin rli-gion acd on anor in many domain. Spn Boknkamp, KriorScippr, and Micl Srickmann, or xampl, prodcd ky conribionin ld o lirgy and rapic xorcim.7 A abo am im,

Livia Kon and Francic Vrlln, daling rpcivly wi Bddi andTaoi apologic lirar, d lig on om o proc o aimila-ion and conronaion bwn wo radiion.8

My r p in i ld ard alo in arly 1990, ar I nrd rarc am rn by la Micl Soymi, a am a ad bn work-

. Dz 5. (Dz = Zhengtong daozang, did in 1445, rimprion in Sangaiin 192192. Nmbrd r according o Scippr [1975].) On Dongyuan shenzhou jing, Mollir (1990).

4. Yoioka (1959, 1970, 197). S alo Kamaa (198), wic prn a lcion o

Taoi x inncd by Bddi cripr.5. Zrcr (1980).. Zrcr (1982).7. Boknkamp (198, 1990); Scippr (1994); Srickmann (199).8. Kon (1995); Vrlln (1992).


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ing or r dcad on dcripiv caalog o Pllio Collcion oDnang Cin mancrip kp in Biblio naional in Pari.Tr volm ad alrady bn pblid covring om 2,000 mancrip, r o wic wa did by Jac Grn and W Ci-y in 1970.9 Tla caalog, inclding a rr 2,000 docmn, wa in prparaion wnI joind projc. I wa pblid in 1995.

Walld p no long ar 1000 C.E. in a cambr adjoining on o a-mo Toand Bdda Cav o Dnang, om 40,000 mancrip anddocmn wr dicovrd by Wrn xplorr a bginning o wni cnry, Engli arcologi Arl Sin and Frnc SinologiPal Pllio ormo among m. Myri il l rrond raion dr

o i library cav a Dnang Mogao i, wic i known a cav 17.T mo rcn and plaibl xplanaion i a i wa mainly d a a m-porary dpoiory or on or mor local monaic librari wil y wrmlv bing rord.10 Howvr a may b, oard o mancriprar dicovrd r da rom or cnry down o bgin-ning o lvn, wn groo wa ald ar Xixia, or Tang,invaion. Moly wrin in Cin and Tiban, y alo incld doc-mn in Koan, Uigr, Sogdian, Sankri, Hbrw, and or lan-

gag. Alog gra majoriy o croll, bookl, paining, andor ragmn ond in cav 17 wr o Bddi origin, r wr alomancrip rprning or rligio radiion, Taoim, Norianim,and Manicanim among m. In addiion, rov conaind lirary andpiloopical collcion, Concian claic, pdagogical manal, and n-cyclopdia, ogr wi rai on mdicin, divinaion, and mama-ic, and vario docmn c a calndar, local gazr, calligrapyxrci, adminiraiv and acconing papr, lr, and o on. T al-

ing o cav prmid prc conrvaion o i invalabl libraryor om nin ndrd yar. Sinc bginning o wni cnry, Dnang collcion av bn a gold min or colar o mdivalEa and Cnral Aia, and or iorian o rligion in pariclar.

Among Cin Bddi docmn, wic rprn mor an 80prcn o nir collcion, on nd a banial proporion (prap 5o 10 prcn) o noncanonical cripr. T ra, convnionally r-

9. Catalogue des manuscrits chinois de Touen-houang, Fonds Pelliotde la Bibliothque nationale,

vol. 1 (1970), d. Grn and W; and vol. (198), 4 (1991), and 5 (1995) ndr dirciono Soymi. (On abnc o volm 2, inrodcion o volm . A ix volmconcrning Cin ragmn ond among Tiban docmn rom Pllio Col-lcion wa did by Franoi Wang-Toain [2001].)

10. S Rong (2000).


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Introduction

rrd o a Bddi apocrypa, ad, in many ca, complly diap-pard ar aving bn xpngd rom canon. Som wr o cordid in mc lar vrion and ror banially modid or alrd,o a known rdacion wr l rliabl an ancin mancripcopi rom Dnang a ad lckily bn prrvd.11

Alog minn colar Pal Pllio drw anion o xcpionalval o apocrypal ra a arly a 1911, i wa only in la wnicnry a Wrn pciali ard o xamin i long-dirgardd ac oBddi lirar. Micl Srickmann, Robr Bwll, Spn Tir, andRobr Sar in Unid Sa, Hrbr Frank in Grmany, a wll a An-onino For and Ko Liying in Franc wr among o wo bgan working

in i ara, ollowing rac o c gra Japan Bddologi a YabkiKiki in 190 and, mor rcnly, Makia Tairy, woi now doyn o dy o Cin Bddi apocrypa.12 In pa w

yar, ri o inr in Cin Bddi apocrypa a bn givn rrncoragmn ank o an invalabl nd, no in Cina, b in Japan. An n-ir mdival library wa rdicovrd in 1990 in a Bddi monary calldNana-dra, in a brb o Nagoya. Abo 5,000 croll, among wicon nd many npblid apocrypa, wr ord r, or mo par da-

ing o wl cnry. T Nana-dra collcion i md by Japancolar, c a Ociai Toinori, a mo ignican nd o an-cin x in Ea Aia inc dicovri a Dnang.1

Borrowd rom biblical di, rm apocrypon a i i d by con-mporary iorian o Cin Bddim rr o a complx noion rlaing obo bibliograpic and docrinal cagori. For mdival Cin Bddibibliograpr, r mainly xid wo yp o ra: anic, orral (zhen) ra; and al (wei) or pc (yi) on. T r

cagory wa gnrally applid o ra a wr ranlad rom an Indian orCnral Aian langag ino Cin, a i, rom original orc conidrdo b rancripion o iorical Bdda pracing. Impord o Cinaby advnro monk and pilgrim, prigio and xoic cripr wrigly praid a gnin canonical x. T cond cagory comprid indigno ra, a i, apocrypa wrin dircly in Cin.14

11. S Makia (197); Bwll (1990b); Frank (1990); Tokno (1990); and Ko (2000).12. Yabki (19019); Makia (197). For om xampl o Wrn colarip in

i domain, For (197, 1990); Srickmann (1990); Ko (1994b); Tir (1994); Sar(2002). Or prinn work ar cid in ollowing capr.

1. S Ociai (1991).14. S Y (2001): 95102, wo prr xprion indigno Cin cr ipr

o apocrypa.


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T wr cripr wo arli rprnaiv wr compod, or mo par, dring and ix cnri C.E., and n conind o bprodcd rglarly, wi a noicabl ig pak bwn ix and igcnri.15 Alog y alo claimd o b word o iorical Bddakyamni and on adopd rcr o Indian x, ommadra wr, in many ca, igmaizd and rjcd, aignd o rronoor pc cagori by Bddi caalogr. In raliy, owvr, problmo diingiing bwn orodox ra and apocrypa rnd o o bmc mor complicad. T criria o anicaion varid conidrablydring long iory o Cin Bddim, mainly or poliical raon. I iwll known a ranlaion o ra a wll a compilaion o

canon wr gnrally carrid o ndr imprial ponorip and conrol. Tywr connly bjc o mor or l avy idological prr.1

A nw gnraion o rarcr oon cam o rcogniz, owvr, a apocrypal ra ca lig on lil-known, nconvnional apc oinicizd Bddim, a Bddim mainly man o appal o ai o Ci-n laiy and o rpond o ir nd. A xprion o inrmingling oBddi bli and rial wi local clral and rligio pcicii, ypply mc mar or rcion on par o iorian o Cin rligion in

gnral and Taoi colar in pariclar. Ty rvd, a Pllio aid in 1911,a a kind o inrmdiary bwn wo rligion.17 Indd, or mopar, Bddi apocrypa rramd indigno Cin rial and x.

I xniv craion o Bddi apocrypa wa moivad o omdgr by prolyic ncii, Taoi prprodcion o wriing dr-ing am priod can ndobdly b n a a pnomnon o acclra-ion. Wn Mayna Bddim ard o propr in Cin ociy arond or and cnri, Taoim wa ill alo in i ormaiv pa. T

r Taoi organizaion, known a Way o Havnly Mar (Tianidao ), wa originally a local, carian movmn, connd o wrn par o Sican Provinc. Ar a priod o diapora provokd by po-liical prr, i prad rogo Cina o a, by bginning o or cnry, Taoim ad xpandd byond i carian conn o acir ap and a o a rligion pr , wrpon nw cool and nwcripr alo mrgd in So Cina. T combinaion o ancinpracic o Way o Havnly Mar wi orn oric radi-ion gav bir o on o main crrn o mdival Taoim: a o

15. Ko (2000): 848.1. For mor on i ion, Makia (197); Bwll (1990b); Tokno (1990); and

Ko (2000).17. Pl lio (1911).


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Introduction

Hig Priy, or Sanging. Sanging wriing ar divin inrciona wr rvald o a viionary mdim dring yar 470. Soonar i r gra wav o inpird lirar, cripr o Nmi-no Trar (Lingbao ) appard. T Lingbao movmn, ronglyinncd by Mayna Bddim, mpaizd alvaion rog comm-nal rial ino wic wr ingrad Indian concpion o ll, bodia-va, karma, rribion, and o or.18 Dring ollowing wo cnri,or minor Taoi carian movmn alo crad ir own bibl, lik aormniond Scripture of the Divine Incantations.

Bddim no only dply acd radiional Cin rligio li andmnaliy, b i alo oprad a a riggr or naiv rligion. Taoim ow

par o ormaion o i idniy, a a lly rcrd and organizd rligion,o i ac-o-ac nconr wi Mayna Bddim. In rpon o o-piicad caological and oriological concp impord by i orignrival, Taoi ologian ad o ormla and dn ir own ida o ar-li and man diny, o moral prcp and ical principl. To vi wi iin-ran and on zalo Bddi pracr, killd amargi, and miraclworkr, Taoim ad o organiz i own clrgy o pyician-xorci. Inpirdby alrady wll-rcrd Bddi canonical lirar and imprd by

maiv proion o ra, wr original or apocrypal, a wrbing did, Mar o Dao alo l rg o incra and claiy irown lirar. Mo o cripr a cam o lig dring i priod wrrvlaion. In or word, y wr conidrd a comic wri a wrranlad ino proan langag by ir divin rcipin in ordr o procand av ail Taoi adp. Dring cnry, r Taoi canonwa crad, and Taoim progrivly acird all arib o an ini-ionalizd, naionwid rligion.19

B or naiviic racion alo in. In ordr o ilnc omniprnBddi rival, Taoi og o rinorc prig o ir own radiion.T polmical conronaion ovr lgnd o convrion o barbar-ian (huahu), wic lad or abo a oand yar, or crainly mo amo, rocio, and aind xampl o amp by wo par-i o aciv prdominanc in Cin a. T huahu dba ook apin a criical iorical and poliical conx, a bginning o or cn-ry C.E., wi compilaion o Stra of the Conversion of the Barbarians(Huahu jing). Pal Pllio wa pcially prod o av ad p i and on a lamancrip vrion o i x dring i r lcion o croll inid li-

18. S Boknkamp (198).19. On iory o Taoi canon, Scippr and Vrlln (2004).


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brary cav o Dnang. Ti ra, ay, lo inc ix cnri, i on o x a a playd mo conidrabl rol in rligio iory o Cin world.20 T lgnd on wic i lirar i bad wa probably rcrad wi ol goal o xplaining ri o orign b nonl a-miliar Bddi rligion in Cina. An arly -cnry Taoi x nild Inner Explanations of the Three Heavens (Santian neijie jing), ond in acal Taoi Canon, convy a complmnary viion. T x xplainow Taoi ag and diviniy, Laozi, l Cina in nin cnry B.C.E.and, riding i bl ox, racd ronir, wr m Yin Xi (Gardian o Pa). Laozi rvald o im amo Daode jing (TheBook of the Way and Its Power). Tn, wi Yin Xi, procdd oward

W, wr convrd king o Kamir and i popl by ranmiingoly cripr compod or m. Laozi and i companion n conindarr w o kingdom o India, wr Taoi diy wa rborn a Bdda.21 In or word, kyamni and Bddim ar originally Taoi.

Soon, owvr, lgnd wa xploid by Taoi apologi in racionagain Bddim. Ty prndd a Laozi ndrook i wrn jornywi aim o convring barbarian o Cnral Aia and Indianbconinn. I ranormd iml ino kyamni, i wa o impo

ric rl o Bddim, wic cold bring o l avag and immoralnar o inabian o rgion. T nwly compod vrion o Huahujingwr drmind o prov ancdnc and prmacyo aocono radiion, wil raing Bddim a a by-prodc oTaoim. T Bdda acing wa good only or aming and manizingmicran orignr. Dring ollowing cnri, and abov all ndr Tang, dba pro- and conra-huahu conind o nr arrl b-wn wo gra rligio radiion. T Huahu jingwa on rworkd

and dvlopd, wi Bddi and Taoi apocrypa riving o rdc, a ca may av bn, Laozi or Bdda o dcal o on anor.22 Taoi didno ia o provid ir prm god, Laozi, wi all alii r-ird o a divin miionary: miracl, inpird pdagogy, and all orman ndd or inrodcing Tr Rligion o orign conri. Tolad immoral popl o adop rig way, Laozi adap i pracing oir inrior Wrn inllignc, and advoca prcp and rigorim: nwly convrd av o obrv clibacy, o war rob wi onnakd oldr, o av ir air, o abain rom ma, o bild monar-

20. Pll io (1911).21. Dz 1205. 1/4a4b. S Boknkamp ranlaion (1997): 211212.22. S Zrcr (1959): 28820; and Kon (1995). S alo Scippr (1994): 5n10,

wic provid a long bibliograpy on bjc.


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Introduction

i, and o clbra cl in i onor. T xnopobic avor o c Taoial wa, a a bn noicd lwr, rinorcd by ocial conx. Tinvaion o Norrn Cina by orign popl dring Six Dynai p-riod conribd o ormaion o a ngaiv viw o alin rligion.

Fir olrad by Bddi, wo rgardd m a a man o inrodcir docrin a a ir o Taoim, al o Laozi, digid a kyamniBdda, rapidly bcam objc o rio dnnciaion and rbal. Tvral ani-Taoi rai prodcd by Bddi lirai in conx o cordba a ook plac a dirn im dring mdival priod av bnxnivly did by Zrcr and mor rcnly by Livia Kon.2 Morovr,imprial ofcialdom ook a jandicd viw o huahu conrovri and

omim inrvnd in ordr o al ir calaion. T Tang mpror Zong-zong (705710), or xampl, ond iml obligd o promlga an dicin 705, j a w mon ar i nronmn, proibiing Taoi mplrom xibiing paining o Laozi convrion o barbarian, dclaring aanyon wo ampd o circla Laozi huahu jingwold b pnid.24

Bid canonical apologic lirar iing rom corly Bddim,wic d mainly docrinal wapon o dimi i rival, on nd anor ypo Bddi raion o Taoim: conr-huahu ragy xprd in cr-

ain apocrypal ra. Tr, in ir rn, Bddi claimd a Laoziwa noing b Bdda dicipl wo cam o Cina in ordr o convrpopl o Bddim by pracing an alrnaiv rligiona i, Taoim. Ono arli xampl o i Bddi conroniv i ond in an apocry-pon rdicovrd among Nana-dra mancrip in Japan. In i ra,daing o or ix cnry and nild Qingjing faxing jing,or Stra of the Pure Practice of the Dharma, Preached by the Buddha,25 w ndLaozi dcribd a a bodiava woogr wi wo or amo bodi-

ava, Conci and i crid dicipl Yan Hii n by Bd-da o Cina o ac Darma. Ar accompliing i miion, Laozi lavor W, wic, in i ca, man a go back o i Indianomland.2

2. S Zrcr (1959): 28820; and Kon (1995).24. Winin (1987): 4748. T x o dic nild Jin Ha jing zi

, cid by Winin, i ond in Quan Tang wen 17, Zonga j d.:20220.

25. S Ociai (1991): 229; Iibai Nariya, Naomi Gn, and Ociai Toi-nori, T Qingjing faxing jing, in Makia and Ociai (199), vol. 2: 528. A Frnc ranla-ion and analyi o Sra ralizd collcivly ndr dircion o Ko Liying iorcoming.

2. S Ociai (1991): 229; and Kon (1995): 117.


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10 BuddhismandTaoismFacetoFace

ANewApproachtoBuddho-TaoistInteraction

Far rom idological polmic, invigaion a I propo in ivolm add a nw dimnion o dy o Bddo-Taoi rlaionipand rn on ir concr and pracical apc. For dring mid- and lamdival im (rom nd o Six Dynai rog Tang and FivDynai priod), rligio li wa ar mor conronaional an con-idrabl inrpnraion o wo rligion mig a r av ppo.An amazing compiion wa aking plac bwn wo commnii, ag or gmony in domain o cripr and rial.

In pa w yar I av drawn anion o cripr o vario gnr

a occr in bo Taoi and Bddi gi. My xploraion o crip-ral dopplgngr ard wn I wa working or Frnc Dnangmancrip rarc am, mniond abov, and a bn moivad by myormaion a a iorian o mdival Taoim, my dirc conac wi m-dival mancrip, and my collaboraion wi Bddologi collag.

Wiin va ld o inracion bwn wo gra Cin radi-ion, om o xampl o apocrypal ra and Taoi rvald cripra I prn in i book or a prvioly nknown ac o i complx pro-

c o inrplay. Wa w nd in xampl i no mr ybridizaion orpaiv borrowing, b a ni yp o cripral prodcion, wrby woradiion mirrord on anor. On and am body o marial i in boBddi and Taoi ram. No only ar om Bddi ra rongly imprg-nad wi Taoi lmn, b indd w nd a y av prci Taoiconrpar. In c inanc ra ollow, o cor, al dvic dby aor o apocrypa, wrby i i aid o av bn pracd by Bddao c and c a bodiava, wil Taoi paralll i ld o av bn r-

vald by Lord Lao (Laozi). T acripion o divin aorip o xprovid m wi appllaion conrl, civly garaning, in y o ir praciionr, ir aniciy and aoriy. Sald wi kyamnior Laozi allowd nam, c a ra cold apir o canonizaion.

T wo mo rmarkabl inanc among Bddo-Taoi doblanalyzd in i volm ar Stra of the Three Kitchens (Sanchu jing)and Stra to Increase the Account(Yisuan jing). Claid a pcand a man abricaion by Bddi caalog inc mid-Tang p-riod, wo ra prov o av bn dircly copidin ac, caldon bai o conmporano Taoi wriing. I wold b no xaggraionin ca o pak o agran piracy.

T r o wo apocrypa, Stra of the Three Kitchens, i mo


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Introduction 11

lly docmnd ca. I wa alrady dnoncd a a Bddi plagiarim in n cnry by rnownd cor Taoi D Ganging (8509).D accd a radln Bddi monk o aling wll-ablid Taoix nild Scripture of the Five Kitchens, canging i il o Stra of theThree Kitchens, Preached by the Buddha, and adding a w Bddi lmn inordr o cra a crdibl ra. In pi o la-min divin inrvnion, no allo copi mad by arrogan monk cold b droyd, and vral wraid o av bn did rogo nir conry. Ti i ow, xplaindD Ganging, Bddi orgry rmaind in circlaion. In nc, DGanging accon wa on arg, or w indd av oday bo a BddiStra of the Three Kitchens and a Taoi Scripture of the Five Kitchens. T r,

wo ll il i Stra of the Three Kitchens, Preached by the Buddha (Foshuo sanchujing), i an apocrypon daing rom nd o vn or b-ginning o ig cnry a wa dicovrd in a dozn rcnion a Dn-ang. I i alo ond in wo mancrip copi o lvn and irncnri in amo adarr o Singon c on Mon Kya in Japan. T Taoi vrion, Scripture of the Five Kitchens, Revealed by Laozi(Laozi shuo wuchu jing), wic wa did in Ming TaoiCanon wi a Tang-priod commnary by Taoi Mar Yin Yin ,

m alo o da rom am priod b wa crainly drivd rom an oldrradiion. Bo vrion concrn a mod o mdiaion bad on rciaiono a Taoi pom involving incanaion o Fiv Agn, wic aim a alva-ion rog compl abinnc rom ood. An xaminaion o wo vr-ion, a will b n in capr 1, lnd ppor o D Ganging allgaiona Bddi ra wa indd orgd on bai o a Taoi cripr.

A imilar ca i a o aliman o incra accon, dalwi in capr and ond in Stra of the Divine Talismans of the Seven

Thousand Buddhas to Increase the Account, Preached by the Buddha (Foshuo qiqianfo shenfu yisuan jing), o wic vral vrion wralo dicovrd among Dnang mancrip. T work a bn la-blld a a Bddi apocrypon inc nd o vn cnry, b inac Stra to Increase the Accountold b mor approprialy alid a aBddi rplica o a Taoi cripr. T lar, onc mor, may b ond in Taoi Canon. I bar il Marvelous Scripture for Prolonging Life and forIncreasing the Account, Revealed by the Most High Lord Lao (Taishang Laojun shuochangsheng yisuan miaojing). T wo x, Bd-di and Taoi, ar almo prcly idnical. Bo vrion ar cnrdarond am incanaion and am wo o alimanon ov propylacic, arological aliman and a cond o n aliman or


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xorcim o dmon. T aim o rial implmn i o garanll procion o ail o a y can aciv opimal rm olongviy, a pan o 120 yar.

How in raliy wr cripral dobl rndrd poibl? Wry ricly local occrrnc involving only nigboring rligio commni-i, or do y rc widly ramid dvlopmn, d o broad diiono mancrip? Excp or Stra of the Three Kitchens, wic i plaibly ldo b a Taoi work pirad on pronal iniiaiv o a Bddi impor, circmanc inorming cripral xcang rmain obcr. Trog jxapoiion and daild comparion o wo o docmn, wmay com o ndrand omwa br j ow c aring wa cd

and mak vidn procdr ilizd by orgr o abrica irdplica. T c-and-pa mod m o av provd i iliy in moran on ca o ranormaion o a Taoi x ino a Bddi ra, or vicvra. In gnral, bin wa acivd j by a impl cang o narra-iv ram ogr wi obvio rminological biion. A w all in capr , procdr wa i wll dcribd by D Ganging, wodplor on vral occaion i brazn by i Bddi rival.

Wa D ail o ay, owvr, and or good raon, i a Taoi

mployd am brg in ordr o appropria crain Bddi work.Ti wa xplicily dnoncd by sagha, wic proclaimd lod andclar prioriy and ingriy o Bddim, wil dnigraing Taoim aa prodcr o rical (xie) x and al ra (weijing). T rgra Bddi apologic rai, Laughing at the Dao (Xiaodao lun),wic wa prnd bor ron o Norrn Wi in 570 C.E. byZn Lan, do no minc word abo i mar. In a cion woil i lly xplici, Plagiarizing Bddi Sra or Taoi Scripr

(Gaio wi dao), Zn Lan dnonc conri o LotusStra orgd by Taoi and lirally acc m o aling (qie).27 Tmonk Daoan rai am carg in i On the Two Teachings (Erjiaolun) o 570, in a paag nild On Gnin and Fal Scripr(Mingdian znwi).28 Taoi plagiari wold conin o aro indignaion o Bddi aor o major polmical work, wo ir-lly axd rival rligion a radln and incorn. A bginningo ix cnry, Falin , in a capr o i clbrad In Defense ofWhat Is Right(Bianzheng lun) wi vocaiv il Calling O

27. Scion 29, T. 210, vol. 52: 150151; rr o Kon (1995): 1012. T m iakn p in c ion 8 o gra ani-Taoi polmic o ix cnry.

28. Scion 10, T. 210, vol. 52: 141.


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Introduction 1

Taoi Li (C dao wini), mani pariclar xapraionwi rgard o borrowing rom and miconcpion o Bddim ondin Taoi Lingbao cripr.29

In c, Taoi wr no conn j o rac orically o vir-ln aack lancd by ir opponn. To calm criicim and o procmlv, y ook angibl p a wll. A Spn Boknkamp a own, wriing conaind in Lingbao canon, indbd a y wr o Mayna in rm o lirary yl, rminology, and lirgical olook, wrbjcd, a bginning o Tang, o a vriabl xprgaion o morobvio o Bddi lmn y conaind.0 Nvrl, paralll wii campaign or pricaion o ancin canonical marial, w nd a

rnovaion o i am Lingbao radiion ndr Si and a bginning o Tang. Mor an vr, many Taoi ra bing prodcd ar dirclyinpird by Bddi workindd, lirally copid rom m. Ti p-nomnon, owvr, wa by no man nilaral, or Bddi, dring am priod, alo rw mlv ino abricaion o ra, amoapocrypa a wr prnd a gnin word o Bdda. No morcrplo an ir rival, Bddi owd no iaion abo rollingrog Taoi collcion and aliying wriing y ond r. For b-

r or or wor, bo pari ampd o concal origin o ir pick-ing, in inr o appropriaing and ingraing m on bal o irrpciv lirary parimoni. T procdr wa in any ca idnical: oncang, in a gnral mannr, inrodcory cn and, a rird, ari-b x o aorip o Bdda or Laozi. T cnical vocab-lary a bray rligio pdigr i rad and rplacd by rminologyon jdg appropria. T il o work in ion, owvr, ar r-aind rogo proc, wi only biion, a ncary, or

nam o Bdda or Laojn, or dignaion o cripr ar inc labl o prig, wio wic y wold ca o b markabl.Many o x ar ror radily idniabl in ir dobl gi.

W may ci, or xampl, vry poplarStra on the Profound Kindness of Par-ents (Fumu enzhong jing), a vn-cnry apocrypon o wicnmro copi wr ond a Dnang, and wic wa alo an objc o pic-orial rprnaion. T ra lay claim o m alrady rad v cn-ri arlir in a Bddi work baring an almo idnical il and aribd oAn Sigao (ca. 148170):1 pain and privaion a parn ndr

29. T. 2110, vol. 52: 8/542544; daing o 2 C.E.0. Boknkamp (198): 4748, wo o ci (1978): 52.1. S Makia (197): 500; and Kamaa (198): 154.


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o bring p ir cildrn, ardip o mor dring r prgnancyand n wil nring r opring, promoion o lialiy, and cnralimporanc o rpaying parnal car.2 Soon ar i craion, vn-cn-ry Bddi apocrypon wa akn ovr by Taoi, wo, by man o aw addiion and minor alraion, mad i ino Scripture on Repaying theProfound Kindness of Parents, Revealed by Lord Lao (Taishang Laojun shuo bao fumuenzhong jing).

Two or xampl alo mri conidraion in i ri o Bddo-Taoi dobl. T Stra for Pacifying Houses (Anzhai jing)4 and Stra of Incantations of the EightYang(Bayang shenzhou jing)5 wrbo clad a pc, or apocrypal, by Fajing in i Bddi caa-

log o 594 C.E., Zhongjing mulu, and bo rdicovrd aDnang. Ty wr adapd by Taoim, prmably dring Tangdynay, and w nd wo Lingbao cripr rvald by Laojn,wo conn and il ar clo o Bddi ra, did in Tao-i Canon. Lik ir Bddi conrpar, y wr d or rial in-ndd o rolv opomanic problm o dwlling, cad noably by dirbanc o arly divinii.7

Alo drving o mnion ar nmro commonalii linking

Marvelous Scripture for Extending Longevity, Revealed by the Most High HeavenlyVenerable of the Numinous Treasure(Taishang lingbao tianzun shuo yanshou miaojing, Dz 82), wi Stra to Extend Destiny, Preachedby the Buddha (Foshuo yan shouming jing), a Bddi apocryponmniond in bibliograpical caalog o arly vn cnry andprrvd oo a Dnang.8 T Taoi x wa rvald in cor o a di-

2. S Col(1998).

. Dz 2. S Akizki (199). T Daozangalo conain an abridgd vrion o ira nild Taishang zhenyi bao fumu enzhong jing (Dz 5).

4. Foshuo anzhai shenzhou jing, T. 194, vol. 21: 911912. S, or x-ampl, Dnang mancrip P. 915. Makia (197): 447.

5. Foshuo bayang shenzhou jing, T. 2897, vol. 85: 14221425. S P. 915.A dirn vrion o Bayang shenzhou jing(T. 428, vol. 14: 774) i allgdly Darmarakaranla ion (nd o ird or bginning o or cnry).

. T. 214, vol. 55: 1, 18.7. Dz 4: Scripture of the Eight Yang for Pacifying Houses, Revealed by the Most High Lord

Lao (Taishang Laojun shuo anzhai bayang jing), and Dz 5: Scripture ofthe Eight Yang for Amending, Revealed by the Most High Lord Lao (Taishang Laojun shuo buxie ba-

yang jing). Han-Hrmann Scmid, in Scippr and Vrlln (2004),vol. 1: 5, mnion proximiy o x wi a Bddi work aribd o Yijing (571), b did no noic ir rlaionip wi arlir apocrypa, mniondabov.

8. S Makia (197): 808.


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Introduction 1

vin ambly bna r o jwl or (Linglin ),9wil Bddi ra prn il a acing o Bdda dlivrd

ndr win Pla r (Polo ang

). T adp o Taoiwork o obain grac and an xnion o li garand by HavnlyVnrabl o Nmino Trar Prolongaion-o-Diny (Lingbao yan-o ianzn), wil dvo o Bddi ra nd ay ar grand am advanag by bodiava Prolongaion o D-iny (Yano pa).40 To b r, many mor xampl o Bddo-Taoi dopplgngr cold b addd o li, and om o m wold mri bn o comparaiv ramn analogo o a wic I av ndr-akn in vral ca analyzd in ollowing capr.

T mid-Tang priod (vnig cnri) m o av bn goldn ag or i cripral mix-and-mac gam a wa playd o bwnBddim and Taoim. Signicanly, mo o apocrypa mniond arwr rdacd dring i priod, a wr Fumu enzhong jingand Anzhai

jing, wic inpird Taoi work, and a wr alo Stra of the Three Kitchensand Stra to Increase the Account, Bddi plagiarim o conmporary Taoicripr. T ckl polici o Tang wi rpc o wo rligio radi-ion crainly xacrbad ir mal dir o ak advanag o imprial avor

and may av incid proagoni o ngag in i lirary dl and inniyir cripral prodcion. T Tang mpror appar o av opd or an n-abl compromi bwn mainnanc o Bddim, wic wa powr-lly impland and proprd a all lvl o ociy, and obligaory paronagxndd o aocono Taoi radiion in vir o lgndary an-cral afliaion o rling o wi Laozi. In cor o nmrodocrinal dba orcrad by cor bwn rprnaiv o worligion, ac id wa agr o win imprial ponorip and rcogniion. How-

vr, bidding compiion ovr cripr in wic Taoi and Bddiwr ngagd canno b rdcd o an pipnomnal ocom o i ongoingmac. T ara o acraliy rronding wriing in Cin clr wa no doba wigy acor promoing ir lirary prodcion, and o win by r nm-br m alo o av bn par o ragy. T r r Taoi Canon d-id a ordr o mpror Xanzong (71275) wa monmnal. Iconaind mor an ,400 croll (juan), inclding no only ancin ca-nonical x b alo nw, conmporary cripr, among wic wr omvirln ani-Bddi work. A a mar o comparion, Taoi caalog o

9. Ti or i aid o b locad on Mon Goldn Lig ( Jingang an) in Sorn Pol Havn (Nanji ian).

40. On i apocrypon, capr , p. 105.


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prcding Si dynay (58118) lid arond 1,200 work in circlaion.41Evn mor impriv, Bddi caalog o Zing (8740), Record of kyamunis Teaching, Compiled during the Kaiyuan Era (Kaiyuan shijiao lu), wic wa prnd o ron in 70 and rvd a a andardor Tang Tripiaka a wll a or lar canon, lid no l an 5,048juan oBddi work, among wic w nd om 400 prio, apocrypal ra.42No dob i dipoiion o bo rligion o incorpora in ir rpciv can-on and bibliograpi a maximm o work wa prompd by a nd o arir propriary prrogaiv, o dmonra aniaiv rpcabiliy oir librari o imprial aorii, and o nr xal diion.

T Dnang collcion and monaic librari o Japan ar, in i

rgard, xclln indicaor. T nmbr o copi o a givn ra ond incav 17 omim rc xn o i diribion. Noably, mo o x a njoyd a dobl xinc, Bddi and Taoi, gr among apocrypal ra o wic mor or l ignican nmbr o copi wr r-rivd a Dnang. Abov and byond i aniaiv valaion, im-poraion o ra o Japan and ir prrvaion in monaic collcionc a a o Nana-dra ndrcor am wi wic y wr imbdin ir land o origin, or i wa rly a cririon o jiy ir xpor.

To om xn, Dnang mancrip indica alo ow crain o ra wr ranmid. I i no rar o nd bookl in wic vral arcopid in ri, prmably or clic raon. T rm cain ra (lianxie

jing,Jap. rensha ky) a bn mployd by Makia Tairy o dignai or o aggrga mancrip prodcion.4 I i o inr o no a v-ral o apocrypa a ar ncaind in Dnang mancripow alo om diorial conigiy in ir Taoi vrion. W nd, or x-ampl, apocrypalAnzhai jingand Bayang shenzhou jing, ccivly cal-

ligrapd, ogr wi or Bddi ra, in a n-cnrypothibooklo y nmbrd lav dicovrd a Dnang (P. 915), wil Taoivrion o ra gr conigoly (acicl 41) in Ming Daozangawll. W may noic, oo, a Stra for the Conjuration of Bewitchments and aliman o Stra to Increase the Account, wic will b xamind incapr 2 and , rpcivly, wr copid in cain in a Dnang man-crip (S. 4524), wil ir Taoi conrpar, Scripture for Increasing the

Accountand Scripture for Unbinding Curses, wr did in am acicl4 a par o Dongn diviion o Ming Taoi Canon.

41. S Cn Go (19): 105114. On compilaion o Tang Taoi Canon, alo Barr(199): 01; Rir (1998); and Scippr and Vrlln (2004), vol. 1: 2425.

42. S Tokno (1990): 5258.4. S Makia (197): 9; and Ko (2000): 9495.


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Introduction 1

On may o cor arg a jxapoiion o x, bo inir Bddi and in ir Taoi nvironmn, may no b o rpriing,conidring a y ar daling wi am opic. Howvr, i i allyplaibl a c bibliograpical arrangmn ad lirgical jicaion.Alog omim daing o dirn priod, cripr mig wllav bn ranmid ogr dring Tang dynay a par o rialni by Bddi sagha, on on and, and by conmporano Taoicommnii on or.44 I, on Bddi id, many o apocrypalra a w ar xamining m o av bn ranmid in a Tanric con-x, or Taoi x y moly blong o wo main crrn o m-dival priod: Zngyi (Havnly Mar) and Lingbao organizaion.

Alog crain o Bddo-Taoi xal xcang involvd vri-abl cripral cloning and obvio orgry, or may b clad amongmor nancd yp o rmodlling, mor or l dian adapaion, or rpon.T Taoi ani-orcry ra, akn p in capr 2, m o blong r. TiScripture for Unbinding Curses, Revealed by the Most High Lord Lao (Taishang Laojunshuo jieshi zhouzu jing), aid o av bn ranmidby Laozi o Pa gardian Yin Xi in kingdom o Koan in Cnral Aia,or a radical olion o problm o wiccra, dmd a majorympom

o prapocalypic im a wll a a prvrion drivd rom W, a i,rom popl o Sorn and Cnral Aia.A in or convrion o barbarian (huahu) accon, wn dlivr i ra, Laozi i on iway o India o propaga Tr Docrin. In i ca, owvr, i appar-nly pragmaic concrn o provid a ild again cr i in ac a prx ora igr miionary program: o av wrn poplaion rom cao-logical ormn o nd o kalpa (mofa) by convring m o Tao-im. T x mig wll b a Tang rpon o arlir Bddi Stra for the

Conjuration of Bewitchments, Preached by the Buddha (Foshuo zhoumei jing), an apocrypon daing rom nd o or bginning o ix

44. Alog r ar no indicaion in Dnang mancrip a wold allow o drmin clarly in wic Bddi mili ranmiion o Stra to Increase the Ac-countand aliman o Stra for the Conjuration of Bewitchments occrrd, ir Taoiconrpar, Scripture for Increasing the Accountand Scripture for Unbinding Curses, blongo Zngyi (Havnly Mar) radiion, a w will , and mig av bn par o a ri-al corp bowd o i clrgy dr ing Tang. Likwi, Lingbao pdigr o Tao-i Anzhai jingand Bayang jing m clarly ad, b ir Bddi conrpar

conx i mor difcl o drmin. T n-cnry Dnang pothibookl (P. 915)in wic y ar copid ogr wi or or raamong wic ar amowny- capr o Lotus Stra, nild Univral Gaway o Ganiyin, andwo dhra-rawold gg a Tanric backgrond. For i mancrip in pariclar, dail in Soymi (1991), vol. 4: 40404.


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cnry. Svral vrion o x wr ond among Dnang man-crip, and an ig-cnry mancrip o ra a alo bn prrvd in Nana-dra monaic library. Lik mo o Cin Bddi apocry-pa, Stra for the Conjuration of Bewitchments i allgdly ag by Bd-da kyamni in kingdom o rva and aim o cr alvaion or ail. In pariclar, ra prioriy i o r and proc m rom ring cad by wiccra.

Bid ir common calling in bal again orcry, inrnal vi-dnc dmonra rial and cripral proximiy o wo x. Trog conroniv again orcrr a y propo, y pply mcni daa on mdival wiccra, conidrd a a angibl, criical, and n-

dring problm or Cin ociy in gnral, wr in rlaion o poliic,ocial coion, or pblic al. T anido o cr a x providconi o a odhra and invocaion o dii a nabl ir praciion-r o kill orcrr and o proc and libra ir vicim. Ti ragy con-orm o mdival Bddi or Taoi xorci ndamnal man o balwiccra, by making o am wapon a orcrr mlv:mrdro ormla, incanaion, aliman, and fgi. In nal par ocapr 2, vral xampl ar providd a rr dmonra ambiva-

lnc o c pracic wiin Bddi oric oropraxi.Anor nowory xampl o Bddi appropriaion o a Taoi ri-

al i alimanic radiion o Gra Dippr xamind in capr 4. In ica, owvr, proc o adapaion wn rog dirn pa in cor o Middl Ag and racd i clminaion mc lar, dring

Yan dynay, wi abricaion o a vry innial work: Stra on Pro-longing Life through Worship of the Seven Stars of the Northern Dipper, Preached by theBuddha (Foshuo beidou qixing yanming jing). Ti Bddi

apocrypon, wic i br-known ndr i abridgd il a Great DipperStra (Beidou jing), a inrigd rarcr or a cnry, inclding noonly pciali o Cin rligion b alo iorian o Cnral Aia. T d-iny o i mod work i indd i nal, or bid Cin vr-ion, i xi in Tiban, Mongolian, and Uigr rcnion, a wll a in a laKoran diion. I Cin vrion, wic prn il a an Indian raranmid ndr Tang, wa rcognizd o b a pc work, i wa nv-rl no nil 1990, wi pblicaion o an aricl dvod o i by Hr-br Frank, a r nar o Great Dipper Stra wa rvald. Twork, according o Frank, i in c a pdo-ra, a Bddi apocry-pon daing o nd o irn or bginning o orn cn-ry a wa rdacd in Cina ollowing a Taoi modl compod om wo


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Introduction 1

or r cnri arlir, and i ad a dciiv rol in conolidaion o Yanimprial idology.45 Nonl, doir on Great DipperStra, arrom bing clod, a conind o aro inr o nw gnraion oSinologi and pciali o Innr Aia wo av xplord or ac o iiorical and inrnaional dvlopmn. W all a cl o GraDippr promod in i Yan-dynay apocrypon can b ardly racdback o a mc arlir im. Dring Tang priod, i wa crrn in boTaoim and oric Bddim. I i ad, morovr, in Dnang marialo nin and n cnri. Ancdn o i cl can vn b dcdin Taoi orc daing o Six Dynai.

Wil majoriy o xampl prnd dmonra ow crain

Taoi radiion cam o b avord by Bddim in mdival im, lacapr o book xplor oppoi pnomnon: craion o a nwdiy inpird by a Bddi modl long ar i ad bn inrodcd ino Cina.On o mo prigio dii o Taoi panon, Havnly Vnra-bl Savior rom Sring ( Jik ianzn), wa modld on gro bodiava Avalokivara (Ganyin), drawing on i pronaliy,ncion, il, and imag. No j inpird by carimaic prona o Gan-

yin, Taoi wn o ar a o compo, a om poin dring Tang dy-

nay, a kind o lirary ranpoiion o clbrad wny- capr o Lotus Stra, Univral Gaway o Ganiyin (Ganiyin pmn pin), in ordr o promo ir diy o gra bodiava lvl. Aw all , icon o i Taoi Avalokivara playd a cnral rol in icl and in ri i involvd.

The quest, or bo rligion, wa no only moivad o a o aciv crip-ral gmony. Bddim and Taoim wr alo apiring o rngn irrpciv lirgical and vanglical monopoli. To ingra on anoravord rial wa ndobdly viwd a b man o conolida a o ir clrical organizaion and o arac or kp ail ollowrby providing m wi mo aionabl rligio rnd, vn i iman borrowing conpicoly rom oppoing camp riag.

T ra and cripr prnd in i volm ar all concrnd wirial procdr inndd or wll-bing o ir praciionr. Tir di-rn ld o acion mbody ndamnal proccpaion o mdival Ci-n ociy: long li and immoraliy, alvaion in i world and in nx,

45. S Frank (1990).


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Introduction 1

rog appropria rial proocol, dirc commnicaion wi piri anddii. Lik idograp, ond ar imbd wi inna vialiy. Word pro-noncd by ofcian diclo bra or pnma (qi), wic av dciiv ponial o marializ and mobiliz occl nii. Mad an-gibl by praciionr voic, piri ar, according o nd a and,mmond or aianc or, on conrary, banid.

Tog all o radiion did r ak ock in oral ormla, woo radiion pariclarly mpaiz ir . In capr 1, I ow owa pariclar incanaional pom coni bai o Mod o Havnly Kicn in bo i Taoi and Bddi orm. T rciaion oi pom o Fiv Kicn, addrd o v dircion, i ky o

i mdiaion cni, wic aim o aciv alvaion rog a oalabinnc rom nriion. And in aormniond ani-orcry ra, wapon brandid by Bddi and Taoi ccliaic alik in ir gagain pll ar alo mainly dhra.

Following analogo principl, appropriaion and maniplaion opronal nam allow imilar acion o b prormd pon a diy or a manbing. In capr 2, w all ow Stra for the Conjuration of Bewitch-ments dnonc, among or ing, by orcrr o paronymic in

ordr o cr and injr ir vicim. Nvrl, rligio clricwo aord i ra adopd prcily am ragy, advocaing pronnciaion o wic nam o wond, bjga, and vn kill mrog dimmbrmn. T powr o word nd r i mo violn andradical xprion. I i nowory a am mrdro ormla ar ad-vocad in x o bo rligion.

Wn d or indcing procion, rciaion o nam can alo b in-ananoly civ. Ti principl i wll illrad by priva rial ad-

vancd in Havnly Vnrabl Savior rom Sring agiograpy, wici dicd in capr 5. I coni in calling diy nam in ordr o obaini immdia and nailing aianc in ac o impnding dangr. A willb n, i accibl and ay ri a a Bddi origin a can b racdback o Lotus Stra advocacy o invocaion o Ganyin nam o avpron rom pril.

Anor yp o rial paraprnalia i conncd wi anropomor-pic rprnaion a wr acivly d in mdival lirgi: fgi. Pp-p, a will b n in cond capr, wr among avori implmno Cin orcrr, wo maniplad m o bwic ir vicim. Analo-go pmral icon wr alo abricad by praciionr o oric Bddim,wo rially mirad and droyd m in cor o xorciing ir pa-


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in, a wll a o injr prona non graa. By conra, lirgical nciono icon i conidrd in capr 5 wi rgard o anropomorpic imag o Jik ianzn. Lik a o i omolog Ganyin, i rprnaion wad in conx o bo morary rial and domic worip.

Signicanly, in all o ca imilar rial mod, wr oral orwrin, orm cor lmn o pcic radiion a wr incorporadino ir Bddi or Taoi conx. Wil narraiv garb o a criprad ncarily o b modid o a o conorm o on and yl o i nwrligio ram, rial modl o adopd radiion wr in vry in-anc kp prcily inac. Dhra, incanaion, and aliman, dpi rpackaging procdr o wic y wr bjcd, wr mainaind in

ir priin, nalrd orm and, accompanid by idnical prcripion, l-lld am alary prpo or bo Bddi and Taoi wiin ir r-pciv ld o acion. Tir ranmiion and mod oprandi ad o brigoroly obrvd and did no olra lig mip, mall d-parr rom rl. Lik incanaory ormla, wic dpndd pon dliy and lgiimacy o ir rciaion o in moion inrinic po-ncy o ond, divin vir o alimanic grap bcam opraionalonly i ir rl o abricaion and ilizaion wr pncilioly obrvd.

Ti wa warran or ir fcacy and condiion in a non or main-aining ir crdibiliy. Ty ad capaciy o rancnd im and pac,a wll a o arac adrn among dirn rligio ordr, and o vn-ally o nd a plac among paraprnalia o lay cnician o divinaionand aling. W will a Dnang marial provid in i rpcinvalabl inormaion, or om o Bddo-Taoi radiion did rwr indd rmovd rom ir original rligio backgrond o bcom paro ofcial magico-cinic parimony o Dnang.49

T xampl collcd rogo i book illra j par o i-ory o ongoing xcang and aciv compiion among Bddi and Taoiin Cina. Wra gra Taoi db o Bddim a bn rcognizd nowor a long im, om o Bddi ra r xamind ow clarly a innc oprad in or dircion a wll, and a Bddi on omoccaion drank rom Taoi wll. I i in i conx o concr xcanga prnnial ion I i Bddi or Taoi? wic on appar o bvaco, bcom prinn onc again.

49. Ti i domain commonly rrrd o a shushu (Nmbr and Tcni); Kalinowki (200).


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C h a p t e r 1

The Heavenly Kitchens

T gd u w u d w.

T u d w gd d w .

T gd u w d b.

T u w d b gd .

T w [c d] wu g uvv v c

v d .

T d Hv Kc cc cu , ,c kg, d. T c dvc

bc d ug d cc. Pdxc g , kc, chu, ud , u-u vcv. I qu, dgd bqu db vg cu, wc w ddcd gd . Tkv, cdd, d ud b dv T, ubb cud c , ccv bc vg

u wc cu c cd uuu .Ov d v , R A. S dvd

g d Fc ud Kc. A kd, Kc b (chuhui), d d ccv ubqu, bc bjc c cc d v z bu T, wc ccud wg g u

Eg: Scripture o Food Interdictions and Prescriptions [or theD] Revealed by Laozi

(Laozi shuo ashi jinjie jing), Duug uc P c-c (P. 447).

. T c vd v c g ubd Fc L u d Lz du Budd, Cahiers dExtrme-Asie (999000): 4590.

. S (970, 97, 97).


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w vu xc, g wc cc w v cdd. T T vd cb Kc, dd c cc c g,b cg w gu ug. T T Kc, cd (ushi), g (anxian), w gzd cu dug g u b (sanhui) W Hv M gz, wc cc d udd v Rcd . T c Kc, c c ub, d udg uc b bg x-u cu, c , d w g v(uc gc d ). A c d vgb d c w jd

dug u, wc d, ccdg c, , , v d.4 T v bqu w dbud u, wb cud w gd. Pd xc cc c, c d, u, d Kc vd, v, xcc d vc uc, bwg (u), u u. Ud dc u d bT dg, cvv cc c bqu g gv w cu ccv . W, v d u-

vvd dc g , w cuu-u cd d v du.

Kc, , d cc w kd ug u d. T uc (zhai) cd g bqu, d Kc cudd cc, c w g dv. I c, S d, (zhai) d cc (jiao) gv ud cu Kc. T -g ugc Kc bckgud ccdd w v

gu g, bgg Tg d, dvducc Kc w d b T d g- c-qu d b Budd v k. T Budd-T c-v, Hv, Kc ubjc c.

I T cx, c Hv Kc u-g, bg c d ud d c-

. S v-cu Penal Code o the Mysterious Metropolis (Xuandu lwen , Dz 88. b4), wc c d c wk u

Kc Hv M gz. S Laojun yinsong jiejing(Dz 785. b) Sx D d; M (97): ; d Guu(96): 56; d K (005).

4. S Tg-d Yaoxiu keyi jiel chao (Dz 46. ), wc - gg udd c.


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TheHeavenlyKitchens 25

c gv . T c ccvv dvdu dc w cdc. Lug d d- w c c cc d, gu c cc d , d vg uu- c, v, uc g. T Kc x-c g c. Hv ud, cud dvdu ccv, du ub ubjcd gu -u cdu.

Dcbd w wd Lz, cqu -c w qu d g b d- T Jw, w cd v dvd c

Budd cg, Stra o the Three Kitchens, Preached bythe Buddha (Foshuo sanchu jing). T x, wc w dcvdg Duug uc, b qud c b cc bbg c g cu, bu g b ccu- bd g. A T Scripture o the Five Kitchens, w dd- T uc xc ducg Budd ,d u ccud , ju T x wd Buddckgg, w v ukb c Budd g.

I v, dub gc, Budd d T, cu Kc, g w du c Stra o the ThreeKitchens Duug d x J wd d gcu, d u d b Md Hv Kc dug Tg d.5

ACaseofBuddhistForgery?

T Hv Kc b b ducd ug Budd d b T v Du Gugg (8509) bgg cu. I Record o Miracles inSupport o Taoism (Daojiao lingyan ji), Du cu d d Mc Dgu Scripture o the Five Kitchensb Budd Mk Xgdu (Sg Xgdu g wucu jg ).6 T u k w : u Budd ud dw dv d u. I c b uzd w.

5. S Mk (976): 485, ccdg w Kc, J, g bck d g cu. Tw uc dg v d cu v Kc v b k Mu K ( bw).

6. Dz 590. /bb; d d Yunji qiqian (Dz 0. 9/45).


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T Budd k Xgdu , w, ccdg Du Gugg,w kw g d dcu cc, d Scripture o the

Five Kitchens, T wk cd v d c (zhouji

).H cgd Stra o the Three Interrupted Kitchens, Preached by the Bud-dha (Foshuo santingchu jing), dcbd v c v Tg, d ddd d x. H w c T Y Y d ZXuw w. Xgdu cd g d d ddbud v x c wk, w, g ud wdw c-g uc, udd w dv g w d w wd d d: T gu cu

M Hg b vd b g . Hw d u g d ud dcd cg ? T udu k -d wd dv bw d u v g. Td,w k w wd c bggd c. Xgdu wd d, w c, d cv c g, bu w b d . Mk d d b-

d . Xgdu d c g Twk, d c, d dd, d cgd cu-

. Hwv, g c w uc. T d-v ud d d wud b b c cu. Xgdu d dd . Tu, ccudDu Gugg, gd wk cud ccu.

I w, Du , Budd g w-b-d T x. W w c Stra o the Three Kitchens d d c. I Record o Miracles, Du d udu c Budd wk.

TheApocryphalStrasoftheKitchens

Du Gugg w, c, v c k g v g-d. T g d b udu k ( v xd) cudw b v Strao the Three Kitchens c dw u dv d J. T c ud g P dS cc Duug uc, wc vd b d x Taish shinsh daizky.7 A v

7. T. 894, v. 85: 4b44c. T d bd Duug S. 67 wd bS. 680.


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wc w uc, dg cv v d cuw vd Mu K J.8

T u v gu cu. Bu cc, b dc . A Duug c (S. 67 d S. 680), ud Taish shinsh daizkyd (T. 894), d Stra othe Three Kitchens, Preached by the Buddha (Foshuo sanchu jing). A c-d Duug v (P. 0) b d v d g d gz c.9 A d Du-ug c, d b w uc (P. 67 d P. 70 R) duc d qu d v, cudd Bud-d cuc u ud Stra o the Interrupted Kitchens,

Preached by the Buddha (Foshuo tingchu jing).0 T vu Du-ug x c . T K c, dStra o the Three Interrupted Kitchens, Preached by the Buddha (Foshuo santingchu jing), c Duug d bu dd u c- d . I u d, v xu g c w c w b-d dug v cu cc S-J cc.

Vu d , Md Kc xd

uc c g, d, d vc. T g d g cc c dc: d b v Hv Kc d cv xqu , wc u d ud d. T v vv u cdu d dd dhra d gth, wu -cg g v c. Sc kg, jdc c Sanchu jingd cud ducc (nidna), w Tingchu jingd K uc vd

ccuc wc x w cd: dug g D (moa), ud w sl c

8. T c w uc, dd 099, w ud . T , dd 70, w ud Kg . S Mk (976): 5760.

9. S. 67 + S. 680 c ( d ud). S , k du c ggc. T x dd , u b ud d Budd cx d b Tc v. T x

P. 0 cud g d cdg v.0. I w Pu Dv : S, c Bud-

d, u cu u (B [D], Hbgirin, v. [974]: 60; .Mk Tz Buddhism and Healing: Demivilles Article By rom Hbgirin. F d v , M (998): 695698.


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c Kug (Ju,[]), Budd c Md b budd d bdv b g nirva. I Tingchu

jing, d c cd b u bg w dug udd, k d wud vg bg, cc cb, d v w b (edao). T Budd v vg d, w, ccdg K x, w w Kc c Bdd. Tk cg, d w v u ug , cd. T w bjuvd, w gv, d nirva.

T Tingchu jinggv dc ud , w Sanchu jingcud duc g wc cd b Budd d v ug d d b B w cu (xiguo poluomen) D-duu , Sjudu ., IdDd Jgu.

Tug cd Id g cu cu, dub Stra o the Kitchens w ccu d v cu bgg g, d b Zg (668740) Record okyamunis Teaching, Compiled during the Kaiyuan Era (Kaiyuan shi-

jiao lu), dd 70, w cd uc yi(), , c.4 I bb d v b -d b Xgdu ud Foshuo santingchu jing ( xc K v), wc Du Gugg , Stra othe Three Kitchens c dw u g d .

TheStra of the Three Kitchens, Preached by the Buddha

T Sanchu jingd bd Duuguc S. 67 d S. 680 (T. 894), wc cu c

. T w Budd d nirva. I dd c K,w P.

. P. 0 v Md T Kc d.

. Jgu (5600), gg Gd, vd g 560. Td D (Dduu Dduu) uc. T gu cd,u, d cu, cv, kw ud ; Dv

.(978): 5, 58.4. T. 54, 8/67 47. Zg Sanchu jing juan u

c. I cc c u, c, b kd b. T d Budd cgu. S Mk (976):4749.


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d dd x v. Mj v ud c, b P. 0 d K uc, d qud.

T wk, wg d gd Id -, gv T Kc: . u Kc c- d ccu ; . Kc u wd g pratyekabuddha ( -zd budd) d -ccuz ud (rvaka); d . u Kc bg, -bg, d -dv.5 T Stra o the Three Kitchens x-ud Md:

Rcg Md T Kc w [] b ug, [

] c d d [ d], d [ cqu] gv.6

A u, ud bv dvd T Jw,7 c ,

d d v g d vg, d wu

c duu. O u [] u c ,

k, , d v, c d d. I cdd [bd]

bv Sx Pc (apramit,liu poluomi)8 d cc

-bg.

O u cduc Md T Kc: S-u Kc budd d bdv , d

Kc ub, quud, -v, uccv k,

d c.9

T Md T Kc w cd b Budd -

d nirva, dug b g cg bg,0

budd d bdv dc, budd

d, , d uu. H cd wggth:

(There ollows an esoteric poem in ve strophes corresponding to the ve directions and theve agents. I do not oer here a translation o these cryptic verses, which also constitute the text

o the Taoist work on the Five Kitchens [see below], but only the accompanying instructions.)

Tgth wd, :

5. T T Kc ud, w v, K v.6. P. 0 d K d dd w bc bck d

w gw.7. Triratna: Budd, D, d gu cu (sagha).8. T . dna, c; . l, bv; . knti, c; 4. vrya, -

gc c; 5. dhyna, c; d 6.praj, wd.9. T d Kc d . T u d gv

bgg x.0. T g cg uu cu d deva, nga, yaka, gandharva,

asura, garua, kinnara, d mahoraga.


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. . . H gth wd g . T b d 90 .

Tgth , u:

. . . H gth , [wc w ] [ u] . T

b d 0 .

Tgth , c:

. . . H gth , [wc w ] [xc] u-

g. T b d 0 .

Tgth , w:

. . . H gth , [wc w ] [ u] cd. T

b d 70 .

Tgth w, :

. . . H gth w, [wc w ] b . T bd 50 .

(The text, certainly corrupt, now continues with the discussion o the preaching o the Buddha

that preceded the poem:)

Wv cv wd Hv Kc d c

v d w kw ug . Rcg w kg ,

wu vg d wu ug, ju k budd Ab d

L Lgv (Wug u gu, Sukv), w v [d]

u d udd d, udd c-cuv, ud , ud , [v] k.

T Budd g b: I uc w cc

Md b dd c T Jw d d .

Wv w k d u ud W

bg b ccg d gg Md. Sud

dub d ck cvc [ v u] cc w c ,

u c , b

w [ T] Ev W [ b]. T w, wd,

u k c du c.

T c [ ] dc

, cu c cc [ Md]. I

[ dg ] d bc d, bg c c .

Tw c ud uc [ u ] ug d .

O u w bg c gthdug yin u (..,

bw d v ..). Fu [dug d] w b c b

d c, w ub u c wc dcd

bv. P c , b v

. T T Ev W (durgati) b , ug d, .


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u d gu. W v , ww . A

u, [ cc] d. I u bc

dd, ud b dubd. B d d d c,

c c w dwd cdb, [bu,] wg d ,

d v d, d g g. A udd d, ud

d g c d, d d u d.

u bc . [A d cc] g

udd d, c c ud. O w,

[bu] w g [xc] ug .

T wd Hv Kc v g Gth o the Five

Agents (Wuxing jie). T wd Hv Kc. T

Md w d M Gu (Jgu), [w c] u. T O [ ] cd , T [ c-

d ] , Fv [ d ] w, Sv [ u

] , N [ ] wd.

(The text then returns to the preceding enumeration, reerring to the directions and agents

corresponding to the number o recitations90, 30, 120, 70, and 50but without theg.

It repeats almost word or word the modes o recitation explained above, adding simply that one

must begin the practice o recitation on a day).

A w v u d gc [cc] Y d Yg c [c] c dd b

[cc] Hv Kc d dv c b .

(The text again takes up the aorementioned indications regarding the stages o practice

and the sensations that they entail, in particular dreams o celestial favors and aromas, and the

attainment o merits and o awakening, dgu.)

O u w g d T P, sandu

.4

bg w cu k ug T Jw d

w cc u Ab c w , []

d w.

T M Lw Tk (Sanzang ashi): O w

k u wkg (wushang pudi, anuttarabodhi) d dv w

d d , bu du ug d d, u u g b-

c d, d c bodhi, [u] gw u Stra

. T c w d cb: I u cv

Md, ud [cu] c.. T g wd b : Foshuo sanchu jing juan.4. T T P d (vg ud, cu, d vc), d

(vg u, gd, d ), d (b v vw). S Dv . (99): 9: Aku (Ev).


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o Divination (Zhancha jing), wc : Oc d c d

d u, u [] u, , cu v,

[ v] d (jingshi) cd dwg. O bg b

g c-ggd, d cd g,5 w cd, u

d w [g] jd, d d u bc cdu,

u c d, bw v d v cck d v d , g d

vg. O u wd d dc, cg d [cc-

g] c [ Md] k c w b.6 O

u [u ] u c (panyuan) x

. I, [ dg ,] d, cd [ c]

w uc d c .

(Following are the same indications given earlier, with only small variants concerning themovements o the tongue, swallowing, and the cycle o seven days o practice.)

T w b d v w T Kc dug

v d w kw bc g: w g

d b -; w samdhi(chanding) d b bodhi. B

cg gth60 , w b ug .

T Wd-d (Szu, Budd) u wg -

c (here ollows a ormula in pseudo-Sanskrit).7

T cv Md d bv qu cg c c. I d , bu g-qu -

c d w d g, wg wc c Md

w- . Tugu , c d gu d

u. F d v d, u k w . I bu

db c w g c. O u v cc w w -

.8 I , dk cw k d jujub b. F

w d kw dv Kc, I v :

S-j-q--- , M-q--z- , d

Z-b-u--.9

5. uu Budd cc, w g d cd .6. I v d d qixia, ud v, d qixia, wc

g cx.7. T c, wc bg w cc nazhi, cd Nz-

c (nazhi zhou) K v, wc c c 08 wg d d c w cd w, gu c bd. TK v cd c w cc (bw).

8. P. 0 gv : cck, dg, c, d x dc .9. T Tingchu jing(P. 67 d P. 70 R) gv dv w

. T uc P. 0 b g dc d K v: S--q--, Du-q---, Ju--u-d-x, d Du-u---q, Y-q---


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A dw, u chen dc (u, wd u). Gg

, du k!0 A u d, ud b b

jd (yujiang, v). A gd d dc w w cc

Md T Kc u uccd cg d ug

; u bu c d c c

d dv, c, d b c

d u. T Kc ud b d - . W

u d c d dv,

u gth. I c wu udd d, w

b ug. I k c kc cd d d v

Fu Sg wkg (siguo), u cv d-

v Kc. T wd c b dv. [Bu] dcu w gcu [] v [-

v] Md, w v u.

Fuwu, uji, d cd.

Furengui, g d .4

Sxjia,x ding (erroneous or ), g g u .5

Fvgeng, v xin, v vc u.6

(Here ends the manuscript S. 2673. The continuation o the text is ound in manuscript S.

2680:)T d Jd Md vc d,

T Mb Kc (xingchu)7 c c k g

bd,

, M-q---, J-b-u--, d T-u--w-. T b ud-Sk.

0. Diwu tiangu. T w-kw T cc c w g gu u d cckg . T K v - : O c du w-u , jd b (yujiang

, v).. T uphala, u -w, c-u, -u, d .. I K v, w cdd b w-kw T

u vkg u dc : T g dg, g w g. T d bd, dk w.

. I d dc, xc Yg (), cddgc.

4. F w v, I v wd P. 0, wc gv ub u d x.

5. I T cgc cqu, g g (taicang) dg- c.

6. T ccc g wu d jicd c, rengui ,jia d yicd , dgengxin w. T vc ddd v d-c. Hwv, ub gv d c uu c-dc v g.

7. O Mb Kc, bw.


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U I d d ,

[Ad ] gv c b ud .

T Budd v dhra v Kc (qing chu

sanshi tuoluoni shenzhou ): (Here ollows a d in pseudo-

Sanskrit.)

T dhra u Md. T cc , u

d c. A dbk, w bw w u w d ww

g bu . O c ud bw, bv

wc d c, [qu] u. O c-ggd, ug

. W cd, gu gud , -

c c 08 . O k d -

vd ( bw). O d. I , c c v w cd d cc. T -

d d u wc v c.8

(There ollows once more the title o thestra.)

T d T Kc, Md Gu F.9

T d w x d b B ( Id,po-

luomen) d k T Kc c.

Gu Md .

T vcu,40

Wc, cg c v dc

G, bck, d, w, w

U c d,4

[Ad] dc [ u] c .4

T c : (Here ollows another ormula o invocation o the Buddha, the Law

[Dharma], the religious community [g], i.e., the Three Jewels, as well as the

[? Sk.pariad, b u).

T c, c d-kg cg fc

d k b . . . [ b cd ].

(The close o the text is missing.)

8. T K v cud gu u ( bw). H, dg x uc, du g cc ( d gv b Mk [976]: 59).

9. Gu jia a. T Gu d v ( bw).40. I v d ccliang d, d g c-

, wc . T qu bg c cddbw.

4. Hehe de? er. T g cc S. 680 tong g P. 0 (c. ). Er(d) w u ck.

4. H I v wd P. 0 v. S. 680 gv ccchen (du,) d yi (dc). T g v wud b [d] -u c [g] .


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Rc c, vc d, d d z c d c Md Strao the Three Kitchens. I dvd cc cu u-b w v c d gc cc Yd Yg, d d d c , gv, c d,d u. T u() cqu bvu T v Budd cb g d cc u. A uu c Buddc, z Budd g b cg Budd wd. I bdv,pratyekabuddha, d bhiku(cu d), d Md, d cd

, x ubd Budd gu. I d -cv cg, u k ug T Jw d -v ud Sx Pc w bdg T Ac( T P). I wd, Md T Kc d dg Budd, d dd w wd gu c d . T d w cv cg cd Ab, w w u v, , ug -

g. Mv, Md g , samdhi, d,w d, c kc cd, dg v z g, bodhi. T c Gu d d, ud-Sk dhra, d qu Stra o Divina-tion v c d uc cbu dg Md T Kc c Budd c.4

T v Stra o the Three Kitchens Md - dc . T Duug Tingchu jing, wv, d

cx: gv bg cc Budd cu-c c, c dd w cu Sk, Pu Dv cu .44 T Tingchu jing c ud d vg d

4. T wk c Zhancha shane yebao jing, Stra o Divination to Examine the Karmic Retribution o Good and Evil Actions (T. 89, v. 7:9090), c k d cd x cu. S L(990); Ku (994b); d Wg-Tu (998): 777. T qu gv Stra o theThree Kitchens d , wv, cd g x d T. 89.

44. Dv (974): 60. Bd Tingchu jing(P. 67), x c

cdu wg: Bk Mdc Rc (Yg u ), Rc Sug Sg (Ygqu g ), Rc Hb Eg(c g ), Rc Exg P [ud b] u (u cgdug ), d Md Bdv Gu Exc, Mvu PudP (Gu u zug xg w ). g . (994)


49/257


dug, wc, ccd w u c d vc budd, d c uu w d ug. Aug,w xc cw k, jujub, d b,45 Bud-d v Kc dvc u dc, u-c bckgud Md udb. T Budd Kc w v d vd b Lz u b ud, k T -d, cd g d dc, cc ug d c.

TheScripture of the Five Kitchens

W bu T cu Kc Du Gugg cw gzd b Budd? I Mc Dgu Scripture o the Five Kitchens b Budd Mk Xgdu, Du w:

T Scripture o the Five Kitchens bg Tqg c ( T

). I b c b Y Y, (jianyi dau

) d u Sug dug g E

Xuzg, wc : [W c] c u v d-

v udd d [u] gu b Fv V-c, Fv B u zd. O b

kg d.46

Dug Ku (774), Hv M Z Xu

w c cu, wc c ddcd

bg cc d u z.47

I w kw Du Gugg cd Record o Miracles, w

, dd g T, ucu g,g d v d, Budd. Du wk, wc cvd c b Zzg (. 9970) bgg v cu, cdd w c

v cd x ud ubc Budd Rc Abc (Duug zg quu, 687694), wc cc I d c.

45. I , k w cdd b g uu d w d g-c Tg c. S Sc, g (977): 0507. Jujub v b

kw uu d -qucg vu b dc. S Nd- (986), v. 6, : 54054.

46. T w qu v v Laozi shuo wuchu jingzhu, wccu c cu.

47. Dz 590. /b; dd Yunji qiqian, Dz 0. 9/4b.


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bw w g ud Tg d Fv D.48T Xgdu ck g bd cc ccd. B ccug k, c dub u Bud-d g. W , Xgdu c uqu. I c Record o Miracles, Du Gugg duc, w dg-, wd d b (qu ukw) k dFcg. Fgg T vc, Fcg uccdd g - , w gd 60 T c,wc gd Budd b g d g.W w c , k Xgdu d c,Fcg dd dv u.49

T d u Du Gugg g d u cdb- bbgc vd Mc D-gu Scripture o the Five Kitchens. T cu, , T wk dg bck g cu , bgg Tqg c Daozang ( c cud ccu), d b ubjc c b Hv MZ Xu d b Y Y.

A d, Scripture o the Five Kitchens, w Du

Gugg dd, c dw u. Au, cudd Mg T ud Scripture, with Commentary, o the FiveKitchens Revealed by Laozi(Laozi shuo wuchu jingzhu, Dz 76).Aug c b g-cu Hv M ZXu, w Du Gugg ud, x,50 dd c b Y Y, M Sz, w w w-kwT w c w vd ud E Xuzg (. 7756)d d bb Sug c,

g.5

T wk c gd b d dd w w-d Ku , , 75. A v-

48. S V (99).49. Ibd., 4849.50. A cu T dug Ku ud E Xuzg g, Z

Xu cbud d c Daode jing. . V(99): 505.

5. Y Y bg gu Xin Tang shu (c. 00, Zgu uju:570) g uc gu. A u gg Qzu , dc

Tu (d Gu Pvc), dd g . H wud v cd c Wuchu jing qia g -u. S V (989): 6, wqu Lishi zhenxian tidao tongjian (Dz 96. 40/). Dug Ku , Y Y ccud Buu R (jiansheng). O Sug , Changan zhi, c. 8. 5b, Hk (960), v. 6: 06.


51/257


Scripture o the Five Kitchens (w v) ud gd T g Sg d, Yunji qiqian, ud Md Pu Scu Fv Kc (Wucu

jg q).5 F, w Md Fv Kc- xudd Fundamental Treatise or the Absorption o Pneuma(Fuqi jingyi lun), T wk bud S gz (64775), wc dd Yunji qiqian c dd-cd b d ccu qi, d Pu Tc-qu D Sc (Zuj q).5

T Scripture o the Five Kitchens Revealed by Laozi cd wv v cc c, ccg ccu cc

u w v vc, wb bc b b g. T x db c (d I w k ). Y

Y c, wc w c v d qu Laozid Zhuangzi, d c g bc -g d . Id, Y Y ju c cc -c d ccg c . T g z (he), w cc, d g u (yiqi yuanqi) cc w wc v

u bg dwd ccw Su H (taihe). O b O ( D). T cc cd Md Su H (T z ). A T c-qu cg , u c (jing) d d(shen), cv c (changxin) d u w O-g (ben). I b , Y Y ucd u Fv Kc d w d:

T cu, k kc u u, c w vvc vd. T w c d Fv Kc.54

T dd dc c ju cu gv Y Y c v v , w x w cvd, d u j v d v vc d. W w xc, g bw d d u vd c b ud.

5. Yunji qiqian, 6/5b0b.5. Dz 0. 57/0b. Fuqi jingyi lun (Dz 80. 9b0). O uc Fuqi

jingyi lun, Egd (989).54. Dz 76. ; dd Yunji qiqian, 6/6.


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TheOriginoftheHeavenlyKitchens

dg w d T dcu, Scripture o the Five Kitchens c b dd d vcu bgg g. T T v Kc cd u b Y Y d Budd g wud cqub cu. I g bb Scripture o theFive Kitchens xd g b Y Y ud b xg . G Hg (84), bbgc c InnerChapters o the Master Who Embraces Simplicity (Baopuzi neipian), Scripture o the Traveling Kitchens (Xingchu jing), w

Scripture o the Kitchen Food o the Sun and the Moon (Riyue chushi jing).55 I gb wk d g uScripture o the Five Kitchens, , w kw, wg cdx w bd d cu duc dv T.Od u u g dv v, c c w d g d .56

T cc Kc w d G Hg wk.H v Tvg, Mb, Kc (xingchu), c-

g b g u d cqu b vu ubc d dug cu.57 I G -u wk, ggc cc d Traditions o Divine Transcendents(Shenxian zhuan), d cu Tvg Kc wvd b uc gd c L G, w

cud dw d cu Tvg Kc v, d w cud v

w gu. A d w d, d cd g

d vu d u dc, g w c vb.58

G Hg dcb uuu Kc H g (Mgu), gc cb, d w gu, dv (ang-shi) Wg Yu:

55. Baopuzi neipian, c. 9, Wg Mg, d.: 4.56. d, x, qu wg x Sgqg T-

, wc Rb (984), v. : 7.

57. Baopuzi neipian, c. , Wg Mg, d., 96, 0, 05. Ju c duccud d , , G Hg, c cu Mb Kc v (zhi)w g d b kdg bck x (heidan) d w w d (bd., c. 9 d 4, Wg Mg, d.: 7, 78).

58. R (00): 9.


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W w b d, cd Tvg Kc. T vg

w d u gd d jd cu wu . T w d-

cc, d w d u, d gc d

d d u.59

T w cu Mb Kc v w [ ] g [d] (zuo zhi xingchu) cud b ug T d Sgqgv. Accb w d cqu vuz dv dg c-c c w u bd, ug Kc -d c d cc wd: bc

vb, ud, d duc .60 Hg c, cc -cd wb d w du dwd w - Sxjia. W c w d j T u, cu Hv M T, w Sxjia w vwd d kd G.

H, wv, w ud cu c c - xg bw Kc d Sxjia. T Scripture o the Most HighLuminous Mirror o the Six R Tallying withY (Taishang liuren mingjianuyin jing

) ub -Tg T wk, bu c bd uc gv g ccu bckgud.6 T duc x Heavenly Kitchens othe SixJ (Liujia tianchu yijuan) w d g w Heavenly Kitchens o the Six Dg (Liuding tianchu yijuan) u g Wg S d, Su B, dcd v wd x, Suz .6 Su B, x, w uug g w , S P

V (Gugu xg

), gv, w g w -k (baiyuan) d udd u. A g - w w, Su dcvd w c cd bgcgd w c w . T k d w g d vd, u wg d, gd, dv w c Hv Kc. Su, kwg ,

59. R bd., 6.60. S Rb (984), v. : 45.6. Dz 86. T cu d Dz 858, Marvelous and Mysterious Veritable

Scripture o the White Monkey o the Dongshen [Canon] (Taishang dongshen xuanmiao baiyuan zhen-jing), wc cd ud g w k.

6. Su B wud v b u Sun Bin binga, c d H, bu cvd v w bb ud b S-dg 97; Lu d A (996).


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cd w w k. Sgc, Scripture o theMost High Luminous Mirror o the Six R Tallying with Yin u d Hv Kc , d uc-, b u d bc vb d d d udd d.

W cu u Md Gu F (Guj ), d dhra Stra o the Three Kitchens (S. 680), Gugu z, S P V, w w Su B . T dhra, v, c vc ccc g, b Sxjiad Sx ding. A c w w w w kw w kdg bw cqu gc dv, cu

-cd dd d (dun jia), d -g. W v cc u c .

u bqug u cb d cu w dv-, u d d ju (wc x b),u (zang, g vc), vuz b-g g, d bc c gu g , -d d b R. A. S, c bc d Kc.6 Tug uc cu vd Sgqg c-

u, bw Mb Kc d Hv Kcbc Tg T cu, Discussion o the Works o Taoism(Daodian lun). A g ddcd Ab YwPu (Fu ugq ) x d, gg vu d vg ubc d b dg w w ucd b w , w b d k Mb Kc u u.64 T ubc ccd w kw d T d kg : cb, u, d dc

. A Mgu bqu, Mb Kc vd b dv d gd, ud, cub ud cg w .

Mcuu du d b cd. Lk x u [ducd] cg d d (yishi ziran ), v d d bc cc T -u, dcbg dc d, w wd u c. T Hv Kc, dg kc cu , bc T ug u w

6. S (97).64. Dz 0. 4/0bb. Md b S (97): 4949, w d-

wc x bd g bck H d.


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c c (tiantang), c wc duccuu v.65

Tk g, d w u dc ccu wk Mb Kc, , T c, w c cc g gu , b x, d cccc. S g, qu g u TgScripture o the Five Kitchens w dvd dc u d gd wkd v x G Hg d d u cu- .

A w jud ccg cd Du Gugg xg u ? A Hv Kc -

T wk w d b Budd? I qu cg g Su A cd dgu Budd w cdd v uuu,u vg b cu vc.

Budd cu xd vu g: N - nirva, nirva b d d, cd d , ug d , x, c, k Sgz (7444).66 Abg d cc dc d

c bjcv ; c-dc.67 T ugz x, wv, ug gudd Budd gc vu, d uStra o the ThreeKitchens, w x cc cdd b gc d dwu u, b dc cd.

Nv, x Hv Kc (tianchu) dd d Budd u c Zhongben qijing,avadna d 07, w ud bd d

u qu.68

A w Dalou tan jing, -65. S Taishang dongxuan lingbao yebao yinyuan jing (Dz 6.

/):, v kc [w] uvd c g d-d. S c Lgb cc x, Taishang dongxuan lingbao benxing yinyuan

jing (Dz 5. 5), wc : dcdcd dc d, [w] cg d d [c ] Hv Kc.

66. Zhu Weimojie jing, T. 775. /48; qud b L (96): 5.67. T bvc g d g uc - (T F,

sanzhai) w c cd u Budd N W d-. I bc gzd ud Su d Tg ug u

dc. T -c d - w c d d bc b-vd dug , , d . T w cdd -u c wg dvc u d . S F d M (979).

68. I c , d Fo shi mamai. T. 96, v. 4: /6, . KgMgxg . (d cdbgg d cu). A v


56/257


d b k F (656), wc k c u- vd b Fu Hv, deva. Sud

w , x, d c d cu ub-c b , d w b w c. F deva w - , b dk g, w d ddg d w w v cqud u . Hw dcu d v-uuu dv u! T deva j cc v ubd b cw: u, ,dvg k v w . Bu ju w, k Dalou tan jing, uc d ducd? I b c cc (yi-nian) deva cu u u.69

, g bw deva cuu d u kc (ziran chu) ud bw c- T Kc w c dhra gv dx Budd c. Exc qu c vuxuu , bw w d c c-cu bckgud. I b c, du u ubd, vu-zd, zd, w uccu d dd-v c deva c

d.O ud cd d gd w d vd

u g v, ubjc g g Teaching o Vimalakrti(Vimalakrtinirdea, Weimojie suoshuo jing), d dug cu b Kujv.70 T , wc vdd b Tg bdv b Vk d uub bdv, u b d gd, ub :

Ev bg ugu ub g cc, dug k

udd k, w ww d, w kg u v

Suu, d wud b b dd. W ? Bcu

g xub , cc, wd, b-

c Foshuo xingqi xing jing (T. 97, v. 4), -d b Kg Mgxg, bu wu Hv Kc.

69. T. , v. : 4/97. L wk g w v. S Qishi yinben jing (T. 4, v. : 7/46), . Jgu(6570), d Qishi yinben jing(T. 5, v. : 7/40), . Dgu (?69).

70. T. 475, v. 4: 9, T g u b cv bdv. S L- (96

buddhism and taoism face to face scripture, ritual, and iconographic exchange in medieval china

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