bugs r all apr 2016 final 06may16 ori - a rocha · 1 abasaheb garware college, pune, 2 yashvantrav...

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 1

CONTENTS PagesAuthen'creportofCeresiumleucos,c,cumWhite(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae:Callidiopini)fromPuneandSatarainMaharashtraState---Paripatyadar,S.,S.GaikwadandH.V.Ghate ... 2-3Firstsigh'ngoftheApeflySpalgisepeusepeusWestwood,1851(Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae:Mile'nae:Spalgini)fromtheGarhwalHimalaya---SanjaySondhi ... 4-5Onacollec'onofOdonata(Insecta)fromLonar(Crater)Lakeanditsenvirons,Buldhanadistrict,Maharashtra,India---MuhamedJaferPalot ... 6-9OccurrenceofPhyllodesconsobrinaWestwood1848(Noctuidae:Lepidoptera)fromSouthernWesternGhats,Indiaandareviewofdistribu'onalrecords---PrajithK.K.,AnoopDasK.S.,MuhamedJaferPalotandLongyingWen ... 10-11FirstRecordofGerosisbhagavaMoore1866(Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae)fromBangladesh---AshisKumarDaMa... 12PresentstatusonsomecommonbuSerfliesinRaharaarea,WestBengal---WrickChakraborty&ParthaP.Biswas ... 13-17Addi'onstotheBuSerflyfaunaofSundarbansMangroveForest,Bangladesh---AshisKumarDaMa ... 18StudyonbuSerfly(Papilionoidea)diversityofBilaspurcity---ShubhadaRahalkar ... 19-23Bio-ecologyofSwallowtail(Lepidoptera:Papilionidae)BuSerfliesinGautalaWildlifeSanctuaryofMaharashtraIndia--ShindeS.S.NimbalkarR.K.andMuleyS.P. ... 24-26Newreportofmidgegall(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)onZiziphusxylopyrus(Retz.)Willd.(Rhamnaceae)fromNorthernWesternGhats.MandarN.DatarandR.M.Sharma ... 27RapidassessmentofbuSerflydiversityinaecotoneadjoiningBannerghaSaNa'onalPark,SouthBengaluruAlexanderR.AvinashK.PhalkeS.ManidipM.andJayashankarM. ... 28-29Aqua'cInsectFaunaandDiversityinfivedifferentsitesofLoktakLakeofManipur,NorthEastIndiaM.BhubaneshwariDevi,O.SandhyaraniDeviandSalamDineshwarSingh ... 30-36Anoteonstructureofnestofamuddauberwasp,Sceliphronsp.inSolapur,Maharashtra---S.R.Aland,S.S.KalsheZ,M.J.KhobareandS.A.Shaikh ... 37

Newsletter of the Invertebrate Conservation & Information Network of South Asia (ICINSA)

No. 22, MAY 2016

ISSN 2230 – 7052

Phot

o: C

. Sun

il K

umar

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Asmall,reddishblacktoblacklongicornbeetle,withapaMernofchalk-whitespotsonprothorax,elytraandundersidewascollectedattwoplacesinMaharashtraState,namelySataraandPune(Talegaon).TheSataraspecimenwasafemale(coll:S.Gaikwad,vii.2014)andPunespecimenwasamale(coll:S.Paripatyadar,6.vii.2014).

ThekeysprovidedinGahan(1906)showedthiscerambycidbeetletobeCeresiumleucos,c,cumWhite.ThebeetlewasoriginallydescribedandillustratedbyWhite(1855)[fromE.India];Gahan(1906)againgavedescrip]on,alongwithadrawing,andaddedaddi]onallocali]es,withinthethenBri]shIndia,suchas‘Assam,Burma,SiamandSumatra’,ofwhichonlyAssamisinIndianTerritorynow.Duffy(1968),whostudiedimmaturestagesoftheOrientalCerambycidae,statedthisspeciestobedistributedin‘Assam,Bihar,Madras,MaharashtraandUMarPradesh’.GressiM,RondonandBreuning(1970)reportedthisspeciesfromLaos(aswellasBurma,Hainan,Thailand,Sumatra,andinLaos:ThroughoutMekongValleyandadjacentplateau)andstatedthatthepaMernofwhitespotswasvariable,andsome]mestheelytralspotsmaybeabsentorindis]nct.Insomeimagesavailableontheinternettheposteriorpairofspotsonprothoraxisintheformofthin,somewhatobliqueline(hMp://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/65/a3/d8.html).Similarcoloura]onisshowninthisspeciesfoundinChina(HuaLi-Zhongetal2009)andthestateddistribu]onis:‘Taiwan,Hainan,Yunnan,India,Myanmar,Thailand,LaosandIndonesia’.MukhopadhyayandBiswas(2000)alsomen]onedthepresenceofthisspeciesinMeghalaya,basedonoldcollec]onmadebyKempin1917;apparentlynonewcollec]onwasathand.

MostoftherecordsofthisspeciesinIndiaarethusfromnorth-eastandwearenotawareofanypublica]onrepor]ngthisspeciesfromMaharashtraorWesternIndia,exceptthatofDuffy(1968),whereexactlocalityinMaharashtraisnotgiven.Ghate(2012)presentedalistoftheknownandpersonallycheckedCerambycidaeofMaharashtra,but]llthenthisspecieswasnotcollectedinthisStateandDuffy’srecordwasoverlooked.Thisreportisthereforeadefinitecollec]onrecordofCeresiumleucos,c,cumfromMaharashtraState.Thisreporthighlightsthefactthattruedistribu]onofmanyCerambycidae(andmanyotherinsectgroups)inIndiaisnotknownorisobscure.Presenceofthisspeciesintwo

differentlocali]esindicatesthatithasviablepopula]oninMaharashtra,andperhapselsewhereinWesternIndia.

Asbothearlierworkers,White(1855)andlaterGahan(1906),havegivenadequatedescrip]onofthisbeetle,andahabitusdrawing,thisnoteonlyintendstoillustratesalientfeaturesofthisspecieswithdigitalimages.Afewcharacterswillonlybemen]oned.

Maleandfemaleareofthesamecolora]onandsize(about11mm

long):blackonhead,prothoraxandelytra,butwithantennae,anarrowareaaroundelytralsutureandlegsdis]nctlyreddishbrown.Antennaeinmalearelongerthanbody(lastthreesegmentsprojec]ngbeyondelytral]p),whileinthefemaleonlyslightlylongerthanbody.Allbodyiscoveredwithwhite,decumbenthairsandthereisa

Authen'creportofCeresiumleucos,c,cumWhite(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae:Callidiopini)fromPuneandSatarainMaharashtraState

1Paripatyadar,S.,2S.Gaikwadand3H.V.Ghate1AbasahebGarwareCollege,Pune,2YashvantravChavanIns]tuteofScience,Satara,

3ModernCollegeofArts,ScienceandCommerce,Shivajinagar,Pune.E-mail:[email protected]

Fig 1. Male Ceresium leuco - live, Talegaon. Photo Shruti

Fig 2. Dorsal view of female - full gray back

Fig 3. Dorsal view of head & prothorax

http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/65/a3/d8.html




mailto:[email protected]?subject=


Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 3

paMernofchalk-whitespotsonprothoraxandelytraasseenfromdorsalside(Figs.1,2).Inthefemaleexaminedherethespotsattheapicalregionappearastwoseparatespotsperelytronwhileinthemalethesearealmostconfluentformingonespotperelytron.EyesarelargeandcoarselyfaceMed.Prothoraxislongerthanbroad,slightlyroundedatthesides,coarselypuncturedalloverexceptthemedianlongitudinallinewhichissmoothandglossy,withall4chalk-whitespotsvisiblefromdorsalside(Fig.3).

Elytrawithatotalofninespots:onesuturalspotjustbehindthescutellum(whichisalsowhite),atripletofspotsbehindthesuturalspot,butinfrontofthemiddleofeachelytron(Fig.4),andapairofspotsanteriortotheapex(thispairmaybeverycloseorintheformofasingletransversespot).Elytralpuncturesaredis]nctintheproximalonethirdbutfineinthedistalpartandeachpuncturehasa

whiteshortseta.Ventrallyagaintheinsectispredominantlyblackwithwhitepubescencenearprosternum,onlateralpartofmesoventriteandmetaventrite.Abdominalsegmentsalsohavechalk-whitesmallpatchesatthesidesbutthesemaynotbefullyseeninventralview(especiallyinfemale)butinlateralviewonly(Fig.5).Legsofmoderatelength,allfemoraswolleninthemiddle,hindfemurnotextendingthe]pofabdomen,]biacarinate.Fullventralviewofthesamefemaleisalsoshown(Fig.6).

Therearemanyinteres]ngspeciesofinsectsintheWesternGhatsandadjacentareasbutinvertebratesingeneralareorenignored.Itisessen]althatmoreaMen]onispaidtoinvertebratesbecausethehotspotsares]llrecognizedonthebasisofvertebratesonly.

AcknowledgementsAuthorsaregratefultotheauthori]esofModernCollege,Pune5,forfacili]esandencouragement.HVGalsothanksBCUD,UniversityofPune,forprovidingfundingduring2007-08,helpinghimtocarryfurtherworkonthesebeetles.Ms.S.A.GaikwadthanksDr.S.NalawadeforhelpandencouragementprovidedinSatara.

ReferencesDuffy,E.A.J.(1968).AMonographoftheImmatureStages0fOrientalTimberBeetles(Ceramycidae).TheBri]shMuseum(NaturalHistory),publica]onnumber667,London,pp.435,18plates.Gahan,C.J.,(1906).TheFaunaofBri,shIndiaincludingCeylonandBurma.Coleoptera-Volume1,Cerambycidae.TaylorandFrancis,London,pp329.Ghate,H.V.(2012).Insects:Coleoptera:Cerambycidae.In:StateFaunaSeries,20,FaunaofMaharashtra,ZoologicalSurveyofIndia,Kolkata,part2,pages503-505.GressiS,J.L.,J.A.Rondon&S.vonBreuning(1970).Cerambycid-beetlesofLaos(LongicornesduLaos).PacificInsectsMonograph,24(i-vi):1-651.Hua,Li-Zhong,N.Hajime,G.A.SamuelsonandS.W.Lingafelter(2009).IconographyofChineseLongicornBeetlesincolor.SunYat-SenUniversityPress,Guangzhon.Pp.474,colorplates126.Mukhopadhyay,P.andS.Biswas(2000).Coleoptera:Cerambycidae.In:StateFaunaSeries4,FaunaofMeghalaya,ZoologicalSurveyofIndia,Kolkata,part5,pages41-67.White,A.(1855).CatalogueofColeopterousinsectsinTheCollec,onofTheBri,shMuseum,PartVIII,LongicorniaII.Bri]shMuseum.Pp409+Plates.

Fig 4. Triplet of spots

Fig 5. Lateral view of Ceresium leuco

Fig 6. Ventral view of Ceresium leuco

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Introduc'onThebuMerfliesofUMarakhandhavebeenwellstudiedbylepidopteristsinthelast150years.Amongsttheearliestpublica]onswithachecklistoftheareawasalistofbuMerfliesfromKumaon(Doherty1886),whorecorded271species.Subsequently,achecklistof323buMerflyspeciesfromtheDehradunandMussoorieareawaspublishedin1899(MackinnonanddeNicéville1899).HannyngtonfollowedupDoherty’spaperbylis]ng378speciesfromKumaon(Hannyngton1910,1911&1915).Inthenextfewdecades,numerousotherpublica]onsstudyingthebuMerfliesoftheDehradunandMussoorieareafollowed(Ollenbach1930,Shull1958,1962).Inmorerecentyears,Smetacek(2012)hasdonesignificantworkintheKumaonregionandlistedthebuMerflyspeciesrecordedintheBhimtalareawhileSinghandBhandarihaveextensivelystudiedthebuMerfliesintheGarhwalregion(Singh1999,2009,SinghandBhandari2003,2006).Uniyal(2004)addedtotheknowledgeofthebuMerflyfaunaintheNandaDevilandscapeandtheGangotrilandscape(Uniyaletal.2013)intheGarhwalregion.Despitethewealthofinforma]onofbuMerflyfaunaoftheregion,newrecordsandrangeextensionsofspeciescon]nuetobereportedinthelastfewdecades.Thispaperdiscussesthesigh]ngoftheApeflySpalgisepeusepeusfromDehradun,thefirstrecordofthisspeciesfromtheGarhwalHimalaya.

DiscussionandconclusionsTheGenusSpalgisisrepresentedbytwospeciesfromIndiaSpalgisepeusepeusWestwood1852andSpalgisbaiongusCantlieandNorman1960.Thedistribu]onofSpalgisepeusepeus(orenstatedasSpalgisepiusepiusinolderliterature)isstatedasSriLanka,S.IndiatoPaschimbanga;KumaoneasttoMyanmar(Evans1932).SpalgisbaiongusisknownfromfoothillforestsofSibsagardistrictinAssam,fromGhaspaniintheNagaHillsandfromtheGreatNicobarIslands(CantlieandNorman1960).A.baiongus,toquotefromitsoriginaldescrip]onhas“Underside:Bothwingshaverowsofslendercurvedbrownstrigaesimilartobutmoreirregularthanthoseofepeus.Thestrigaeareoutwardlylinedwithwhi]sh;inwardlyeachshadesintoabrownarea,thusgivingtheeffectofaspotandmakingthewinglookblotchedandglazed.Thesub-marginalareaofbothwingsisdiffuselywhi]sh”.Hence,itispossibletoseparatetheS.epeusandA.baiongusbasedonexternalmorphologyalone.

On10November2013at1130hours,asingleindividualoftheApeflySpalgisepeusepeus(Fig.1)wasrecordedfromscrubforestonthebanksoftheRiverSongnearMaldevta,ontheoutskirtsofDehradun(Fig.2).ThisrepresentsthefirstrecordofthisspeciesfromGarhwalextendingitsknownrangewestwardsby250km.TheearliestknownrecordofthisspeciesfromwhatisnowthestateofUMarakhandisamen]onbyHannyngton(1910)whostatesthatitis“notcommon”fromHaldwaniinDecember.ItispossiblyonthebasisoftheserecordsfromHannyngtonthatEvans(1932)andWynter-Blyth(1957)listeditsdistribu]onasKumaoneastwards.Whilerecentliterature(Kehimkar2008)haslistedthepresenceofthisspeciesfromUMarakhand,thisisprobablybasedonitspresenceinKumaonfromearlyliterature.TherearenopublishedrecordsofthisspeciesfromGarhwalandneitherarethereanyspecimensofthisspeciesfromUMarakhandinthecollec]onoftheForestResearchIns]tuteinDehradun.Infact,therearenorecentpublishedrecordsofSpalgisepeusfromKumaoneitherandSmetacekdidnotrecorditfromhislis]ngofbuMerfliestheJonesEstateinBhimtal.TherearenorecordsofthisspeciesfromUMarakhandonthewebsiteofIndianFounda]onofBuMerflies(hMp://www.ifoundbuMerflies.org/#!/sp/490/Spalgis-epeus).Recentpublica]onsonthisgenusfromIndia(Charn2013)alsodonotmakeanymen]onofrecordsofthisspeciesfromGarhwalHimalaya.

Withthisrecord,thisspeciesistheonlymemberofthesubfamilyMile]naethatisknownfromtheGarhwalHimalaya.Thelifecycleofthisspeciesiswellstudied;itslarvaeareentomophagousanditknowntofeedonscaly

Firstsigh'ngoftheApeflySpalgisepeusepeusWestwood,1851(Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae:Mile'nae:Spalgini)fromtheGarhwalHimalaya

SanjaySondhiTitliTrust,49RajpurRoadEnclave,DhoranKhas,Dehradun,UMarakhand248001

Email:[email protected]

Fig. 1 Apefly Spalgis epeus epeus from Maldevta, Dehradun, Garhwal

http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/




mailto:[email protected]


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coccidssuchasaphidsonplants(Dineshetal.2010),henceitspresenceinGarhwalisnotdependentonanylarvalfoodplant.AsthespeciesisquitecommonthroughoutpeninsularIndia(thoughlesscommoneastofKumaon),itspresenceinGarhwalHimalayaisnotsurprising.

ReferencesCantlie,K.&T.Norman(1960).FournewbuMerfliesfromAssam.JournaloftheBombayNaturalHistorySociety.57(2):424-426.Dinesh,A.S.,M.G.Venkatesha,andSompalyamRamakrishna(2010)."Development,lifehistorycharacteris]csandbehaviourofmealybugpredator,Spalgisepius(Westwood)(Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae)onPlanococcuscitri(Risso)(Homoptera:Pseudococcidae)."JournalofPestScience83.3:339-345.Doherty,W.(1886).AlistofbuMerfliestakeninKumaon.JournaloftheAsia,cSocietyofBengal.Vol.LV.PartII,103-140.Evans,W.H.(1932).TheIden,fica,onofIndianBuMerflies.(2ndEdi]on),BombayNaturalHistorySociety,Mumbai,India.Hannyngton,F.(1910).ThebuMerfliesofKumaon.PartI&PartII.JournaloftheBombayNaturalHistorySociety20:130-142;361-372.Hannyngton,F.(1911).ThebuMerfliesofKumaon.PartIII.JournaloftheBombayNaturalHistorySociety20:871-872.Hannyngton,F.(1915).KumaonBuMerflies.JournaloftheBombayNaturalHistorySociety24(1):197.Kehimkar,I.(2008).TheBookoftheIndianBuLerflies.BombayNaturalHistorySocietyandOxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,xvi+497pp.Kumar,C.(2013).StatusoftheGenusSpalgisMoorewithtaxonomicnotesonthetypespecies,Spalgisepeus(Westwood)intheIndianHimalaya.HALTERES,Volume4,53-58.Mackinnon,P.W.&L.deNicéville(1899).ListofbuMerfliesofMussoorieintheWesternHimalayasandneighbouringregions.JournaloftheBombayNaturalHistorySociety11:205–221,368–389,585–605.

Ollenbach,O.C.O(1930).BuMerflycollec]nggroundsatMussoorie(U.P.).JournaloftheBombayNaturalHistorySociety,34(3):836-840.Shull,E.M.(1958).MyhighestcatchofbuMerflyspeciesinasingleday(4thJune,1957)Mussoorie,India.JournaloftheLepidopterists’Society.11:167-168.Shull,E.M.(1962).OveronehundredbuMerflyspeciescaughtinasingleday(3rdJune,1961)atMussoorie,India.JournaloftheLepidopterists’Society.16:143-145.Saji,K.andK.Kunte(2014).SpalgisepeusWestwood,1851–Apefly.InK.Kunte,S.Kalesh&U.Kodandaramaiah(eds.).BuLerfliesofIndia,v.2.10.IndianFounda]onforBuMerflies.hMp://www.ifoundbuMerflies.org/sp/490/Spalgis-epeusSingh,A.P.(1999).NewForest,DehraDun,India:auniqueman-madehabitatforbuMerfliesinthelowerWesternHimalayas.IndianForester.913-922.Singh,A.P.&R.S.Bhandari(2003).BuMerflydiversityintropicalmoistdeciduoussal(Shorearobusta)forestsofDehradunvalley-thelowerwesternHimalayas.IndianForester.129:1257-1269.Singh,A.P.&R.S.Bhandari(2006).Newaddi]onstothebuMerfliesofDehraDunValley,thelowerWesternHimalayas.IndianForester.767-769.Singh,A.P.(2009).BuMerfliesofKedarnathMuskDeerReserve,GarhwalHimalaya,India.JournalofThreatenedTaxa1(1):37-48.Smetacek,P.(2012).BuMerflies(Lepidoptera:PapilionoideaandHesperoidea)andotherprotectedfaunaofJonesEstate,adyingwatershedintheKumaonHimalaya,UMarakhand,India.JournalofThreatenedTaxa4(9):2857–2874.Uniyal,V.P.(2004).BuMerfliesofNandaDeviNa]onalPark-AWorldHeritageSite.IndianForester130:800-803.Uniyal,V.P.,M.Bhardwaj&A.K.Sanyal(2013).AnAssessmentofEntomofaunaforManagementandConserva]onofBiodiversityintheGangotriLandscape.AnnualProgressReport,WildlifeIns]tuteofIndia,Dehradun.237pp.Wynter-Blyth,M.A.(1957).BuLerfliesofTheIndianRegion.BombayNaturalHistorySociety,Bombay,xx+523pp.+72pl.

Fig. 2 Maldevta habitat

http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sp/490/Spalgis-epeus




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LonarCrater(19°59’N,76°31’E)isabowlshapeddepression(withacircumferenceof7kmandadiameterof1.8km)inthebasal]cflowsoftheDeccantrapsinsouthernIndia,formedbytheimpactofahugemeteorthatdescendedonearthfromspacearound52,000yearsago.Itisoneofthelargestandoldestmeteori]ccratersintheworld.Thisistheonlycraterintheworldcreatedbyhypervelocitymeteori]cimpactonbasal]crock.Thestonemass,whichstrucktheearth,wasapproximately60mindiameterweighingaboutamilliontones.Theforceofimpactises]matedtohavegeneratedenergyequivalenttosixmegatonsofexplosion.

LonarCrater,165kmfromAuranghabad,issituatedwithinParbhaniquadrangleinBuldhanadistrictofMaharashtra.Itisnearly150mdeepandashallowsalinelakeoccupiesmostofthecraterinteriorandcoversabout100mofsedimentaryfill.Thecraterrimiselevatedabout20mabovethesurroundingplain.Themaximumeleva]onintheareais669mabovemslandtheminimumis370m.

Vegeta'onPrincipalvegeta]onisdrydeciduoustypeatthecrater,drybushyvegeta]onontherimandslopes,moistdeciduousecosysteminthebasinwithsemievergreencomponents.Moistdeciduouscomponentalongthebankofperennialstreamsandthelakeshoreiscoveredwithsalttolerantvegeta]on.

Basedontheeco-clima]cfactors,anduniqueseZngofthecrater,varyingmicrohabitatsexistedwithinthelocalizedarea,whichareasfollows.

Wetlands/Microhabitats1.BrackishwaterLake:TheLakecoversanareaofaboutthatofthecrater.Itiscircularinshapeinterconnectedwithmanyspringsflowingfromtheslopes.TheliMoralzoneofthelakeiscoveredwithaqua]cvegeta]onanddriedlogsoftreeslocatedonthemarginofthelakesupportedperchingplacefordragonflies.Averagedepthofthelakevariesfrom2minsummerto4minrainyseason.ThesalinityofthelakewaterishigherthanthatoftheseaandthehighpHvalue(10-11)hasresultedinthecrea]onofuniquemicro-ecosystem.Morethan14speciesofalgaearefoundhere.

2.Marshes:Marshesareformedatlakebedswhereinflowoffreshwaterstreammeetssalinelake.Northwesternarea

ofthecraterslopeisendowedwithasubterraneanperennialspring-Dhaar.Itsou|lowintocraterbaseirrigatesthehor]culturalfieldsatthecraterbedandtheinfluxoffreshwaterintothesalinelakeismarkedbytheforma]onofsmallmarsheswithaqua]cvegeta]onslikeTyphaangustata,Ipomoeaaqua,ca,I.carica,Ageratumconyzoides,Partheniumsp.etc.MarshyareaextendsfromBolanathTempletoDharghaalongthewesternedge,uptoMahadeviTemple.Therichsupplyofguanofromthebirdroostsandtheusesoffer]lizersintheagriculturalfieldsfurtherenrichedthemarshyarea,anditistheoneofthenutrientrichareasoftheCrater.

3.SubterraneanPerennialSpring:NorthwestrimisendowedwithaperennialsubterraneanspringDhaar,springingoutfromDhaarTemplecomplex.Localinhabitantsdependonthisspringfordrinking,bathingandwashing.Thepoolsandpuddlesformedfromtheoutletoftheundergroundspringamidstrockyterrainprovidessuitableecosystemforstreamfauna.Southwestbediswithanothersmallfreshwaterspringorigina]ngnearRamgaiiTemple.Itflowsthroughwesternsideintoagriculturalfields.Thisisnotperennial.

4.TemplePond:Dhaartemplecomplexatnorthwestrimincludesanar]ficialcementtankwithnooutlets.Thissquareshapedpondisundisturbedandendowedwiththickgrowthofalgalmat.

5.Ar'ficialReservoirs:a. LiMleLonarorAmbarLake:locatednorthofthe

originalCraterLake,spreadoveranareaof1ha.withabowlshapedbasinandaboutthreemajorinletsopeningintoit.Theshallowlakebasinhasaboutonesmallembankment,resemblinganislandatthenorthernend.

b. Kalapaani:anar]ficialreservoirbuildforirriga]ngagriculturefieldssituatedatsouthwestofLonarCrater,towardsKinnyvillage.TheliMoralzoneofthelakeiscoveredwithIpomoeafistulosa,Polygonumglabrumandotheraqua]cplants.

6. Craterrim:isdrywithscantyvegeta]ondominatedwithParthenium.Theelevatedrimisabout7kmincircumferencewithgreathumandisturbances.

Thiscomplexecosystemwithvaryingmicrohabitatssupportsinteres]ngfaunalandfloralelements.Detailed

Onacollec'onofOdonata(Insecta)fromLonar(Crater)Lakeanditsenvirons,BuldhanaDistrict,Maharashtra,India

MuhamedJaferPalotWesternGhatsRegionalCentre,ZoologicalSurveyofIndia,Calicut673006

E-mail:[email protected]



Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 7

studyonthefaunaldiversityofthelakehasnotbeendone.Somepreliminaryobserva]onscarriedoutbyresearchers(Anonymous1996,Badveetal.,1993,JaferandSoniya2003,Jha2003,Jafer2007,ZSI2008)revealpresenceofvarietyoffaunaandfloraonthislakeincludingninespeciesofdragonfliesfromtheLakearea(KulkarniandTalmale,2008).Theotherimportantaqua]cfaunaobservedbytheexplora]onofZSIwastwoeachspeciesofcladoceransandro]fersandasingleostracodspecies.Duetohighalkalinity,pHandsalinitynocrustaceans,decapodsandfisheswererecordedfromthelakearea.

MaterialandMethodsCraterLake,craterbed,craterslopes,craterrim,‘ejectablanket’andneighbouringar]ficiallakesweresurveyedforOdonatasamplesfrom1-7thNovember2000usinginsectnet.Onlyadultswerecollectedandstudied.Theodonataspecimenswereiden]fiedwiththehelpofFraser(1933,1934&1936).ThenomenclaturefollowedhereisarerSubramanian(2009).

ResultsAltogether21speciesofOdonataunder18generaof5familieswererecordedfromtheLonarCraterLakeanditsenvirons.ThesuborderZygoptera(Damselflies)representedby5speciesandthesuborderAnisoptera(Dragonflies)with16species.Theextremesalinityandhighalkalinity(thepHhigherthan10.5)oftheLakedoesnotinfluencetheodonatadiversityofthearea.Thelakeisknowntosupportblue-greenalgaeandcertainmicro-organisms.Thereisnopreviousrecordofhigheraqua]corganismsandfishesinhabi]ngthissalinelake.Thepresentreportprovidesbreedingrecordsof3speciesofdragonflies(Diplacodestrivialis,Orthetrumsabina,Brachythemiscontaminata)andtwospeciesofdamselflies(IschnurasenegalensisandAgriocnemispygmaea)withintheLonarLake.TrameabasiliarisandTrithemispallidinervisweresightednearKalapaaniandneverwithinLonarlake.TheperennialstreamflowingthroughtherimandmarshesaMractedmanyofthehillstream-lovingspeciessuchasTrithemisfes,va,T.auroraandOrthetrumpruinosum.Thedetailedspeciesaccountandecologicalobserva]onsaregivenbelow.

Systema'cSpeciesAccountOrder:OdonataSuborder:Anisoptera

Family:Aeshnidae1.AnaximmaculifronsRamburMaterialexamined:1M.1.11.2000Dhaartemplepond1M.7.11.2000Dargha,3M.4.11.2000Sitarani,MarshesCommonthroughoutthesurvey,seeninallkindofmicrohabitats.Observedmany]mesperchedunderrockbouldersborderingperennialstreamatSitaraniduring

midday.Alsoseenamonghumaninhabita]onsnearLonarvillage.AccordingtoFraser(1936)thespeciesisdistributedonlyindryzonesofNorthWestprovincesandDeccan.OnceseenchasingamaleOrthetrumpruinosumneglectum.Adeadspecimenwasobservedfloa]ngonthestreamnearDhaartemplepond.

2.Hemianaxephippiger(Burmeister)Materialexamined:1M.7.11.2000.Deshmukhkakopra.AsinglemalewascaughtwhileflyingwithaswarmofPantalaflavescensovertheagriculturalfieldnearLonarlakebasin.

Family:Gomphidae3.Ic,nogomphusrapax(Rambur)OnlyseenatKalapaanilakearea.FrequentlypatrollingalongtheliMoralzoneofthelakealongwithAnaximmaculifrons.

Family:Libellulidae4.Orthetrumsabinasabina(Drury)Materialexamined:2M,1F.4.11.2000atMarsh.Commonthroughoutthecircumferenceoftheinlandsalinelake,alsoatar]ficialreservoirslikeKalapaaniandLiMleLonar.Strayspecimenswerefoundawayfromwater.SwarmsintandemwereobservedovermarshesatNorthwesternpartofthelakebed,alsoobservedoviposi]ngoveralgalmats.ManyexuviaewerefoundontheTyphagrassesindica]ngtheirbreedingac]vi]es.

5.Orthetrumpruinosumneglectum(Rambur)Frequentlyseennearfreshwaterstreamres]ngondrieduptwigsofProsopisjulifloraorLantanacamara.Territoriallyac]veredmalesfrequentlyseenperchedontherockboulders.

6.Diplacodestrivialis(Rambur)Materialexamined:2M,1F.4.11.2000.atMarshAbundantalongthemarshesatnorthwesternedgeofthelake.Observedintandem,oviposi]ngoverfloa]ngalgalmat.AlsofoundthroughoutthecircumferenceofSalineLakeeveninbarrenareas,perchingongroundorlowonvegeta]on,orflyingveryclosetotheground.

7.Bradinopygageminata(Rambur)Materialexamined:1F.7.11.2000.Frequentlyseenres]ngonthegranitewalloftheTalukOfficebuilding,aliMleawayfromthelakerim.

8.Brachythemiscontaminata(Fabricius)Materialexamined:2M.6.11.2000.KalapaaniReservoir;2M,IF.2.11.2000.Baagh.Thisspeciesisverycommonthroughoutthecircumferenceofinlandsalinelakeandalsoatmostcontaminatedareasalongtheeasternedgeofthelakewherewatersurfaceis

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 8

coveredwiththickalgalmat.AbundantatKalapaaniLake,manyswarmswereobservedunderashadyareanearlakebed.AlsoobservedatLiMleLonarLake.Muchreproduc]veac]vityobservedaroundtheLonarlake,hoveringfemalesovipositedonthethickalgalmatfloa]ngonthelakewater

9.Trithemisaurora(Burmeister)Materialexamined:3M,2F.Sitarani(Perennialspring)4.11.2000;1MKalapaani6.11.2000.Commonlyseenovermidstreamvegeta]onandpartlyres]ngontherocks.AtKalapaani,brilliantcrimsoncolouredmaleswereobservedperchingontheIpomoeafistulosaplant.

10.Trithemisfes,va(Rambur)Materialexamined:4M.Sitarani.4.11.2000.CommonatstreamsnearSitarani,frequentlyperchingontherockbouldersortwigshangingoverthestream.

11.Trithemispallidinervis(Kirby)Materialexamined:2M.6.11.2000.VerycommonatKalapaanilake.Teneralsandadultsswarmsoverlakebedvegeta]on.NotobservedinLonarlake.

12.Tholymis,llarga(Fabricius)Materialexamined:2F.Baagh.1.11.2000;1M.Sitarani.4.11.2000.

Roos]ngpopula]onobservedatBaaghonLantanacamara,Annonasp.,Phyllanthussp.,manyperchedbyhangingver]callyamongbushesinshade,10-20mawayfromthelake.Malesdominatetheroos]ngpopula]on.Towardseveninglargenumbersfoundpatrollingoverthesalinelakeforforaging.

13.TrameabasiliarisburmeisteriKirbyMaterialexamined:1M.6.11.2000.DhaarTemplePond.FrequentlyseensoaringoverwithswarmsofPantalaflavescensneartheagriculturalfield.

14.Zyxommape,olatumRamburMaterialexamined:2M.1.11.2000.Dhaartemplepond.Collectedfromatemplepond,infestedwiththickmassofalgaeandotheraqua]cmacrophytes.Attwilightthisspecieswereperformingterritorialflightchasingandfigh]ngoverasmallareaofthewaterbody.

15.Pantalaflavescens(Fabricius)Mostlyseeninopenareas.Smallerswarms(4-5)observedflyingovertheagriculturalfieldalongwithTrameabasilaris.Largefeedingswarms(30-40)gatheredclosetotheagriculturalfieldnearthelakebasin.

16.Crocothemisserviliaservilia(Drury)Rarelyseen.AmatureredmalewasobservedonceatDeshmukhkaKopraagriculturalfield,nearthelakebasin.

Suborder:ZygopteraFamily:Coenagrionidae17.Ceriagrioncoromandelianum(Fabricius)Materialexamined:1.4.11.2000.RamgayiiCommonaroundBaagh,Dargha,marshlandsamongaqua]cgrasses,mudflatsandatagriculturalfields.Occasionallyfemalesfoundwanderingintodryscrubjunglesatlakebed.BreedingpairsalsoobservedatBaaghamongvegeta]on.

S.No. Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 Hemianaxephippiger A P A A A A A

2 Anaximmaculiforns P P P P P P P

3 Ic,nogomphusrapax A A A A P A A

4 Orthetrumsabinasabina P* P* P A P A P

5 O.pruinosumneglecturm A A P A A A A

6 Diplacodestrrivialis P* P* A A A P P

7 Bradinopygageminata A A A P A A P

8 Brachythemiscontaminata P* P A A P P A

9 Trithemisaurora A A P A P A A

10 T.fes,va A A P A A A

11 T.pallidinervis A A A A P* A A

12 Tholymis,llarga P P A A P P A

13 Trameabasilarisburmeisteri A A A A P A A

14 Zyxommapeteolatum A A A P* A A A

15 Pantalaflavescens A P A A A A P

16 Crocothemisserviliaservilia A P A A A A P

17 Ceriagrioncoromandelianum P P* A A A A P

18 Pseudagrionrubriceps A A A A P A A

19 Ischnurasenegalensis P* P* A A A A A

20 Agriocnemispygmaea P* P* A A A A A

21 Coperamarginipes A A P* A A A A

Table.1: Odonata species distribution across different micro habitats at Lonar Lake and its environs.

Key: 1). Crater Lake 2). Marshes 3). Spring 4). Pond 5). Kalapaani 6). Amber Lake 7). Crater rim. P= Present, A= Absent, * Breeding

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 9

18.Pseudagrionrubriceps(Selys)Materialexamined:1M.6.11.2000.Kalapaanireservoir.ApairamongbushesliMleawayfromwater.

19.Ischnurasenegalensis(Rambur)Materialexamined:1M,2F.7.11.2000.Dargha;2F,2M2.11.2000Baagh;1M5.11.2000Marsh;2F4.11.2000.MahadeviTemple.VerycommonatBaaghandmarshesoveraqua]cgrasses.Incopulaamonggrasslandswithinthelakemarshesindicatebreeding.Teneral(redform)andfemalesabundantoverthesedgesalongthelakebed.

20.Agriocnemispygmaea(Rambur)Materialexamined:1F(Teneral).4.11.2000atMarsh.Uncommonamongmarshes.MostlyfoundassociatedwithIschnurasenegalensis.Manyteneralswereseenamongthesedgeswithinthelake.

Family:Platycnemididae21.Coperamarginipes(Rambur)Materialexamined:2M,2F.4.11.2000Sitarani;1M.7.11.2000Dargha.VerycommonthroughoutthecourseofperennialstreamatnorthwesternedgefromSitaranitoBholanathTemple.Manypairsobservedintandemoverstreambeds.At]mes,thespeciesfoundres]ngonLantanatwigsslan]ngtowardsthestream.

ReferencesAnonymous(1999).RapidEnvironmentalAssessmentandtheconserva]onandmanagementplanforLonarCrater,Buldhana.FinalReport.PreparedbyEconet,Pune:132pp.

Badve,R.M.,K.P.N.KumaranandC.Rajsekhar(1993).Eutrophica]onofLonarLake,Maharashtra.CurrentScience.65(4):347-351.ZSI(2008).FaunaofLonarWildlifeSanctuary,Conserva,onAreaSeries,37:1-208.PublishedbytheZool.Surv.India,Kolkata.Fraser,F.C.(1933,1934&1936).ThefaunaofBri,shIndia,includingCeylonandBurma.Odonata.Vol.I:xiii+4123Vol.II:xxiii398;Vol.III:xi+461.JaferPalot,M.andV.P.Soniya(2003).ApreliminaryReportontheBuMerfliesofLonarCraterLake,Buldhnadistrict,Maharashtra.Zoos’PrintJournal,18(11):1267-1268.JaferPalot,M.(2007).Apreliminaryobserva]ononthebirdsofLonarCraterLake,Buldhanadistrict,Maharshtra.Zoos’PrintJournal,Vol.22(1):2547-2550.Kulkarni,P.P.andS.S.Talmale(2008).Insecta:Odonata.In:FaunaofLonarWildlifeSanctuary,Conserva]onAreaSeries,37:159-167.ZSI,Kolkata.Jha,M.(2003).ApreliminarystudyofecosystemsandbiodiversityinLonarcrater.TheIndianForester,12910):1192-1200.Subramanian,K.A.(2009).DragonfliesofIndia-AFieldGuide.NewDelhi:VigyanPrasar,IndiaOffsetPress.168pp.

Acknowledgement:TheauthorisgratefultoDrK.Venkataraman,Director,ZoologicalSurveyofIndia,KolkataandDr.P.M.Sureshan,Scien]st-C&Officers-in-Charge,ZSI,Calicutforfacili]esandencouragement.ThanksarealsoduetoSmt.SoniyaV.P.forthehelprenderedduringthefieldsurvey.

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 10

ThepresentnoteistoreporttherecordsofararemothPhyllodesconsobrina(Noctuidae:Lepidoptera)fromdifferentpartsofsouthernWesternGhats.AsperthefaunavolumeofBri]shIndiaonmoths(Hampson1894),theearlierdistribu]onofthisspecieswasrestrictedtoAndamanIslands,NortheasternIndia,MyanmarandSriLanka.Later,thisspeciesisrecordedfromThailand,BangladeshandBhutan(Zaspel,2008).RecentlythespecieswasreportedfromMaharashtrapartofWesternGhats(Subhalaxmietal.,2011)andfromKodaikanalhills(Sivasankaranetal.,2012).

Asapartofaprojecton‘insectsasbio-indicators’wehaveconductedresearchoninsectsanditshabitatpreferencesintropicalrainforestsofSilentValleyNa]onalPark(SVNP),Palakkaddistrict,Kerala.Thisregionisclassifiedaswestcoasttropicalwetevergreenforest,whichformsapartofNilgiriBiosphereReserve.Fruitbaittraps(modifiedVanSomeren-RydonTrap)haveusedforcollec]onoflepidopteransduringthestudy.ThetrapwasbaitedwithroZngorsquashedfruitwithadoseofalcohol(DasandVijayan2007).On20May2014wecollectedonespecimenofPhyllodesconsobrinafromthefruit-baittrap,keptinSairandhri(11003’-11013’N&76021’–76035’E).Lateron19March2015,anotherspecimenwasalsoobservedfromtheregion.Thespecimenmeasured,wingspanssuchasforewing6cmandhindwing4.3cm.Phyllodesconsobrinaisafruitfeedingmoth,thelargecrimsonpatchwith

whitecentreontheuppersideofhindwingisthedis]nctcharacteris]cfortheiden]fica]onofthespecies(Banziger1968,Zaspel2008).Theyareverysensi]veagainstthedisturbanceandhighlycamouflagedwiththesurroundings.

Whilediscussingtheiden]fica]onofthemothspecies,MJPrecalledthesigh]ngofPhyllodesconsobrinafromnorthernKeralawaybackin1994.HerecordedaspecimenfromKelakam(11.8917°N,75.8083°E),veryclosetoAralamWLSinKannurdistrictinMay1994.Further,onavisittoNirmalagiriCollege,Kuthuparmba,KannurdistrictonFebruary2012,hechanceduponapreservedspecimenofPhyllodesconsobrinafromtheentomologicalcollec]onofthecollegemuseum.ThespecimenwascollectedbystudentsfromtheKannavamforestarea(11.8333°N,75.6667°E).Veryrecentlyon11thNovember2013,aspecimenwasphotographedfromKoZyurWLS

(11.8764°N,75.8542°E),Kannurdistrict(Fig.1)byapressphotographer.Interes]ngly,alltherecordswerefromthefoothillsofWesternGhatsinKannurdistrict.

Consideringthefewerdistribu]onalrecords,thepresentobserva]onisworthrepor]ngasafirstfewreportsfromsouthernWesternGhatswitharangeextensionforthisspecies.MorestudiesareenvisagedtohaveabeMerunderstandingoftheseleastknownmothspeciesfromtheregion.

AcknowledgementsFirsttwoauthorsthanktheUniversityGrantsCommission,NewDelhi,andGovernmentofIndiaforgrants.MJPisgratefultotheDirector,ZoologicalSurveyofIndia(ZSI)andtheOfficer-in-Charge,ZSICalicutforfacili]esandencouragements.WeareindebtedtotheKeralaForests&WildlifeDepartmentforlogis]csupport.ThanksarealsoduetoSri.C.Sunil

OccurrenceofPhyllodesconsobrinaWestwood1848(Noctuidae:Lepidoptera)fromSouthernWesternGhats,Indiaandareviewofdistribu'onalrecords

PrajithK.K.,1,2,AnoopDasK.S.1,2,4*,MuhamedJaferPalot3andLongyingWen41CentreforConserva]onEcology,Dept.ofZoology,M.E.S.MampadCollege,Malappuram,Kerala676542.E-mail:[email protected]]onTrust,Anupallavi,ChungatharaP.O.,Malappuram,Kerala679334.E-mail:[email protected],ZoologicalSurveyofIndia,JaferKhanColony,Kozhikode,Kerala673006.Email:[email protected]

4SichuanIns]tuteKeyLaboratoryforProtec]ngEndangeredBirdsintheSouthwestMountains,CollegeofLifesciences,LeshanNormalUniversity,Leshan,P.R.China61004

*Correspondingauthor

Fig. 1. Phyllodes consobrina recorded from Kottiyur WLS, Kannur Dt, Kerala







Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 11

Kumar,PhotoJournalist,Mathrubhumidaily,KannurforsharingthephotographofthemothandSri.DivinMurukesh,MusafarRashad,RohiniandNeethuSebas]anfortheirassistanceduringthestudy.

LiteratureCitedDasK.S.AandVijayanL.(2007).Evalua,onofbuLerfliesasbioindicatorsinWesternGhats,India,SACON-Coimbatore,India.FinalTechnicalreportSubmiMedtotheWildlifeTrust,USA.Banziger,H.(1968).Preliminaryobserva]onsonaskin-piercingblood-suckingmoth(Calyptraeustrigata(Hmps.)(Lep.,Noctuidae)inMalaya.Bulle,nofEntomologicalResearch58:159-163.Hampson,G.F.(1894).TheFaunaofBri,shIndiaincludingCeylon&Burma.Moths.VolII.Taylor&Francis.London,609pp.

ZaspelJ.,M.Z.(2008).Systema]cs,Biology,andBehaviorofFruit-PiercingandBlood-FeedingMothsintheSubfamilyCalpinae(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae),PhDDisserta]on,UniversityofFlorida.p239.SivasankaranK.,ParandhamanD.andIgnacimuthuS.(2012).Insecta,Lepidoptera,Noctuidae,Catocalinae:NewrecordsfromthestateofTamilNaduandwholeofIndia,CheckList8(4):759–762.Shubhalaxmi,V.,KendrickRC.,VaidyaA.,KalagiN.andBhagwatA.(2011).InventoryofMothFauna(Lepidoptera:Heterocera)ofTheNorthernWesternGhats,Maharashtra,India,JournaloftheBombayNaturalHistorySociety,108(3),183-205.

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 12

Commonyellow-breastedflatGerosisbhagava(Moore,1866)isthememberoffamilyHesperiidaeandsubfamilyPyrginae.ItisawidelydistributedbuMerflyinIndia,Nepal,BhutanandMyanmar(Kehimkar2008).

Asinglespecimenwasobservedandphotographedon24thDecember,2013atBanshkhaliEco-park(21º59.497´N91º58.931´E),ChiMagong,Bangladesh.ItwassiZngonbirddroppingsneararockystream.Ithadadarkolivebrownupperforewingwithatriangularpatchmadeupofthreediscalsemi-transparentwhitespots,ofwhichtwoarelarge;beneaththerearesmallblackspotsborderingabrownishwhitestreak.Upperhindwingwithabroad,transverseband,paleyellowinmaleandwhiteinfemale.Abdomenhasawhiteband(Kehimkar2008).

TheoccurrenceofCommonyellow-breastedflatfromBangladeshhasnorecordsinanyoftherecentpublica]ons(Chowdhury&Hossain2011,2013)andotheravailableliteratures.However,Larsen(2004)suspecteditpresenceinChiMagongHilltracts.

Thepresentdocumenta]onisthefirstconfirmedrecordofCommonyellow-breastedflatfromBangladesh.Thisfindingisimportanttoupdatethestatusanddistribu]onofBuMerfliesinBangladesh.

AcknowledgementTheauthorisgratefultoProf.Dr.MohammedMostafaFeeroz,forhiskindinspira]onandfinancialsupportduringthestudy.

ReferencesChowdhury,S.H.,Hossain,M.(2011).BuLerfliesofBangladesh-APictorialHandbook.PanirPrinters.Dhaka,Bangladesh.210pp.Chowdhury,S.H.,Hossain,M.(2013).BuLerfliesofBangladesh-APictorialHandbook(RevisedandenlargedversionI).SkylarkPrinters.Dhaka,Bangladesh.260pp.Kehimkar,I.(2008).TheBookofIndianBuLerflies.BombayNaturalHistorySocietyandOxfordUniversityPress,Mumbai,India,497pp.Larsen,T.B.(2004).BuLerfliesofBangladesh-anannotatedchecklist.IUCN,Bangladesh2004,158.

FirstRecordofGerosisbhagavaMoore1866(Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae)fromBangladesh

AshisKumarDaSaResearchAssistant,WildlifeBiologyBranch,DepartmentofZoology,JahangirnagarUniversity,Savar,Dhaka


Common yellow breasted flat



Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 13

Introduc'onInsects,especiallybuMerfliesareoneofthegoodindicatorsofenvironmentalqualityofanyecosystem.BuMerflieshavespecifichabitatrequirementdependingupontheirfeedingandreproduc]onrequirements,lossofwhichmaycauselocalex]nc]on(Öckingeretal.,2006).Duetodifferencesbetweentheneedsofadultsandlarvae,itisorendifficulttodeterminethe‘op]mal’levelofhabitatvariablesneededforthespeciesasawhole(Melanieetal.,2011).Thustheconserva]onvalueofahabitatcouldbeassessedbythepresenceofvariousspeciesofbuMerfliesinanarea.TheaimofthepresentstudyistoreportthespeciesofbuMerfliesobservedovershortperiodandhencerandomobserva]onswereconductedfirst]meinRaharaarea.

MaterialsandmethodsThestudysitesatR.K.MissionV.C.College,Raharawithinaradiusof1kmwaschosen.Inall,foursiteswerechosenonthebasisoftheircontras]ngvegeta]ontypesandlevelsofdisturbance.ThediversityofbuMerflyspeciesandtheirhostplantswerealsoinves]gated.Theforagingplantsspeciesof

theseinsectsmainlycompriseLantanacamara,Hibiscussp.,Ixorasp.,Bougainvilleasp.,Tridexsp.,Zizyphussp.,Cassiasp.,Anthocephalussp.,Senecioconfusus,Caesalpiniapulcherrima,Mussaendaerythrophyllaetc.Observa]ononbuMerfliesatallofthesamplingloca]onswereconductedinthepre-wintermonthsi.e.October-

November2011.Thenumberofindividualsofeachspeciesobservedandcapturedbysweepnetsweredonewhenweathercondi]onsweresuitableforbuMerflyac]vity.The]meofobserva]onwasfrommorning10:30amtoarernoon4.00pm.Observa]onsweremadebydirectvisualmethods.ForphotographyHDDigitalcameramodelCanonPowerShotSX130ISof12Xop]calzoomandNikonCoolpixL23wereused.FlashwaskeptofftocapturenaturalcolourofthebuMerflies.ThentheywerecollectedandbroughttoZoologyLaboratoryofR.K.M.V.C.College,Raharaforprimaryiden]fica]onwiththehelpofsomeavailablebooksonbuMerflies(Singh2011,Ghosh2009,Balmer2007,Kunte2000andBhaMacharya1997)andfortakingtheirsnaps.Laterintheprocess,thesnapstakenandafewcollectedspecimensweretakentoZoologicalSurveyofIndia,NewAlipore,Kolkataforiden]fica]onandfurtherinforma]on.Thetemperatureandhumiditywererecordedduringstudyhours.Thestatusrecording(WadatkarandKasambe2008)wasasfollows-VCorverycommon(>30sigh]ngs),Corcommon(20-30sigh]ngs),NRornotrare(15-19sigh]ngs),Rorrare(<10sigh]ngs),VRor

veryrare(1-2sigh]ngs).

Observa'onsInourobserva]ononthebuMerflyspeciesdiversityinRaharaareaduringOctober-November,2011ie.,pre-wintermonths35speciesbelongingto5familieswererecorded.

PresentstatusonsomecommonbuSerfliesinRaharaarea,WestBengal

WrickChakrabortyandParthaP.BiswasDepartmentofZoology,R.K.Mission,V.C.College,Rahara,Kolkata700118


Fig. 1. A part of Rahara area showing butterfly collection localities. Note patchy areas of greeneries, ponds and buildings.



Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 14

(Table1).SpeciesbelongingtothefamilyNymphalidae(40%)weremostdominantfollowedbyPeiridae(25%),Lycaenidae(10%),Hesperiidae(5%),Papilionidae(20%).OnlythreespeciesofHesperiidaewererecordedoutof35buMerflyspeciesthroughoutourstudyperiod.Amutualassocia]onbetweenbuMerfliesanddifferentspeciesofflowersisno]cedinthesurroundingareas.Some]mesadultbuMerfliesfeedonnectarorpollenorboth.Imai(1993)showedthatinthe]mecourseofurbaniza]on,thespeciesrichnessofHesperiidaedeclinesfirstfollowedbyPieridaeindelayedorder.DuetoestablishmentofthenearbyTitagarhPowerPlant,construc]onofseveralcivilstructures,roads,movementofheavyvehiclesaroundourstudyareaswouldsureseriouslyaffectthefuturelifeac]vi]esofbuMerflies.

DiscussionBuMerflyvisita]onrecordsduringtwopre-wintermonthswereconductedduetoluxuriantgrowthofhostplantsofbuMerfliesinmoistpost-rainyseason.Visita]onpaMernincludesavarietyofplantsincludinghost-plants.ThestudyshowsthatPieridaeandNymphalidaeexhibitedthemaximumspeciesdiversity.ThesimplereasonforthisabundanceofPieridaeandNymphalidaebuMerfliesinthestudyareacanbeascribedtothedominanceoftheirlarvalfoodplants.Similarsitua]onwasreportedinTamilNadubyRajagopaletal.(2011).Thereasonforhighdiversityofnymphalidscouldbethatthecaterpillarsofnymphalidsfeedonwiderangeoffoodpreferenceandmostlarvaearefiercelyspined,sothesebuMerfliessuccessfullyexploittheresourcesandalsoprotected.Manymembersofnymphalidsfeedonplantsap,juiceofroZngfruit,freshdungandotherdecayingorganicmaMer(Krenn,etal.,2001).Imai(1993)alsosuggeststhatthisbuMerflyfamilyismosttoleranttotheeffectofurbaniza]on.Reasonsforfewhesperiidspeciesthatthesepreferwoodland,moistmeadowsandsuchhabitatareveryscarceinRaharaarea.Moreover,thehesperiidsexhibitscrepuscularhabit.Therefore,thesebuMerfliesmighthaveskippedfromourday]mesurvey.Kunte(2000)reportedthattheyarealsoseenac]veinday]meundertheshadeofjungleoroutintheopenduringcloudyweather.

Biologicaldiversityisagoodenvironmentalindicatorofhabitathealth.BystudyingthediversityofbuMerflies,itmaybepossibletoestablisharela]onshipbetweenthehealthlevelsofthehabitatwiththepresenceofbuMerflies.ThepresenceofadultbuMerfliesinourstudyareatypicallyindicatesthatabreedingpopula]onoccursinthesurroundingarea.However,thegrowingtrendsinhabitatdeple]onmusthavemarkedchangeinbuMerflydiversity.Monitoringspeciesdiversityinconjunc]onwithaltera]onsinhabitatcanprovidegreaterinsightintotheecologicalrequirementsforsuchsemi-urbanbuMerflypopula]onsandenableustoconserveandmanage.

Family Commonname Scien'ficname Status

Nymphalidae PlainTiger Danauschrysippus

VC

CommonEveningBrown

Melani,sleda VC

CommonBushBrown

Mycalesisperseus VC

PeacockPansy Junoniaalmana VC

ChocolatePansy Junoniaiphita NRGreyPansy Junoniaatlites VC

StuddedSergeant Athymaasura RCommander Moduzaprocris NR

StrippedTiger Danausgenu,a C

CommonCrow Euploeacore VCBlueTiger Tirumalalimniace R

Pieridae IndianCabbageWhite

Pieriscanidia C

CommonGull Ceporanerissa C

MoMledEmmigrant Catopsiliapyranthe

C

SmallGrassYellow Euremasp. VCSpoMedGrassYellow

Euremasp. VC

SpotlessGrassYellow

Euremalaetasp. R

ThreeSpotGrassYellow

Euremablanda NR

CommonGrassYellow

Euremahecabe NR

Psyche Leptosianina VCCommonJezebel Deliaseucharis C

Papillionidae LimeBuMerfly Papiliodemoleus C

TailedJay Graphiumagamemnon

C

Uniden]fiedSwallowTail

NR

CommonJay Graphiumdoson RLycaenidae Forget-Me-Not Catochrysops

straboVC

RoundedPeirrot Tarucusnara VCStripedPeirrot Tarucussp. CCommonPierrot Castaliusrosimon CQuaker Neopithecops

zalmoraC

CommonSilverLine Spindasisvulcanus

NR

Grassjewel Chiladestrochylus RHesperiidae StraightSwir ParnaraguLatus VR

Bevan’sSwir Pseudoborbobevani

VR

TreeFliMer Hyaro,sadrastus

Table 1. Species composition of Butterfly found in Rahara Area, Kolkata.

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 15

References:Balmer,E.(2007).AConciseGuidetoBuLerfliesandMoths.ParragonBooksLimited.

BhaSacharya,D.P.(1997).StateFaunaSeries3:FaunaofWestBengal,Part7,ZoologicalSurveyofIndia.pp.729-753.

Ghosh,S.(2009).BirdsandbuMerfliesinthegroundsoftheRajBhavan,Kolkata.OccasionalPaper–6FromRajBhavan,KolkataJanuary,2009.

Imai,C.(1993).Urbaniza]on&changeinbuMerflyfaunainOsakacity.Nature&Insects(28):16-19.

Kehimkar,Isaac(2008).TheBookofIndianBuMerflies-BombayNaturalHistorySociety,OxfordUniversityPress.

Krenn,H.W.,K.P.ZulkaandT.Gatschnegg(2001).ProboscismorphologyandfoodpreferencesinnymphalidbuMerflies(Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae)J.Zool.,Lond.(254):17-26.

Kunte,K.(2000).BuMerfliesofPeninsularIndia(EditedbyMadhavGadgil)-Universi]esPress(India)Limited,Hyderabad.

Öckinger,Erik,OlleHammarstedt,SvenG.Nilsson&HenrikG.Smith(2006).Therela]onshipbetweenlocalex]nc]onsofgrasslandbuMerfliesandincreasedsoil

nitrogenlevels:BiologicalConserva]on128(4),April,564–573.

Rajagopal,T.,M.Sekar,A.Manimozhi,N.BaskarandG.Archunan(2011).DiversityandcommunitystructureofbuMerflyofArignarAnnaZoologicalPark,Chennai,TamilNadu.J.Environ.Biol.(32)201-207.

Singh,A.P.(2011).BuLerfliesofIndia.OmBooksInterna]onal.

Melanie,S.,WesleySmyth,MarkTunmore,Richardffrench-Constant&DaveHodgso(2011).BuMerfliesonthebrink:habitatrequirementsfordecliningpopula]onsofthemarshfri]llary(Euphydryasaurinia)inSWEngland:JInsectConserv(15):153–163.

Wadatkar,J.S.&Kasambe,R.(2008).BuMerfliesofMelghatTigerReserve,Maharashtrawithnotesontheirabundance,statusandlarvalhostplants.TheEcoscan.2(2):165-171.

Bougainvillea spectabilis Ixora coccinea Calliandra brevipes Lantana camara

Caesalpinia pulcherrima Tridax procumbens Zizyphus sp. Hibiscus sp.

Senecio confusus Mussaenda erythrophylla Anthocephalus sp.

Plate 1. List of adult host plants

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 16

CommonEveningbrown

CommonCrow

CommonCrow

CommonSilverline

CommonTiger

CommonTiger

CommonGull

CommonGull

YellowOrangeTip(Whiteform)

Psyche

CommonGrassyellow

ThreeSpotGrassyellow

Quaker

DarkEveningBrown

Commonjezebel

Quaker

CommonMormon(♂)

Uniden'fiedsp.

Forget-me-not

PeacockPansy

Plate 2: List of butterflies

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 17

LimebuSerfly

CommonEveningbrown

MoSledEmmigrant

RoundedPierrot TailedJay

Forget-me-not

Greypansy

Chocolatepansy

Commander

InIden'fica'onprocess

CommonBrimstone

DarkEveningBrown

SmallGrassYellow

Straightswio

CommonPierrot

Bevan’sSwio

TreeFliSer

StrippedTiger

BlueTiger

DarkEveningBrown

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 18

TheSundarbansisthelargestmangroveforestoftheworld,overlappingtwoneighbouringcountries-BangladeshandIndia.Sundarbanisoneoftheuniqueecosystemswithdiversemangrovevegeta]onnamelySundari(Heri,erafomes),Gewa(Excoecariaagallocha),Goran(Ceriopsdecandra),Keora(Sonnera,aapetala),Baen(AvicenniaOfficinalis),Passur(Xylocarpusmoluccensis),Kankra(Bruguieragymnorrhiza),Hargoza(Acanthusilicifolius)manyotherherbsandshrubs.Thefaunalcomposi]onoftheSundarbansconsistsofavarietyofwildanimalsnamelythe]gers,deer,wildboars,monkeys,oMers,varietyofbirds,crocodiles,varioussnakesincludingpython,lizards,amphibians,mollusks,crabsandsoon.Besides,ithasbeenanimportanthabitatformanyinvertebratefaunaincludingbuMerflies.ButtheresearchonbuMerfliesisscantyhere.Sofar37speciesofbuMerflyhavebeendocumented(Hossain2013).

Therecordpresentedherewasconductedbetween26June-18July2014andrandomsamplingwasfollowedinSundarbanEastWildlifeSanctuary.Thespecieswereconfirmedbasedonphotographicevidences.Thefollowingfourspecieswererecordedforthefirst]mefromtheBangladeshiSundarbans,increasingthetotalnumberto41species.

PaintedLadyVanessacardui(Linnaeus,1758)ThePaintedladyistheworld’smostwidelydistributedbuMerfly,missingonlyfromtheNeotropicalforestzone,Australia,andtheArc]cs.Asastrongmigrantitshouldbefoundanywherefrom]meto]me,andinwintercouldwellbreedinnumbers(Larsen2004).ThisbuMerflywasfirstobservedongewa(Excoecariaagallocha)tree(Fig.1).

IndianSunbeamCure,sthe,s(Drury,1773)DuringthestudyperiodIndianSunbeamwasseenveryfrequently.ItisaverycommonbuMerflyinSundarbans(Fig.2).Thisisaverycommonspeciesinotherpartsofthecountry

VeinedPierrotTarucusvenosus(Moore,1882)Onlyfourindividualswereseenduringthestudyperiod.Thisspeciesismoreorlesscommoninotherpartsofthecountry(Fig.3).

GramBlueEuchrysopscnejus(Fabricius,1798)Severalsigh]ngswereencounteredatKatkameadowsofSundarbansandnearKatkaforestofficearea(Fig.4).Theyusuallypreferopendrierplaces.

Thepresenceoffouraddi]onalspeciesrecordsindicatethatintensivestudyisrequiredfurthertounderstandthediversityofbuMerfliesinSundarbans,Bangladesh.

ReferencesHossain,M.(2013).ChecklistofbuMerfliesoftheSundarbansmangroveforest,Bangladesh.JournalofEntomologyandZoologyStudies.2(1):29-32.Chowdhury,S.H.,HossainM.(2013).BuLerfliesofBangladesh.APictorialHandbook(RevisedandenlargedversionI).SkylarkPrinters.Dhaka.Bangladesh.pp260.Larsen,T.B.(2004).BuLerfliesofBangladesh-anannotatedchecklist.IUCN,Bangladesh.pp158.

AcknowledgementsTheauthorisgratefultoProfessorDr.Md.MostafaFeerozforhisgreatinspira]onthroughoutthestudy.ThankstoNHK,Japanauthorityforprovidingfinancialsupportforthisstudy.

Addi'onstotheBuSerflyfaunaofSundarbansMangroveForest,Bangladesh

AshisKumarDaSa ResearchAssistant,WildlifeBiologyBranch,DepartmentofZoology

JahangirnagarUniversity,Savar,DhakaE-mail:[email protected]

Fig. 2 Indian Sunbeam

Fig. 4 Gram Blue

Fig. 1 Painted lady

Fig. 3 Veined Pierrot



Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 19

Introduc'onBiologicaldiversityplaysasignificantroleinenrichmentofsoilandmaintainingwaterandnutrientcycles.Itisnowincreasinglyrecognizedasavitalparametertoassessglobalandlocalenvironmentalchangesandsustainabilityofdevelopmentalac]vi]es(Lovejoy1995).Comparedwithotherinsectgroups,thehighabundanceofbuMerflies,togetherwiththeirrela]velyknowntaxonomy,hasresultedinthisgroupreceivingareasonableamountofaMen]on.

AccordingtoKehimkar(2008)Indiahas1,501species,ofwhich321areskippers,107swallowtails,109whitesandyellows,521BrushfootedbuMerfliesand443Blues.

StateofChhaZsgarh,beingplacedinDeccanpeninsularbio-geographicalzone,housesanimportantpartofrichanduniquebiologicaldiversity.Theforestsofthestatefallundertwomajorforesttypes,viz.,tropicalmoistdeciduousforestandthetropicaldrydeciduousforest.Thetotalgeographicalareaofthestatebeing1,35,191km2,amere4.1%ofthecountry,44.81%ofstate'sgeographicalareabeingrecordedasforestarea.Becauseofnectarfeeding,manyspeciesofbuMerfliesarefoundwithincityboundary

andtheirdiversityspeaksaboutecologicalhealthofthecity.Bilaspurcity,thestudysiteofpresentinves]ga]onisonly56kmfromAchanakmarTigerReserve;Tiple(2012)reported104buMerfliesinAchanakmarTigerReserve.Chandra(2007)reported174buMerfliesfromMadhyaPradeshandChhaZsgarh.Intheyear2000ChhaZsgarhstatewasformedandarerthatrapidurbaniza]onhasstartedinthisregion.Thishascausedshrinkingofgreenpocketswithinthecity.BythisstudywehavetriedtofindoutbuMerflydiversityofthecitytocomparewiththediversityofAchanakmar]gerreserve,soastofindouteffectofurbaniza]on.

MaterialandMethodsTheobserva]onsofthepresentinves]ga]onwereconductedduringJune2009toMay2011inBilaspur.Threedifferentareasthatrepresentedthehabitattypeswithinthecity,wereselectedforsamplingofbuMerflyandcollec]onofdata.

Thestudyareaswereasfollows:Area-I:Man-madegardenareawithintheci]essurroundedbytrees.1).DeendayalGarden2).Paryavaran

Nursery.Vegeta]onintheAreaIwasasfollows:ornamentalgardenplantslikeHibiscusspp.,Ixoracoccinea,Dahliaspp.,Tabernaemontanadivaricata,Euphorbiapulcherrima,HymenocallisliLoralis,Catharanthusroseus,Bougainvilleaspp.,Salviasp.,Theve,aperuviana.ThetreessurroundingthegardenwereCassiafistula,Terminaliaarjuna,Acaciaspp.,Delonixregia,Bauhiniapurpurea,Anthocephalusindicus,Polyalthialongifolia.

Area-II:Grove1).Smri]Van2).NearRailwaysta]on,GolfClubTreeslikeMangiferaindica,Anthocephalusindicus,Tamarindusindica,Annonasp.,Ficusreligiosa,Azadirachta

StudyonbuSerfly(Papilionoidea)diversityofBilaspurcity

ShubhadaRahalkarDepartmentofZoology,GovernmentBilasaGirlsP.G.(Auto.)College,Bilaspur,ChhaZsgarh




Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 20

indica,Buteamonosperma,Terminaliaelip,cawereprevalentinAreaII.Calotropisprocera,Argemonemexicana,CassiatoraandPartheniumweredominantherbsandshrubsinthearea.

Area-III:Shrubbyareaalongwithtrees.1).NearRailwaysta]on,GolfClub2).IndiraviharColonyPeltophorumpterocarpum,Acaciasp.,Annonasp.,Theve,aperuviana,Calotropisprocera,Argemonemexicana,Cassiatora,Parthenium,Solanumvirginianum,Ziziphussp.,Lantanacamara,andNeriumoleanderwerefound.

Thesesamplingareaswereselectedsoastocovermaximumpossiblehabitatswithinthecity.Thestudysitesweresampledquarterly,tofulfillobjec]vesofpresentinves]ga]on.Altogether48transectswerecoveredduringthestudyperiod(Image1).

BuSerflysamplingTransect-walkmethodwasadaptedtosamplethebuMerflies.Transectswerewalkedbetween8:00amto11:00amwhichroughlycorrespondedtothepeakac]vityperiodformostbuMerflies.Asthesamplingareasweresmallpocketswithinthecity,transectof200metersineveryareawasset.Thedura]onofsamplingforeachtransectwasbetween45and60min.

AllthebuMerfliesatthedistanceof5mfromtheobserverwererecordedduringthecounts.

BuSerflyiden'fica'onBuMerflieswhichcouldbeiden]fiedduringthetransectstudywerenoteddown.Theuniden]fiedbuMerfliesfirstobservedwereoncecaughtusingbuMerflynetandreleasedareriden]fica]on.BuMerfliesobservedinpresentstudywerephotodocumented.

BuMerfliesofthesuperfamilies,Papilionoideawereiden]fiedusingTheFaunaofBri,shIndiabyTelbot(1986),BuLerfliesoftheIndianregionbyWynter&Blyth(2009reprint)andIndianBuLerfliesbyKehimkar(2008).Dataweretabulatedandanalyzed.

ResultandDiscussionBuMerfliesaresignificantindirectindicatorofenvironmentalchangesbecauseoftheirsensi]vitytolocalweather,climateandlightlevels.TherichnessofBuMerflycommunityalsoindicatesdiverseplantcommuni]esinanyhabitat,astheseinsectsaredirectlydependentonplants.BuMerfliesgotthemajoraMen]onofscien]ficcommunityforitsecologicalrole,abundanceandalluringcolorpaMern.However,veryliMleworkhasbeendoneinthisregion.Duringthestudyperiod,1766buMerflyspecimenswererecorded,41specieswererecordedfromAreaI,28speciesfromareaII,and30specieswererecordedfromareaIII.

Outofthe45buMerflyspecies(Table1)observedinpresentinves]ga]on,thereweresevenspeciesbelongingtofamilyPapilionidae;twentyonespeciesbelongingtoNymphalidae;sevenspeciesbelongingtofamilyPieridae,andtenspeciesofLycaenidae.Nymphalidaeformedthelargestgroup(21species).

Joshi(2007),inhisstudyoncommunitystructureandhabitatselec]onofbuMerfliesinRajajiNa]onalPark,UMaranchal,Indiarecordedatotalof1857individualsbelongingto40species.Arun(2003)alsofoundsimilarresults.Hestudied53buMerfliesbelongingtothreemajorfamilies.Amongthethree,Nymphalidaeaccountedfor

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 21

Family CommonName Species Abundance Area*Area*Area* Seasonality**Family CommonName Species AbundanceI II III

Seasonality**

Papilionidae CommonMormon Papiliopolytes(Linnaeus) VeryCommon + + + A BlueMormon Papiliopolymnester(Cramer) Notcommon + - - W CommonRose Atrophaneuraaristolochiae(Fabricius) Common + - - R,W LimeBuMerfly Papiliodemoleus(Linnaeus) VeryCommon + + + A CommonJay Graphiumdoson(Frühstorfer) VeryCommon + + - A TailedJay Graphiumagamemnon(Frühstorfer) Notcommon + + - R,W SpotSwordTail Graphiumnominus(Esper) Notcommon + - - LW,MSPieridae CommonGrassYellow Euremahebaca(Linnaeus) VeryCommon + + + A ThreespotGrassYellow Euremablenda(Biosduval) Common + - + W SpotlessGrassYellow Euremmlaeta(Biosduval) Notcommon - - + R,W CommonEmigrant Catopsiliapomona(Fabricius) VeryCommon + + + A MoMledEmigrant Catopsiliapyranthe(Linnaeus) VeryCommon + + + A CommonWonderer Pareroniavaleria(Fabricius) Notcommon + - + R,W CommonGull Ceporanerissa(Fabricius) Common + - + R,WNymphalidae EveningBrown Melani,sleda(Linnaeus) VeryCommon + + + A CommonBushbrown Mycalesisperseus(Fabricius) Common - + + W,S PlainTiger Danuschrisippus(Linnaeus) VeryCommon + + + A StrippedTiger Danusgenu,a(Cramer) Common + - + R,W CommonCrow Euploeacore(Cramer) VeryCommon + + + A BlueTiger Tirumalalimniace(Cramer) Common + + - A GreatEggfly Hypolimnasbolina(Linnaeus) Common + + - R,W DaninEggfly hypolimnasmisipus(Linnaeus) Notcommon + + - R GrayPancy Junoniaatlites(Linnaeus) Common + + + A PecockPancy Junoniaalmana(Linnaeus) Notcommon + - + W LemonPansy Junonialamonias(Linnaeus) Common + + + A BluePancy Junoniaorithiya(Linnaeus) Rare - - + W ChocolatePancy Junoniaiphita(Cramer) Rare + + - R,W YellowPancy Junoniahierta(Fabricius) Rare - - + W TawnyCaster Acraeaviolae(Fabricius) VeryCommon + + + A Sailer Nep,shylas(Linnaeus) Common + + - R,W CommonBaron Euthaliaaconthea(Cramer) Common + + + R,W Commoncastor Ariadnemerione(Cramer) Common + - + R BlackRaja Charaxessolon(Fabricius) Rare + + - R Baronet Euthalianais(Forster) Notcommon + + - A Commander Moduzaprocris(Cramer) Notcommon + + - R,WLycaenidae CommonLineBlue Prosotusnora(C.Felder) Notcommon + - + R,W PeaBlue Lampidesboe,cus(Linnaeus) Notcommon + - + R,W ZebraBlue Leptotesplinius(Fabricius) Common + + + A PaleGrassBlue Pseudozizeeriamaha Common + + + A TinyGrassBlue Zizulahylax(Fabricius) Notcommon + - + W DarkGrassBlue Zizeeriakarsandra(Moore) Common + + + A CommonPierrot Castaliusrosimon(Fabricius) Common + + + W DarkCerulean Jamidesbochus(Stoll) Notcommon + - - R,W GramBlue Euchrysopscnejus(Fabricius) Common + + + S,MW LargeOakBlue Arhopalaamantes(Hewitson) Rare + - - R,W

Table 1: Butterfly Species found in the region

*= Presence /Absence of butterflies from area I, II, III; **= R- Rainy, W- Winter, A- All, S- Summer, MW- Mid winter, LW- Late winter,

MS- Mid summer

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 22

around58%ofthespeciesrichness,Papilionidaewasrepresentedby13speciesandPieridaeby9species.SudhendraKumaretal.(2000)studiedbuMerfliesofPrambikulamwildlifesanctuary,Keralaandreported124speciesofbuMerflies,belongingto75generaand9families.

Hecollected28speciesofbuMerfliesoffamilyNymphalidae,22speciesofPieridae,20speciesofLycaenidae,16speciesofSatyridaeand15speciesofPapilionidae.Tipley(2012)studiedbuMerfliesofAchanakmarAmarkantakBiospherereserveandreported104buMerfliesfromthisregion.AsBilaspurcityisonly56kmfromAchanakmar,wecomparedourfindingswiththeirrecords.ThreebuMerflies(Graphiumdorson,Pseudozizeeriamaha,Arphopalaamantes)recordedfromBilaspurcitybyuswerenotreported

fromAchanakmarAmarkantakregion,howeverthethreewerereportedfromMadhyaPradeshandVidarbha.Kaneriaetal.(2013)alsostudiedbuMerfliesofBilaspurDistrict,andfound50species.Inourstudywefound10speciesofbuMerflieswhichwerenotlistedbythem.

Fig. 1 Euthalia aconthea

Fig. 2 Charaxes solon

Fig. 4 Moduza procris

Fig. 5 Ariadne merione

Fig. 6 Hypolimnas bolina

Fig. 7 Neptis hyla

Fig. 8 Graphium agamemnon

Fig. 9 Papilio polymnestor

Fig. 10 Cepora nerissa

Fig. 11 Arhopala amantes

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 23

SeasonaloccurrenceofbuMerflyspecieswasalsorecordedinthestudyperiod.SeventeenspecieswereobservedinallseasonsandrestofthebuMerfliesshowedseasonaloccurrence.

Inthepresentinves]ga]on,Eupleacore,Danauschrysippus,Acraeaviolae,Papiliodemoleus,Graphiumdoson,Euremahecabe,CatopsilapomonaandC.pyrantheweretheabundantspeciesduringthestudyperiod.Someotherscien]stshavealsoreportedabundantspeciesfromtheirrespec]vestudyareas,suchas,Shrikumar&Balakrishnan(2001)reportedEuremahecabeasmostabundantbuMerfliesinalleleva]ons,followedbyJomidesceleno,Troidesminos,CaletacaletainAralamwildlifesanctuary,Kerala.Joshi(2007)foundE.hecabe,cons]tu]ng16.5%ofthetotal,secondmostabundantspeciesMelani,sleda(16.2%)inRajajiNa]onalPark,UMaranchal.

AcknowledgementIhavenowordstoexpressmyhear|eltgra]tudetoShri.AnilSahu,IFS,Conservator,Wildlife,Bilaspur;Shri.S.D.Badgaiyan,D.F.O.,BilaspurDivision;Shri.A.S.Nath,Ranger,andShri.V.S.Thakur,DeputyRangeroftheForestDepartmentforhelpinginmyendeavour.

ReferencesArun,P.R.(2003).BuMerfliesofSiruvaniforestsofWesternghatswithnotesontheirseasonality.February2003-2008.Zoo’sPrintJournal18(2):1003-1006.Chandra,K.,R.M.Sharma,AjitSingh,R.K.Singh(2007).AChecklistofBuMerfliesofMadhyaPradeshandChhaZsgarhstate,India.Zoo’sPrintJournal22(8):2790-2798.

Joshi,P.C.(2007).Communitystructureandhabitatselec]onofbuMerfliesinRajajiNa]onalPark,UMaranchal,India.JournalofTropicalEcology,48(1):119-123.KehimkarIsaac(2008).BookofIndianBuLerflies,OxfordUniversityPress.Kaneria,M.,M.Kaneria&V.Kushwaha(2013).DiversityofBuMerfliesinBilaspurDist.ChhaZsgarhIndia.AsianJournalofExperimentalBiology,4(2):282-287.Lovejoy,T.E.(1995).BiodiversityMeasurementandEs,ma,on.ChapmanandHall,London.Sreekumar,P.G.andM.Balakrishnan(2001).HabitatandaZtudepreferenceofbuMerfliesinAralamwildlifesanctuary,Kerala.JournalofTropicalEcology,42(2):277-281.Stokoe,W.J.(1974).TheObserver'sbookofBuLerflies.W.J.FrederickWarneandCo.,London,191pp.Sudhendrakumar,V.V.,C.F.Binoy,P.V.Suresh&G.Mathew(2000).Habitatassocia]onsofbuMerfliesintheParambikulamwildlifesanctuary,Kerala,India.JournaloftheBombayNaturalHistorySociety,97(2):193-201.Telbot,G.(1986).TheFaunaofBri,shIndiaincludingCeylonandBurma.BuMerflies.TodayandTomorrow’sPrintersandPublishers,NewDelhi,506pp.Tiple,A.D.&KumarGhorpade(2012).BuMerflies(Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera)ofAchanakmar-AmarkantakBiosphereReserveinChhaZsgarhandMadhyaPradesh,withsynopsisoftherecordedbuMerflyfaunaofeasterncentralHighlandsinIndia.Colemania,26:1-38.Wynter–Blyth,M.A.(1957).BuLerfliesoftheIndianRegion.BombayNaturalHistorySociety,523pp.

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 24

Introduc'onSwallowtailbuMerfliesarelargeandcolourfulthatformthefamilyPapilionidae.InLepidoptera,buMerfliesaretypicallyac]veduringday]meduetotheirskillofflight,buMerfliesachievedanalmostworld-widedistribu]on,thoughaswithmostanimalgroups(par]cularlycoldbloodedones)thereisagreaterdiversitytobefoundinthetropics(Mathew,2001).Unfortunately,buMerfliesarethreatenedbyhabitatdestruc]onandfragmenta]onalmosteverywhere(Mathew,2001).

GautalaWidlifeSanctuaryissituatedinAurangabadDistrictofMaharashtraandliesintheSatmalaandAjanthahillrangesofSahyadri.Thevegeta]onfoundhereissoutherntropicaldrydeciduousforest.Wildlifepopula]onincludeschinkara,slothbears,bats,wildboar,junglecat,civetcat,monkey,barkingdeer,fox,jackal,langur,leopard,nilgaiandwolf.Cranes,spoonbills,storks,ibis,pochards,peafowl,quail,partridges,andvariousspeciesofwadersaresomeofthebirdspeciesfoundhere.Rep]lesincludecobra,krait,keel,backviper,python,ratsnake,andmonitorlizard.Largescalesoflapidarianspeciesarealsooccurringinthisfauna.

MaterialsandMethodsThepresentstudyisanaMempttostudythebio-ecologyofselectedspeciesofPapilionidaeinGautalaWildlifeSanctuaryofMaharashtra,India.Forthecoun]ngofthebuMerflieswechoosefiveforesttypes;drydeciduous,moistdeciduous,evergreen,scrubandthornyforestandteakplanta]on.Tocoverhabitatofallforest,twotransectsof2kmeachwerelaidineachforesttype.Theobserva]onofthebuMerflieswasmadeonboththesidesofthetransectupto20meters.Coun]ngandocularobserva]onofeightselectedPapilionidaespecieswasdone.Duringthisstudy,theinterac]onofthebuMerflieswithlarvalandadulthostplantswasalsoobserved.Thestudyobserva]onswasdoneinmorning,0700to1000hrsfortheperiodoftwoyears,fromJune2008toMay2010,inthreeseasons,i.e.monsoonseason(JunetoSeptember),winterseason(OctobertoJanuary)andsummerseason(FebruarytoMay).Inthisstudy,selectedsevenspeciesofPapilionidaebuMerflies,countedindifferentseasons,duringthecounts;date,]me,andgeneralweathercondi]onswererecordedandthedensityofPachlioptaaristolochiae,Pachlioptahector,Papiliodemoles,Papiliohelenus,Papiliopolytes,Papiliopolymenstor,Papiliocrinowerecalculated.

Observa'onsandresultsInevergreenforestofGautalaWildlifeSanctuary,P.demoles,P.polytus,P.polymnestor,P.crino,werefoundinalltheseasons.DuringthemonsoonP.aristolochiaewasfound(Table1).InthemoistdeciduousforestP.aristolochiae,P.hector,P.polytes,P.polymnestorandP.crinowerefoundinalltheseasons(Table2).IndrydeciduousforestP.aristolochiae,P.polytes,andP.polymnestorwerefoundinalltheseasons.P.demoleswasfoundinthesummer.P.helenuswasnotfoundinwinter.P.crinowasnotfoundinsummer(Table3).InthescrubjungleP.aristolochiae,P.hectorandP.polyteswasfoundinallseasons.(Table4)Intheteakplanta]onP.aristolochiae,G.sarpendon,P.polymnestor,P.crinoandP.hectorwasfoundinallseasons.(Table5)Therewasacorrela]onbetweenthevegeta]oncharacteris]csfeaturesindifferenthabitatsofofthesanctuary.HostplantdensityanddiversitywerefoundtobemoreimportantvariablesthatinfluenceonthebuMerflydensi]essignificantly(p<0.05).

DiscussionInpresentstudy,thediversityofPachiloptaaristolocheaishighindrydeciduousforestandscrubjungle,thisspeciesisfoundinallhabitatsaverageinmoistdeciduousandteakforestsandpoorinevergreenforest.Indrydeciduousforest,thediversityofPachilioptahectorwasaverage,inscrubforest,moistdeciduousandteakplanta]onitwasgood.InevergreenforestthediversityofPachilioptahectorwasliMleless.Papiliodemolesfoundinevergreenforestduringmonsoonandpostmonsoonseasonsandhavinggooddiversityintheevergreenforest,compara]velyithadpoordiversityindrydeciduousforest,scrubjungle,moistdeciduousforestandteakplanta]on.Papiliohelenushadapoordiversityinevergreen,scrub,moistdeciduousandteakplanta]on,whileindrydeciduousithadhigherdiversity.Papiliopolytesfoundindrydeciduousforest,evergreenandsemi-evergreenforest.Ithadanaveragediversityindrydeciduousforest,evergreenforestandteakplanta]on,whileitsdiversitywashighinscrubandmoistdeciduousforest.Inthepresentstudy,PapiliopolymnestorwhichisabuMerflyofthethickerforestandfoundalongecotonesandedges.Ithadanaveragediversityinalltheforesttypes.Papiliocrinohadanaveragediversityinevergreenanddrydeciduousforest;compara]velyithadpoordiversityinmoistdeciduousforest,teakplanta]onandscrubforest.

Bio-ecologyofSwallowtail(Lepidoptera:Papilionidae)BuSerfliesinGautalaWildlifeSanctuaryofMaharashtra,India

1ShindeS.S.NimbalkarR.K.andMuleyS.P.1DepartmentofZoology,VivekanandaCollege,Aurangabad;DepartmentofZoology,V.P.College,VaijapurDist.Aurangabad




Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 25

Inthepresentstudy,eventhoughvegeta]onstructureisimportantforPapilionidaespeciesdiversityanddensity,climatealsoplayanimportantroleindecidingthedensitydiversityofbuMerflies.ThebuMerflydensityanddiversityisalsodependsupontheavailabilityandcomposi]onofhostplantsinforest.Studyalsoreportsthatinteakforestthehighestdiversitywasinsummer,followedbythemonsoon.Indrydeciduousforest,winterhadthehighestdiversity.Inevergreenforest,diversityofswallowtailsbuMerflieswerehighestduringthemonsoon,followedbywinter.Inscrubforest,themonsoonhadthehighestdiversity,followedbywinter.Inmoistdeciduousforest,thediversityofthesebuMerflieswashighestduringthemonsoon.ThestudiesshowthatbuMerflydiversitypaMernsdonotshowanyseason-wisefixedpaMerninthevariousforesttypes.Duringthestudyintheteakplanta]onP.aristolochiae,G.sarpendon,P.polymnestor,P.crinoandP.hectorshowsthecorrela]onwithhostplantdiversity.Kunte(1999)reportsthecorrela]onbetweenfoliageheightdiversity,plantspeciesdiversityandbuMerflydiversityincreaseinbuMerflydiversitywasnotlinearwithvegeta]ondiversity.Itincreasedfromhigheleva]ongrasslandthroughshrub

savannah,teakplanta]onanddeciduousforestandthendippeddownintheSholaevergreenforest.

S.No SpeciesName Seasons*Seasons*Seasons*

Monsoon Winter Summer1 Pachlioptaaristolochiae 65 0 02 Pachlioptahector 0 0 03 Papiliodemoles 6 9 14 Papiliohelenus 3 0 05 Papiliopolytes 14 3 36 Papiliopolymenstor 19 9 67 Papiliocrino 20 12 6

Total 127 33 16Diversity(H’) 1.35302 1.16966 1.213214

Table 1. Seasonal variations in the butterfly density (No./km2) diversity (H’) in the evergreen forest of Gautala Wildlife Sanctuary of Maharashtra, India


Monsoon Winter Summer1 Pachlioptaaristolochiae 59 19 22 Pachlioptahector 74 50 203 Papiliodemoles 0 0 04 Papiliohelenus 0 0 05 Papiliopolytes 68 45 296 Papiliopolymenstor 25 19 157 Papiliocrino 17 12 2

Total 243 145 68Diversity(H’) 1.4504 1.4585 1.2065

Table 2. Seasonal variations in the butterflies density (No./km2) diversity (H’) in the moist deciduous forest of Gautala Wildlife Sanctuary of Maharashtra India


Monsoon Winter Summer

1 Pachlioptaaristolochiae 206 133 762 Pachlioptahector 18 58 0

3 Papiliodemoles 0 0 8

4 Papiliohelenus 25 0 21

5 Papiliopolytes 51 16 18

6 Papiliopolymenstor 17 8 18

7 Papiliocrino 67 8 0

Total 384 223 141

Diversity(H’) 1.393255 1.09991 1.311206

Table 3. Seasonal variations in the butterflies density (No./km2) diversity (H’) in the dry deciduous forest of Gautala Wildlife Sanctuary of Maharashtra India


Monsoon Winter Summer

1 Pachlioptaaristolochiae

172 75 88

2 Pachlioptahector 80 63 45






Total 326 219 187

Diversity(H’) 1.176196 1.268082 1.224706

Table 4. Seasonal variations in the butterflies density (No./km2) diversity (H’) in the scrub jungle of Gautala Wildlife Sanctuary of Maharashtra India


Monsoon Winter Summer1 Pachliopta

aristolochiae123 68 82

2 Pachlioptahector 76 21 21






Total 230 113 123

Diversity(H’) 1.118783 2.534071 1.014553

Table 5. Seasonal variations in the butterfly density (No./km2) diversity (H’) in the teak plantation of Gautala Wildlife Sanctuary of Maharashtra India

* Monsoon= Monsoon Season (June – September); Winter = Winter Season (October – January); Summer = Summer Season (February – May)

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 26

AcknowledgementsCorrespondingauthor,ShindeS.S.isthankfultoUniversityGrantsCommission,NewDelhiforsanc]onofResearchGrantUGCF.No.38-261/2009(SR).

ReferencesBest,A.E.G.(1951).ThebuMerfliesofBombayandSalseMe.JournaloftheBombayNaturalHistorySociety,50:331-339.BeSs,F.N.(1950).Onacollec]onofbuMerfliesfromtheBahiparaFron]erTractandtheSubansiriArea.(NorthernAssam).J.BombayNat.Hist.Soc.,Vol.49(3):93.Currie,D.J.,J.T.Kerr,andA.P.Francis(1999).Somegeneralproposi]onsaboutthestudyofspa]alpaMernsofspeciesrichness.Ecoscience6:392-399.Emmel,T.C.,andE.Garraway(1990).Ecologyandconserva]onbiologyofthehomerusswallowtailinJamaica(Lepidoptera:Papilionidae),TropicalLepidoptera,1(2):63-76.Gaonkar,Harish(1996).BuMerfliesoftheWesternGhats,India(includingSriLanka)-ABiodiversityAssessmentofathreatenedmountainsystem.JournaloftheBombayNaturalHistorySociety.Gunathilagaraj,M.,Ganeshkumar,andP.T.Ramesh.(1997).BuMerfliesofCoimbatore,Zoo’sPrint.97:26-27.JorgeL.Leon-Cortes,FranciscoPerez-Espinoza,LindaMarinArcangelMolina-Mar'nez(2004).Complexhabitatrequirementsandconserva]onneedsoftheonlyextantBaroniinaeswallowtailbuMerfly.AnimalConserva,on7(3),241–250.Karthikeyan,M.(1998).Diversityandhabitatu]liza]onofbuMerfliesindifferentforesttypesofHosurdivision,TamilNadu,SouthIndia.M.Sc.,Disserta]on,A.V.C.College,Mannampandal,India.45pp.Kerr,J.T.(1999).Weaklinks:"Rapoport'srule"andlarge-scalespeciesrichnesspaMerns.GlobalEcologyandBiogeography8:47-54.

Kerr,J.T.,andD.J.Currie(1999).Therela]veimportanceofevolu]onaryandenvironmentalcontrolsonbroadscalepaMernsofspeciesrichnessinNorthAmerica.Ecoscience6:329-337.Kerr,J.T.,andL.Packer(1997).Habitatheterogeneityasadeterminantofmammalspeciesrichnessinhighenergyregions.Nature385:252-254.KrishnakumarN.(2008).DiversityofpapilonidbuMerfilesintheIndiraGandhiWildlifeSanctuary,WesternGhats,southernIndiaTigerpaperVol.XXII:1:1-8KunteK.(1997).ManagementplanforIndiraGandhiWildlifeSanctuary,Anamalais.1997-2002.TamilNaduForestDepartment.Kunte,K.(2000).India-ALifescape–BuMerfliesofPeninsularIndia(EditorMadhavGodgilandForwardE.O.Wilson).IndianAcademyofSciencesUniversi]esPress,IndiaI:1-286.Rosenfeld,D.(2000).Suppressionofrainandsnowbyurbanandindustrialairpollu]on.Science287:1793-1796.Smart,P.(1975).TheIllustratedEncyclopediaoftheBuLerflyWorld.Incolour,SalamanderBooksLtd.,London.Shinde,S.S.,NimbalkarR.K.,andMuleyS.P.(2013).StudiesonSpeciesDiversityofLepidopteronFaunaofGawatalaWildlifeSanctuary,MaharashtraIndia.DeccanCurrentScience,8:120-125.Vasuki,S.(2000).StudiesonthediversityofbuMerfliesinthesacredgrovesofNagapaZnamandThanjavurdistricts,TamilNadu.A.V.C.College,Autonomous,Mayiladurhurai,SouthernIndia.Wilson,E.O.(1992).Thediversityoflife.HarvardUniversityPress,Cambridge,MassachuseMs,USA.Wynter-Blyth,M.A.(1957).BuLerfliesoftheIndianRegion.BombayNaturalHistorySociety,Bombay.

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 27

Plantgallsorplanttumoursarestructuralabnormali]es,whicharisemostlybyovergrowthandexcessivecelldivisionof]ssuesinresponsetothefeedingac]vityofaparasiteonthehostplant.Amonggallmakers,Cecidomyiidsorgallmidgesastheyarepopularlycalledarewellknownonavarietyofplants.

Duringfloris]cexplora]onsinKatrajhills,Punedistrict,aninteres]ngcolourfulleafgallwasobservedonZiziphusxylopyrus(Retz.)Willd.KatrajhillsaretheeasternspurofmagnificentWesternGhatsandtreatedasoneofthe34biodiversityhotspots.(Roach,2005).Itsupportsdrydeciduousvegeta]onwithmanyendemicspecies.Theareaistypelocalityoftwospeciesoffloweringplantsviz.PimpinellakatrajensisandEuphorbiakatrajensis(Datar&Ghate,2006).

Materialexamined:LeafgallonZiziphusxylopyruscollectedon11.06.2014;GPSloca]on:18.408592,73.854702.Ziziphusxylopyrus(Retz.)Willd.(Plate1a)isastragglingshruboroccasionallytree,growingbetween3–6mtall.Thespeciesisarmedorsome]messpinesarenotpresent.Leavesare3.5–7.5cmlong,occasionallyellip]c–oblongorsuborbicular,obliquelycordateatbase.Flowersappearinpubesecent,paniculatecymes.Fruitsare2.5cmacross,globose,hardandwoody.2–3seeded(Singh&Karthikeyan,2000).Thespeciesisnotpreferredasedibleunlikeotherspeciesofthisgenus.ItislocallyknownasHadkibor,GhatbororGu,andflowersbetweenAprilandJuly.Theplantspecieswasiden]fiedusingflora(Singh&Karthikeyan,2000)andwasconfirmedbycomparingwithauthen]cspecimendepositedatherbariumofAgharkarResearchIns]tute,Pune(AHMA).

Leaf-gall.(Plate1)Epi-hyophyllous(visibleonbothsidesofblade),deepreddishbrowntorustybrown,globosesmooth,indehiscent,persistentcoveringgall.Solitary,freejointedoragglomerate,nonlocalizedandunilocular.Sizeofeachgall1-2mmindiameter.Profusegallingwasseenonmanyleaves,eachleafhaving2-32galls.Thegallswerecutopeninthelaboratorytoconfirmtheiden]tyofthecausa]veagent.Eachgallhavingonechamberwasfoundtocontainoneorangecolouredlarva.Thepresenceofsclero]zedorganonventralsideofprothorax(Plate1,d)confirmedtheiden]tyofthegallmakerasCecidomyiid.Intheabsenceoftheadultsthespecificiden]tyiskeptpending.Thiscommunica]onformsthefirstreportof

CecidomyiidgallsonZiziphusxylopyrus(Retz.)Willd.Mani(1973)men]onsiden]calgalls(GallNo300)onZiziphussp.fromSouthIndiawithoutexactlocality,iden]fica]onofthecausa]veagentandtheplantspecies.ThusthepresentreportofgallandthegallmakerstandsasthefirstfromNorthernWesternGhatsofMaharashtra.

AcknowledgementsMNDisthankfultoDirector,AgharkarResearchIns]tute,Puneforfacili]esandencouragements.

ReferenceDatarM.N.andV.S.Ghate(2006).ChangingFloris]cDiversityofKatrajHill,Pune.Geobios33(2-3)133-136.Mani,M.S.(1973).PlantgallsofIndia.Macmillan,India,354pp.Singh,N.P.andKarthikeyan,S.(2000).FloraofMaharashtraState.Dicotyledonous.Vol.I.BotanicalSurveyofIndia,CalcuMa.Roach,J.(2005).Conserva]onistsnameninenew“BiodiversityHotspots”.Na,onalGeographicNews,February2.

Newreportofmidgegall(Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)onZiziphusxylopyrus(Retz.)Willd.(Rhamnaceae)fromNorthernWesternGhats

1MandarN.Datarand2R.M.Sharma1Botanygroup,PlantsciencesDivision,AgharkarResearchIns]tute,G.G.AgarkarRoad,Pune411004M.S.

2Scien]st(Re]red),ZoologicalSurveyofIndia,Vidyanagar,Sector-29,P.C.N.T.Post,RawetRoad,Akurdi,Pune411044,M.S.E-mail:[email protected](correspondingauthor)[email protected]

Plate 1. Midge gall on Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Wild. a. Host plant (inset fruit); b. Galls on the leaves; c. Galls close up; d. Larva showing sclerotized sternal spatula; e. Larva





Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 28

Introduc'onThetropicalregions,beingtheevolu]onaryoriginsofbuMerflydiversity,showhighabundanceandspeciesdiversitycomparedtotemperateregionsexhibitrela]velystablepopula]ondynamics,longer-livedadultstages,andmorecon]nuousage-specificreproduc]oncomparedtotemperatezonespeciesandalsoduetocomplexspeciesinterac]onslikemimicry,parasi]smandpreda]onthatsignificantlyinfluencetheecologicalandevolu]onaryprocessesintropicalbuMerfliesthanintemperateones(Bonebrakeetal.,2010).BuMerfliesareanimportantcomponentofthefoodchain(Aneeshetal.,2013),andareconsideredidealsubjectsforecologicalstudiesoflandscapesandalsoactasindicators(ThomasandMalorie1985,Kremen1992,KocherandWilliams2000).Plantdiversity(shrubsandherbs)canbecircuitouslyes]mateddependingonthespeciesofbuMerfliesavailableonthegivenareaascaterpillarsarepurelydependedonthehostplantfortheirnutri]on,somecaterpillararestrictlyplantspeciesspecific(Aneeshetal.,2013).

InthepresentpaperapreliminaryfieldsurveywasundertakentorecordthebuMerfliesofTaraluestateandadjoiningareasisreported.

MaterialsandMethodsTaraluestate(10°17'-10°19'N;76°39'-76°44'E),asmallseMlementinBengaluruSouthTaluk,BengaluruUrbandistricthasbeenselectedasstudyareaonthebasisoffollowingreasonsviz.,lackofliteratureonthebuMerflyfauna,proximitytotheBannerghaMaNa]onalparkandrichfloralwithmixedmicro-habitatregimes.Fieldsurveyswereundertakenfollowingearlierprotocols(Kunteetal.,2012).WeeklyfielddiurnalsurveyswereundertakeninthestudyareaduringAprilandMay,2014bytransectwalksmostlyduringtheearlyhoursoftheday.IndividualspecieswerephotographedusingCanonPowershotSX40.Asweepnetwascarriedtocollectspecieswhoseiden]tyneededconfirma]on.BuMerfliescapturedwerereleasedassoonasiden]fica]onwasconfirmed.Onlineinforma]onwebsiteswerereferencedforiden]fica]onandconfirma]onofthespeciestoreaffirmthespeciesiden]fica]on(hMp://www.ifoundbuMerflies.org)/#!/tx/8-Nymphalidae-dp1.

ResultsandDiscussionBuMerfliesarecharisma]candeasytofindandmeasureinanyecosystem,thefindingsofthepresentsurveyreport16speciesofbuMerfliesbelongingfourfamiliesviz.,Papilionidae(1),Pieridae(6),Lycaenidae(3)andNymphalidae(6)(Plate1),thehighestinfamilyNymphalidae(Figure1).Complexbiodiversitywithinintricatefoodwebsconfersstabilityandequilibriumtotheoverallecosystem.Lepidopteraaretheprimarydefolia]ngherbivoresinforestecosystemsconver]ngplantbiomassintoanimalbiomass,andmakingitavailabletohighertrophiclevelsinthefoodchain(StampandCasey1993).Bothadultsandcaterpillarsrepresenttheprimarytrophiclevelservingasfoodforherpetofaunaandavifaunaofthearea.Thus,consideringtheiraesthe]candecologicalvaluesaMen]ontomaintainingthebuMerflyspecies'habitatrequirementsisnecessarytoensurethattheyarenotimpactedbyanthropogenicpressures.Thepresentlistisfromashortpilotsurveyduringsummermonths,andisnotacompletelist.ReferencesAneesh,K.S.,C.K.AdarshandP.O.Nameer(2013).BuMerfliesofKeralaAgriculturalUniversity(KAU)campus,Thrissur,Kerala,India.JournalofThreatenedTaxa,5(9):4422–4440.Bonebrake,T.C.,L.C.Ponisio,C.L.BoggsandP.R.Ehrlich(2010).Morethanjustindicators:AreviewoftropicalbuMerflyecologyandconserva]on.BiologicalConserva,on,143(8):1831-1841.Gay,T.,I.D.KchimkarandJ.C.Punethy(1992).CommonBuLerfliesofIndia.OxfordUniversityPress,Bombay67pp.Kocher,S.D.andE.H.Williams(2000).ThediversityandabundanceofNorthAmericanbuMerfliesvarywithhabitatdisturbancesandgeography.JournalofBiogeography27:785–794Kremen,C(1992).AssessingtheIndicatorProper]esofSpeciesAssemblagesforNaturalAreasMonitoring.EcologicalApplica,ons2:203–217.Kunte,K.,S.Sondhi.,B.M.Samgma.,R.Lovalekar.,K.TokekarandG.Agavekar(2012).BuMerfliesofGarohillsofMeghalaya,NortheasternIndia:theirdiversityandconserva]on.JournalofThreatenedTaxa4(10):2933-2992

RapidassessmentofbuSerflydiversityinaecotoneadjoiningBannerghaSaNa'onalPark,Bengaluru

1AlexanderR.1AvinashK.1PhalkeS.2ManidipM.and3JayashankarM.1ARochaIndia,TaraluFieldStudyCentre,#257,TaraluEstate,TaraluPost,UMarahalli,BengaluruSouth,560082

2St.Joseph’sCollege(Autonomous),Bengaluru5600243DepartmentofEntomologyandNematology,IndianIns]tuteofHor]culturalResearch,Bengaluru560089

3Email:[email protected];[email protected]

http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org








Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 29

May,P.G.(1992).Flowerselec]onandthedynamicsoflipidreservesintwonectarivorousbuMerflies.Ecology,73:2181-2191.Stamp,N.E.,andT.M.Casey(Eds.)(1993).Caterpillars.Chapman&Hall,NewYork.587PP*

Thomas,C.D.andH.C.Malorie(1985).Rarity,speciesrichnessandconserva]on:BuMerfliesoftheAtlasMountainsinMorocco.BiologicalConserva,on33:95-117.

Plate1.ListofspeciesrecordedinandaroundTaraluPieridae (Whites and Yellows)

Common grass yellow Eurema hecabe

Crimson Tip Colo,sdanae-Male

Crimson Rose Pachlipota hector

Plain Orange TipColotis aurora

Common JezebelDelias eucharis

Common GullCeporanerissa (Wet SF)

Mottled EmigrantCatopsila pyranthe

Common Cerulean Jamides celeno

Gram BlueEuchrysops cnejus - Female

Dark Grass blueZizeeria karsandra - Female

Lycaenidae (Blues)

Nymphalidae (Brush Footed)

Lemon PansyJunonia lemonias

Common evening brownMelanitis leda (Wet SF)

Blue TigerTirumala liminace - Female

Double Branded CrowEuploea sylvester

Papilionidae (Swallowtails)

Baronet(Symphaedra nais) Common Four-ring

Ypthima huebneri (Wet SF)Common Four-ring

Ypthima huebneri (Dry SF)

Figure1:Numberofspeciesbyfamilies

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 30

AbstractThepresentstudywasconductedontheaqua]cinsectfaunaldiversityatthefivedifferentsitesoftheLoktakLake,ManipurduringMarch2012toFebruary2013.Firysevenspeciesbelongingto44genera,24familiesand6orderswererecordedbelongingtotheOrdersEphemeroptera,Odonata,Hemiptera,Coleoptera,Diptera,andTrichoptera.WithinthisColeopteraisthedominantorderwithrespecttospeciesdiversity(41.60%species)andabundance.Shannonindexanalysiswascarriedouttounderstandthespeciesdiversityelevenspeciesarereportedforthefirst]mefromthestate.

Introduc'onAqua]cinsectsaremoreabundantanddiversegroupthatinhabitsavarietyofaqua]cenvironment.Theseorganismsareanimportantcomponentofaqua]c(andsome]meterrestrial)foodwebsbecausetheybreakdownandprocessorganicmaMersandprovidefoodforinvertebratesandvertebrates(Bouchard2004).Theseinsectsarefoundinoronthesurfaceoflen]caswellaslo]cwaters.Freshwatermakesuponlyabout0.01%ofglobaltotalwaterbodyanditcontains8%speciesdiversityoutof1.3millionscien]ficallydescribedspecies(Dugeon1999).Higherdiversityanddensityofaqua]cinsectsinmoreluxuriantvegeta]onwetlandthaninlen]cwhichmighthaveaMractedmoreinsectthatlookedforrefuge,oviposi]onsiteandfood,astheirassemblageisstronglydependentonthecomposi]on,structureandgreatersurfaceareaprovidedbyvegeta]ontypes(MerriMetal.2008).Aqua]cinsectsareusefultostudythewaterqualityasindicatorofpollu]on(ThaniandPhalarakhsh2008).Amongthefreshwateranimaltaxa,theaqua]cinsectmaybeconsideredmodelorganismsinanalyzingthestructureandfunc]onoftheinlandwatersbecauseoftheirhighabundance,highbirthratewithshortgenera]on]me,largebiomassandrapidcoloniza]onoffreshwaterhabitats(SharmaandAgrawal2012).Thepresence/absenceofcertainfamiliesofaqua]cinsectscanindicatethequalityofthewaterbody.Mostinsectsareadaptedtoeitheralen]coralo]chabitat,butoverlapsarecommonsuchasinthefloodplainsoflargerivers.Themostcontroversialcurrentissuesarethebuildingofthedamsandblas]ngofrapidandvariousenvironmentaldisturbancestolerantlevels(ArimoroandIkomi2000).Consequently,changesinphysico-chemicalproper]es(temperature,dissolvedoxygen,carbonate,alkalinity,phosphates,nitratesandmetalconcentra]ons)canadverselyaffectthediversity,

distribu]onandcomposi]onofaqua]cinsects(Odum1971,Boyd1979).Theseasonalityandaqua]cvegeta]onaffectthediversityofwaterbeetlesintropicalandtemperatewaters(ManivannanandMadani,2012).

Watertemperatureisprobablythemostimportantenvironmentalvariable.Itaffectsmetabolicac]vi]es,growth,feeding,reproduc]on,distribu]onandmigratorybehaviorsofaqua]corganisms(Largler1997,Clillet2006,Suski2006).Indiaisoneofthemega-biodiversitycountriesintheworldandoccupiestheninthposi]onintermsoffreshwatermega-biodiversity(MiMermeier1997).InManipur,howeverliMleisknownaboutaqua]cinsectsdespiteitspoten]alsasabiodiversityhotspotasitliesonNorth-EasternIndia.Althoughsomepreliminarysurveyswerereportedontheaqua]cinsectsofphumdisofLoktakLake(Takhelmayum2011)especiallyinthewater,attherimofwaterandliMoralareasofsurroundingsinforma]onislackingwithregardtoLoktakLake.Therefore,thespeciesdiversityoftheaqua]cinsectsfromtheseareaswerestudiedtoexpandthedatabaseofaqua]cinsectsinLoktakLakeofManipur.Inviewoftheimportanceroleplayedbytheaqua]cinsectintheecosystem,thepresentworkwasconductedtodeterminethespeciesrichnessandabundanceofaqua]cinsectsintheLoktakLakeofManipur,NorthEasternpartofIndia.

MaterialsandMethodsStudyarea:Thepresentstudywasconductedat5sitesofLoktakLakeduringMarch2012toFebruary2013.TheLoktakLakeisthelargestfreshwaterlakeandswampintheNorthEastIndia.Itliesinbetween24°25'Nto24°40'Nla]tudeand93°45'Eto93°55'ElongitudeintheSouthernpartoftheImphalValleyofManipur(Fig.1).Thegeo-coordinatesandhabitatprofileofthefivedifferentsitesofLoktakLakeareprovidedinTable1.

FieldMethodsAqua]cinsectssamplingwascollectedfromthedifferentmicrohabitatsforonehourateachsitetostandardizesamplingeffort.InsectswerecollectedusingD-Framenetwithameshsizeof0.5mm.Thenumbersofindividualwerenoteddown.ThelargesizedbeetleswerecapturedusingboMletrapsinhorizontalposi]onandalsoinver]calposi]on.ArertwodaystheboMletrapswereremovedandtrappedbeetleswerepreservedin70%alcohol(Hilsenhoff1991)andbroughtbacktothelaboratoryandiden]fiedwiththehelpofstandardiden]fica]onmanualsand

Aqua'cInsectFaunaandDiversityinfivedifferentsitesofLoktakLakeofManipur,NorthEastIndia

1M.BhubaneshwariDevi,O.SandhyaraniDeviandSalamDineshwarSinghLaboratoryofEntomology,P.G.DepartmentofZoology

D.M.CollegeofScience,Imphal-7950011Email:[email protected]



Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 31

publishedliteratures(Andersenetal.2004,BalandBasu1994a,b,Bouchard2004,Epler2010,Wes|alletal.1996).DataAnalysisDatacollectedfromthestudyweretestedfornormality.Datawhichfailednormalitywerenotusedforfurtheranalysis.Speciesdiversity(Shannon-Weinerindex),componentofdominance(Simpsondominanceindex)andBerger-Parkerdominanceweredeterminedforeachsite.Comparisoninspeciescomposi]onbetweendifferentsiteswases]matedusingsinglelinkageclusterbasedonBray-Cur]ssimilarity.Speciesrecordedinthisstudywererankedonthebasisofrela]veabundanceofindividualspecies.Dataofspeciesrichnesscountsofoneyearfromthestudyareawerepooledtogetrarefac]oncurvesforcomparisonofes]matedspeciesrichnessbetweenthesites.ThepackageofBiodiversityProfessionalversion2wasusedtodeterminediversityindices,clusteranalysis,rarefac]oncurves,speciesrichnesses]matesandalsousedforrankabundancediagram(NeilMcAleeceetal.1997).

ResultsInsectfaunaAtotalof3079individualsofaqua]cinsectsrepresen]ng57speciesbelongingto44genera,24familiesand6orderswererecorded.Maximumof797individualand57speciesofaqua]cinsectswererecordedinPhubala(siteI)followedbyThinungei(siteIII)with695individualand56species,Takmupat(siteII)with658individualand55species,Ningthoukhong(siteIV)with471individualand56speciesandminimumof458individualand56specieswererecordedinOksoipat(siteV).Elevenspeciesarereportedforthefirst]mefromthestate.Outof11species,3speciesbelongstoHemiptera,7speciesbelongstoColeopteraand1fromTrichoptera(Table.2).

SpeciesDiversityandAbundancePaSernThepresentstudiesrevealthatColeopteraisthedominantorderwithrespecttospeciesdiversity(41.60%species),followedbyHemiptera(40.47%),Odonata(9.16),Diptera(5.72%),Ephemeroptera(2.5%)andTrichoptera(0.39%)(Table.3).

ThesamplesizeofthefivedifferentsiteswerecomparedandShannonHwithlogbase10indicatedthatthesiteI(Hs=1.647)showedmaximumdiversityandleastdominance(Ds=0.026)followedbythesiteIII(Hs=1.65andDS=0.025)siteII(Hs=1.604andDs=0.031),siteIV(Hs=1.622Ds=0.028)andsiteV(Hs=1.75Ds=0.033)speciesdiversityinvegeta]onsiteIandsiteIIwerehigherthanvegeta]onpoorsiteII,siteIVandsiteV.HillsdiversityindexindicatedthatsiteIandsiteIIIwasrichest(15species)followedbysiteIV(14species),siteIIandsiteV(with13specieseach)(Table.4)

SpeciesRanking

Thespecieswererankedaccordingtotheirabundance.AbundancerankingshowedthatsiteIandsiteIIIhadlessnumberofrarespeciesandhadmorenumberofcommonspeciesascomparedtoothersites.

ComparisonofspeciesturnoveramongdifferentsitesToexaminethedifferenceinspeciescomposi]onbetweenthedifferentsites(habitat)BrayCur]sclusteranalysis(singlelink)wascalculatedbasedonthesimilarityrichnessandabundanceofwaterbeetletaxa.Itshowedthatthepopula]onstructuresimilaritywasveryclosesimilarbetweenthesiteIandsiteIIIwhichformasingleclusterandsiteIVandsiteVformedanothercluster.SiteIIstoodapartasanoutgroupoftheclusterconsis]ngofsiteIVandsiteV.Theoverallspeciescomposi]onandpopula]onstructureatsiteIandsiteIIIweremoresimilarcomparedtositeIVandsiteVwhereassiteIIwascompletelydifferentfromthesetwogroups(Fig.4).

Habitatpreferencespeciesdistribu'onSpeciesdistribu]onofwaterbeetlefaunaatdifferentsiteswasassessed.Almostallthespeciesshowedrandomandaggregateddistribu]on(Table5).

DiscussionandConclusionsDuringthestudy,57speciesofaqua]cinsectswererecorded.Thesebelongto6orders–viz.,Ephemeroptera,Odonata,Hemiptera,Coleoptera,Diptera,andTrichoptera.Theaqua]cinsectscons]tuteanimportantpartofmacrozoobenthosoffreshwaterhabitatsandhavetheirgreatestabundanceanddiversityinthetemperateregions.Smallandtemporaryorwetlandshavemorespeciesthanlargeandpermanentwaterbodies.Theseinsectsarenotselec]veintheirchoiceofwaterbodiesandoccurinawidevarietyofhabitats,althoughmanyspeciesmayprefercertaintypesofwaterbodies.InsectsbelongingtoEphemeroptera,Odonata,Hemiptera,Coleoptera,DipteraandTrichopterashowedhighrichnessandabundance.Elevenspecies,Gerrissp.,Aquariussp.,Paraplealitutrata,Hydrovatusacuminatus,Hydrovatusbonvouloire,Leiodytenicobaricus,Hydrocanthusguigno,,Neohydrocoptussubvitulus,Donaciasp.,Notoidessp.andPhryganeidsp.arereportedhereasnewrecordforthestateofManipur.

OverallspeciesabundanceandrichnessrevealedthatinsectsoftheOrderColeopterawerethemostabundantandTrichopterawasthelessabundantintheLoktakLakeofManipur.Ephemeropteranwereabundantintermsofindividualbutleastinspeciesdiversity.ThisrevealedthatthewaterofLoktakLakewasnotpollutedandrichinvegeta]on.Familywise,memberoftheDy]scidaewasthemostspeciesrichinsectsfollowedbyHydrophilidae,Nepidae,Notonec]dae,GerridaeandLibellulidae,Corixidae,Belostoma]dae,NoteridaeandPhrygaeidaewastheminimumnumberofspeciesandindividuals.Manyof

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 32

them,especiallyDy]scidsandmanyHydrophilidsaregenerallyfoundinhabitatofsmallwaterbodiesoronthemarginoflakes,riveretc.andtheyoccupythezoneofemergentvegeta]on,matsofplantdebris,orfloodedterrestrialvegeta]onalongtheshoreline.ThakareandZade(2011)studiedthediversity,abundanceandspeciescomposi]onofwaterbeetlesinKolkasRegionofMelghatTigerReserve,CentralIndiaandcollected13speciesofwaterbeetles.Kiyaketal.(2006)collected31aqua]cbeetlesfromtheprovinceDenizli,Aydin,IsparkandAntalyainSouthwestMediterraneanregionofTurkey.HoweverMajumderetal.(2013)inTripurareportedOrderHemipterawasthemostdominantinsectsinUrbanFreshWaterofTripura.InthisstudyDipteraandTrichopterawastheleastdominantorder,whichsuggestthattheLoktaklakeofManipurarelesspollutedandrichinaqua]cvegeta]on(Mullietal.2000,Verma2010andTakhelmayum2011).InthepresentstudyColeopteracons]tute41.60%,prevalenceofDy]scidaeisindica]veoftheecologicalhealthofstudiedlake,Dy]scidaeandNoteridaegenerallypreferleavesofsubmergedaqua]cvegeta]oninclearfreshwaterlakeandarepredaciousinnature.IncontrastHydrophilidaeinhabitsshallowerregionsofwaterbodieswithabundantmacrophytesandfeedondetritus,algae,decayingvegeta]vemaMer(Khan2001).AmongtheinsectsOrderDipteraandTrichopterapreferlen]cecosystem(Blakely2011),becausemanyofthedipteranpreferlen]chabitatsarebreedinggroundandearlylifestages(Majumder2013).Thedipteranspeciesweremostlyrepresentedbylarvaeofdifferentmosquitoesandchironomidflieswhichwasinverselypropor]onaltodissolveoxygenofthelakeandpresenceoftheseaqua]cinsectsindicatesthatthepresenceofmoreorganicdecaywhichhasresultedingoodgrowthofmacro-hydrophytesinthelake.

ThepresentstudyrevealsthatthemostabundantanddiverseinsectswerefoundinsiteIandsiteIIIsugges]ngthepresenceofluxuriantaqua]cvegeta]onwhichisnecessaryforshelters,oviposi]onsitesandfood(Korkeamaki2002).Theresultindicatedthatthediversityoftheaqua]cinsectfaunaofLoktakLakewasrela]velyhigh(44generaand57species).Theaqua]cinsectsfaunainthepresentinves]ga]onweredominatedbythefamilyDy]scidaewhichcomprised10speciesfollowedbyHydrophilidae(8species)andNepidae(5species).

Freshwaterprovidedhabitatformanylifeformsandprovidenumerousbenefitstohumanbeingsdirectlyorindirectly.Inthepresentstudy,atotalof57specieswasrecordedfrom5differentsitesoftheLoktakLakeandthenumberofaqua]cinsectspeciesandtheirabundancevariedamongthelakes.DominanceofColeopteranandHemipteraninsectsindicatesthatLoktakLakesofManipurisrela]velylesspolluted.

AcknowledgementsTheauthorsaregratefultothePrincipal,D.M.CollegeofScience,ImphalandHeadofDepartmentofZoology,D.M.CollegeofScience,Imphalforgivinglaboratoryfacili]es.TheauthorsalsoremainthankstotheMinistryofEnvironment&Forestforgivingthefinancialassistance.

ReferencesAndersen,N.M.andT.A.Weir(2004).Australianwaterbugs.TheirBiologyandIden,fica,on(Hemiptera-Heteroptera,Gerromorpha&Nepomorpha).CSIROPublishers,AustraliaArimoro,F.O.andR.B.Ikomi(2008).Responseofmicro-invertebratestoabaMoirwastesandotheranthropogenicac]vi]esinamunicipalstreamintheNigerDelta.Environmentalist.28;85-98.Bal,A.&R.C.Basu(1994a).Insecta:Hemiptera:Belostoma]dae,Nepidae,Notonec]daeandPleidae.StateFaunaSeries3:FaunaofWestBengal,Part-5:535-558.Bal,A.&R.C.Basu(1994b).Insecta:Hemiptera:Mesovellidae,Hydromatridae,VeliidaeandGerridae.StateFaunaSeries3:FaunaofWestBengal,Part-5:511-534.Blakely,T.J.,J.S.Harding&R.K.Didham,(2011).Dis]nc]veaqua]cassemblagesinwater–filledtreeholes:anovalcomponentoffreshwaterbiodiversityinNewZealandtemperaterainforests.InsectConserva,ondoi:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00155.x.Boyd,C.E.(1979).Waterqualityinwarmwaterfishponds.AuburnUniversity,AgricultureExperimentSta,on,Alabama.359pp.Bouchard,R.W.,(2004).Guidetoaqua]cmacroinvertebratesoftheUpperMidwest.WaterResourcesCentre,UniversityofMinnesota,St.Paul,MN.208pp.Crillet,C.&P.Que'n,(2006).Effectoftemperaturechangesonthereproduc]vecycleofloachinlakeGenevafrom1983to2001.JournalofFishBiology69:518-534.Dudgeon,D.(1999).Thefuturenow:prospectsfortheconserva]onofriverinebiodiversityinAsia.Aqua,cConserva,on:MarineandFreshwaterEcosystems9:497-501.Epler,J.H.(2010).TheWaterBeetlesofFlorida:AnIden]fica]onManualfortheFamiliesChrysomelidae,Curculionidae,Dryopidae,Dy]scidae,Elmidae,Gyrinidae,Haliplidae,Helophoridae,Hydraenidae,Hydrochidae,Hydrophilidae,Noteridae,PsephenidaeP]lodactylidae,Scir]dae.FloridaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtec,on,Tallahassee.414pp.Hilsenhoff,W.L.(1991).ComparisionofboMletrapwithaD-framenetforcollec]ngadultsandlarvaeofDy]scidaeandHydrophilidae(Coleoptera).TheColeopteristBulle,n,45(2):l43-146.

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 33

Khan,R.A.&L.K.Ghosh,(2001).Faunaldiversityofaqua]cinsectsinfreshwaterwetlandsofSouthEasternWestBengal.ZoologicalSurveyofIndia,Kolkata,104pp.Kiyak,S.,S.A.Canbulat,&Darilmaz(2006).Addi]onalnotesonaqua]ccoleopteranfaunaofTurkeywithanewrecord(Helophoridae,Hydrophilidae)MunisEntomologyandZoology1(2):273-278.Korkeamaki,E.&J.Suhonen(2002).Distribu]onandhabitatspecializa]onofspeciesaffectslocalex]nc]onindragonflyodonatapopula]on.Ecography,25(4):459-465.Largler,K.F.,J.E.Badach,R.R.Miller&D.R.M.Passimo(1977).“Ichthyology”,JohnWileyandSonsInc.,NewYork,506.Majumder,J.,K.R.Das,P.Majumder,D.Ghosh&B.K.Agarwala(2013).Aqua]cInsectFaunaandDiversityinUrbanFreshWaterLakesofTripura,NortheastIndia.Middle-EastJournalofScien,ficResearch13(1):25-32.Majumder,J.,R.Goswami&B.K.Agarwal,(2011).APreliminaryStudyontheinsectcommunityofPhytotelmata,anephenseralecosysteminTripura,NortheastIndia.Nebio,2:27-31.MiSermeier,R.A.,G.A.B.FonsecaDa,A.B.Rylands&C.G.MiSermeier(1997).In:R.A.MiMermeier,P.RoblesGilandC.G.MiMermeier,(Edi]on.).Megadiversity:Earth’sBiologicallyWealthiestNa,ons,CEMEX,Monterrey,Mexico,39-49pp.MerriS,R.W.,K.W.Cummins&M.B.Berg(2008).Anintroduc,ontotheAqua,cInsectofNorthAmerica.4thed.,1158pp.Muli,J.R.,K.M.Mavu'&N'ba(2000).Macro-invertebratefaunaofwaterhyacinthintheKenyanwaterofLakeVictoria.Interna,onalJournalofEcologyandEnvironmentalScience26:281-302.Manivann,D.&J.I.Madani,(2012).Diversityofaqua]cbeetlesfrompondsatChennai.IndianJournalofEntomology,74(3):215-219.NeilMcAleece,P.J.,D.Lambshead&G.L.J.Paterson(1997):Biodiversitypro(Version2).TheNaturalHistoryMuseum,London.Odum,E.P.(1971).FundamentalsofEcology,thirded.W.B.SaundersCo.,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.574pp.

SharmaR.K.&N.Agrawal,(2012).Faunaldiversityofaqua]cinsectsinSurhaTalofDistrict-Ballia(U.P.),India.JournalofAppliedandNaturalScience.4(1):60-64.Suski,C.D.,S.S.Killen,J.D.Keiffer&B.L.Tuos,(2006).Theinfluenceofenvironmentaltemperatureandoxygenconcentra]onontherecoveryoflargemouthbassfromexercise.Implica]onsforlive-releaseanglingtournaments.JournalofFishBiology68:120-136.Takhelmayum,K.&S.Gupta(2011).Distribu]onofaqua]cinsectsinphumdis(floa]ngisland)ofLoktakLake,Manipur,NortheastIndia.JournalofThreatenedTaxa3(6):1856-1861.Thakare,G.V.&S.V.Zade(2011).Diversity,Abundanceandspeciescomposi]onofwaterbeetles(Coleopteran:Dy]scidae,HydrophilidaeandGyrinidae)inKolkasRegionofMelghatTigerReserve,CentralIndia.AcademicJournalofEntomology,4(2):64-71.Thani,I.&C.Phalaraksh(2008).Apreliminarystudyofaqua]cinsectdiversityandwaterqualityofMekongriver,Thailand.KKUScienceJournal36:95-106.Verma,A.K.&D.N.Saksena(2010).ImpactofPollu]ononSewageCollec]ngRiverKalpi(Morar)Gwalior(M.P)withspecialreferencetowaterqualityandMacrozoobenthicFauna.AsianJournalofExperimentalBiologyandScience1(1):155-161.Wesrall,M.J.Jr.&K.J.Tennessen(1996).Odonata,pp.164-211.In:MerriM,R.W.,K.W.Cummins(eds.).Anintroduc,ontotheAqua,cInsectofNorthAmerica-3rdEdi]on.Kendell/HuntpublishingCompany.Dubuque,Lowa.

Table1:Coordinates(UTM)andal'tudes(Alt.)of5collec'onsitesofLoktakLakeofManipur

SiteNo.

Loca'ons Habitattypes

UTM Alt

LL1 Phubala Wetland N24032.265'E93045.755'

861

LL2 Takmupat Len]c N24029.221'E93048.580'

804

LL3 Thinungei Wetland N24032.806'E93046.174'

864

LL4 Ningthoukhong

Wetland N24034.613'E93046.704'

870

LL5 Oksoipat len]c N24028.005'E91020.888'

863

Index Phubala(SiteI)

Takmupat(SiteII)

Thinungei(SiteIII)

Ningthoukhong(SiteIV)

Oksoipat(SiteV)

ShannonH'LogBase10SimpsonDiversity(D)Hill'sNumberBerger-ParkerDominance(d)Berger-ParkerDominance(1/d)

1.6470.02656

0.05617.77

1.6040.03153

0.07613.16

1.650.02556

0.05518.21

1.6220.02855

0.07613.08

1.5750.03355

0.09410.61

Table4:Diversityindicesfor5differentsitesatLoktakLakeofManipur

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 34

NameofSpecies Phubala(SiteI)

Takmupat(SiteII)

Thinungei(SiteIII)

Ningthoukhong(SiteIV)

Oksoipat(SiteV)

RA(%)

Bae,ssp. 28 4 21 8 16 2.50Rhyothemisdecoratus 10 10 8 4 3 1.14Rhodothemisrufa 14 12 7 3 1 1.20Pantalaflavescens 12 9 7 5 4 1.20Ischnurasp. 13 27 16 18 15 2.90Trameasp. 21 16 21 14 12 2.73Diplonychusrus,cus 38 50 35 25 20 5.46Diplonychusmolestus 28 36 22 18 15 3.86Lethocerusindicus 5 3 2 1 1 0.39Laccotrephesgriseus 12 9 10 8 4 1.40Laccotrephesruber 21 18 15 6 2 2.01Ranatravaripes 12 12 8 3 3 1.23Ranatrasordidula 9 6 7 5 6 1.07Ranatragracilis 5 8 5 3 2 0.74Anisopsba,lliforns 7 10 8 3 6 1.10Anisopssardea 4 5 3 2 1 0.49Enithareciliata 6 9 5 3 3 0.84Enitharemandalayensis 6 8 6 5 4 0.94Micronectascutellaris 45 50 38 36 42 6.85Micronectahaliploides 35 42 32 25 23 5.09Sigaradistorta 5 7 3 2 3 0.65Limnogonushyalinpennis 5 9 4 3 1 0.71Limnogonusni,dus 4 6 3 2 2 0.55Aquariussp. 8 8 6 5 4 1.00Gerrissp. 7 13 6 4 2 1.04Mesoveliadouglasi 0 8 3 3 2 0.51Mesoveliavidgera 4 12 0 3 0 0.61Paraplealitutrata 15 17 16 13 12 2.37Hydrometragreeni 8 21 7 4 6 1.49Hydrochussp. 14 23 12 8 6 2.05Hydrovatusacuminatus 23 12 21 13 12 2.63Hydrovatusbonvouloiri 22 10 20 12 11 2.43Hydrophilusindicus 25 8 12 15 12 2.33Tropisternussp. 12 7 11 8 4 1.36Rhantussp. 6 4 5 3 3 0.68Cybistertripunctatus 7 3 8 4 2 0.78Cybistersugillatus 6 4 5 3 1 0.62Leiodytesnicobaricus 15 8 15 6 12 1.82Hydrocanthusguigno, 23 12 21 10 15 2.63Canthydrusni,dus 6 4 4 12 11 1.20Laccophiluschinensis 24 14 18 12 14 2.66Laccophilusparvulus 23 12 21 13 14 2.69Laccophilusineficience 13 10 12 11 11 1.85Enochrussp. 6 3 6 4 2 0.68Amphiopssp. 12 8 16 8 7 1.65NeohydrocoptussubviLulus 14 9 13 8 5 1.59Regimbar,aaLenuata 34 14 31 12 21 3.63Helocharescrenatus 10 5 13 6 9 1.40Halipidsp. 12 3 10 11 8 1.42Cercyonsp. 10 12 14 8 6 1.62Donaciasp. 3 0 5 0 1 0.30No,odessp. 5 0 3 3 2 0.42Hydrogyphusflammulatus 31 16 23 17 14 3.28Chironomussp. 15 2 12 6 8 1.40Culexsp. 34 10 25 20 26 3.73Tipulasp. 5 0 6 4 3 0.58Phryganeidsp. 3 0 6 3 0.39

Table2:Listofspecies,Numberofindividualsandrela'veabundanceofaqua'cinsectsrecordedinfivedifferentsitesofLoktakLakeofManipur

Note:RA-Rela]veabundance

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 35

Species Variance Mean Chi-sq d.f. Probability Aggrega'on

Bae,ssp. 93.8 15.4 24.3636 4 9.16E-005 AggregatedRhyothemisdecoratus 11 7 6.2857 4 0.1773348 RandomRhodothemisrufa 31.3 7.4 16.9189 4 0.0021562 AggregatedPantalaflavescens 10.3 7.4 5.5676 4 0.2326716 RandomIschnurasp. 29.7 17.8 6.6742 4 0.1526458 RandomTrameasp. 10.3 8.4 4.9048 4 0.2966347 RandomDiplonychusrus,cus 74.3 14.4 20.6389 4 0.0004432 AggregatedDiplonychusmolestus 137.3 33.6 16.3452 4 0.0027523 AggregatedLethocerusindicus 70.2 23.8 11.7983 4 0.0188761 AggregatedLaccotrephesgriseus 2.8 2.4 4.6667 4 0.3229727 RandomLaccotrephesruber 8.8 8.6 4.093 4 0.3942193 RandomRanatravaripes 65.3 12.4 21.0645 4 0.00037 AggregatedRanatrasordidula 20.3 7.6 10.6842 4 0.0300778 RandomRanatragracilis 2.3 6.6 1.3939 4 0.8464541 RandomAnisopsba,lliforns 5.3 4.6 4.6087 4 0.3296678 RandomAnisopssardea 6.7 6.8 3.9412 4 0.585039 RandomEnithareciliata 2.5 3 3.3333 4 0.5057687 RandomEnitharemandalayensis 6.2 5.2 4.7692 4 0.3113999 RandomMicronectascutellaris 2.2 5.8 1.5172 4 0.8253087 RandomMicronectahaliploides 31.2 42.2 2.9573 4 0.5677307 RandomSigaradistorta 59.3 31.4 7.5541 4 0.107998 RandomLimnogonushyalinpennis 4 4 4 4 0.4068319 RandomLimnogonusni,dus 8.8 4.4 8 4 0.0903743 RandomAquariussp. 2.8 3.4 3.2941 4 0.512038 RandomGerrissp. 3.2 6.2 2.0645 4 0.7269872 RandomMesoveliadouglasi 17.3 6.4 10.8125 4 0.0285125 RandomMesoveliavidgera 8.7 3.2 10.875 4 0.0277791 RandomParaplealitutrata. 24.2 3.8 25.4737 4 5.74E-005 AggregatedHydrometragreeni 4.3 14.6 1.1781 4 0.8818277 RandomHydrochussp. 45.7 9.2 19.8696 4 0.0006145 AggregatedHydrovatusacuminatus 43.8 12.6 13.9048 4 0.0077603 AggregatedHydrovatusbonvouloiri 28.7 16.2 7.0864 4 0.1299349 RandomHydrophilusindicus 31 15 8.2667 4 0.0811769 RandomTropisternussp. 41.3 14.4 11.4722 4 0.0216422 AggregatedRhantussp. 1.7 4.2 1.619 4 0.807461 RandomCybistertripunctatus 6.7 4.8 5.5833 4 0.2313087 RandomCybistersugillatus 3.7 3.8 3.8947 4 0.5785379 RandomLeiodytesnicobaricus 16.7 11.2 5.9643 4 0.2004492 RandomHydrocanthusguigno, 31.7 16.2 7.8272 4 0.0968558 RandomCanthydrusni,dus 14.8 7.4 8 4 0.0903743 RandomLaccophiluschinensis 22.8 16.4 5.561 4 0.2332436 RandomLaccophilusparvulus 25.3 16.6 6.0964 4 0.1906399 RandomLaccophilusineficience 1.3 11.4 0.4561 4 0.9743853 RandomEnochrussp. 3.2 4.2 3.0476 4 0.5524901 RandomAmphiopssp. 14.2 10.2 5.5686 4 0.2325798 RandomNeohydrocoptussubviLulus 13.7 9.8 5.5918 4 0.2305765 RandomRegimbar,aaLenuata 97.3 22.4 17.375 4 0.0017758 AggregatedHelocharescrenatus 10.3 8.6 4.7907 4 0.3090216 RandomHalipidsp. 12.7 8.8 5.7727 4 0.2154767 RandomCercyonsp. 10 10 4 4 0.4068319 RandomDonaciasp. 4.7 1.8 10.4444 4 0.0332318 RandomNo,odessp. 3.3 2.6 5.0769 4 0.2787275 RandomHydrogyphusflammulatus 47.7 20.2 9.4455 4 0.0502163 RandomChironomussp. 25.8 8.6 12 4 0.0173428 AggregatedCulexsp. 78 23 13.5652 4 0.0089603 AggregatedTipulasp. 5.3 3.6 5.8889 4 0.2062486 RandomPhryganeidsp. 6.3 2.4 10.5 4 0.0324734 Random

Table5:Distribu'onprofileofaqua'cinsectfaunaatLoktakLakeofManipur

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 36

Order Family Species IndividualEphemeroptera Bae]dae 1 77Odonata Libellulidae

Coenagrionidae41

19689

Hemiptera Belostoma]daeNepidaePleidaeHydrometridaeCorixidaeNotonec]daeGerridae

3511344

299947346388113102

Coleoptera Dy]scidaeHydrophilidaeChrysomelidaeNoteridaeHaliplidaeCurculionidae

1081311

5994549

1674413

Diptera ChironomidaeCulicidaeTipulidae

111

4311518

Trichoptera Phryganeidae 1 12Total 57 3079

Table3:Distribu'onprofileofaqua'cinsectfaunaatLoktakLakeofManipur

Figure4:Dendrogramcomparingdifferentsitesbytheiraqua'cinsectspeciesprofile.

Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 37

Anumberofdifferentsolitarywaspsexistinandaroundhouses,yardsandgardens.Becauseoftheirregularassocia]onswithhumans,theseinsectsoreninduceagreatdealofworry.Though,solitarywaspsveryrarelys]ng,andthenonlyifmishandled.Unliketheirsocialrela]ves,paperwasps,hornets,andyellowjackets,thesesolitaryformsdonotdefendtheirnestorburrow,thusseldoms]ngpeople.

Withinaculeatesolitarywasps,thecollec]onofmudasamainoraccomplicematerialfornestconstruc]onseemstohaveevolvedseveral]mes,assuggestedbythedistribu]onofthisbehaviouracrossdifferentlineages.MuddauberwaspofthegenusSceliphronincludesolitarywaspspecieswhichbuildtheirnestsusingmudcollectedfromsoilintheformofsphericalmudballs.Nestsarefoundinavarietyofshelteredanddryplaces,orenassociatedwithhumanbuildingsandarecomposedofanumberofbroodcells(BohartandMenke1976,Budrys2001).Femalesaccumulatepreyinthesenests,consis]ngofparalyzedspiders,andthenlaytheireggs(Rau1935,Polidorietal.2007).Majoraspectsofnes]ngandforagingecologyarewellfamiliarintheliteratureforadiversityofSceliphronspecies(RauandRau1916,Mazek-Fialla1936,Grandi1961,White1962)butveryscantinforma]onisavailableonmudcollec]on,buildingofnestsandmud-carryingbehaviours.Therefore,inthepresentcommunica]oneffortsweremadetostudydetailedstructureofamuddauberwasp,Sceliphronsp.inSolapur,Maharashtra.

ThepresentstudyhasbeencarriedoutinthemonthofDecember2015.IncidentallySRAcollectedthenestfromNa]onalLaundry,EkataNagar,Solapur(17°39'57"N;75°55'36"E).On06.12.2015,theproprietorhashandedoverthenestofmudwasptoSRA.Thenesthasbeenconstructedontheironedtrouserofcustomer.SRAbroughtthesametothelaboratoryinhalflitercapacityplas]ccontainerforfurtherstudies.Itisiden]fiedasSceliphronsp.Thenestmeasured2.5cminlengthand2.7cminwidth(Fig.1).Theweightofen]renestwas3.562g.Inall,threebroodcellswerenotedcontainingdevelopingstagesofthewaspincludingtwolarvaeandonecocoon(Fig.2).Themeanlengthandwidthofthebroodcellwas1.66cmand6mmrespec]vely(n=3).Onebroodcellonthedorsalsideofnestwasobserved,whichwasempty(Fig.3).Thiscellmightbeusedforres]ngofadultwasp.Theaveragelengthoflarvaewas1.1cmandwidthwas5mm.(Fig.4).Thecocoon

wasbrownandmeasured1.6cminlengthand4mminwidth.Towarditsposteriorenddarkblackcoloredbandwasseen.Femalesstorepreyinthesenests,consis]ngofparalyzedspiders,andthenlaytheireggs(Rau1935,Polidorietal.2007).Duringthepresentstudynopreyhasbeenrecordedinbroodcells.Duetopaucityof]metherearingwasnotpossibletoauthors.

ReferencesBohart,R.M.andMenke,A.S.(1976).Sphecidwaspsoftheworld.Agenericrevision.Berkeley,C.A.:Univ.ofCaliforniaPress.Budrys,E.(2001).Ontheoriginofnestbuildingbehaviourindiggerwasp(Hymenoptera,Apoidea).NorwayJournalofEntomology,48:45-49.Grandi,G.(1961).StudidiunentomologosugliimenoMerisuperiori.Bolonga,Italy:Claderrini.Mazek-Fialla,K.(1936).AngabenzurLebensweisevonSceliphrondes]llatoriusIllig.AmNeusiedlersee,mitbesondererBerucksich]nggungdesNestbaues.Z.Wiss.Zool.,148:298-308.Polidori,C.Federici,M.,Pesarini,C.andAndriet,F.(2007).Factorsaffec]ngspiderpreyselec]onbySceliphronMuddauberwasps(Hymenoptera:Sphecidae)inNorthernItaly.AnimalBiology,57:11-28.Rau,P.(1935).Thespiderpreyofthemudwasp,Sceliphroncaementarium(Araneae,Hymenoptera:Sphecidae).EntomologicalNews,46:267-270.Rau,P.andRau,N.(1916).Thebiologyofthemuddaubingwaspsasrevealedbythecontentsoftheirnests.JournalofAnimalBehaviour,6:27-63.White,E.(1962).Nest-buildingandprovisioninginrela]ontosexinSceliphronspirifexL.(Sphecidae).JournalofAnimalEcology,31:317-329.

Anoteonstructureofnestofamuddauberwasp,Sceliphronsp.inSolapur,Maharashtra

S.R.Aland,S.S.Kalshet,M.J.KhobareandS.A.ShaikhDepartmentofZoology,WalchandCollegeofArtsandScience,AshokChowk,Solapur-413006Maharashtra


Fig.1 Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Nest structure and developing stages of Mud dauber wasp



Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 38

Announcement

ICE 2016- International Congress of Entomology25th - 30th September 2016, Florida, USA

The latest global entomological research will be presented under the theme "Entomology without Borders" during the XXV International Congress of Entomology, September 25-30, 2016, in Orlando, Florida, USA. It will emphasize the global impact of entomology along with a multidisciplinary approach to explore and expand our scientific frontiers. ICE 2016 will be the largest gathering of scientists and experts in the history of the discipline, with an expected attendance of over 6,000 individuals. The scientific program of ICE 2016 will feature a variety of sessions including plenary sessions, symposia, 15-minute papers and poster sessions. There are 30 sections covering a range of topics. 287 symposia have been accepted under the different sections from the global entomological community. The symposia will highlight the most recent advances in a wide diversity of entomological subjects around the global theme during this six-day event.

Under the section, “Apidology, Sericulture and Social Insects”, the symposium with the following details has been accepted.

Title: Insects and Ecosystem Services with Special Reference to Pollination Biology

The themes of the symposium are 1. Insect pollinators and plant propagation 2. Insect products for human welfare 3. Butterfly parks and ecotourism aspects. This symposium will address the theme of beneficial insects and ecosystem services. The symposium will highlight insects as friends of humankind.

The symposium can have 3 sessions one hour each with oral and poster presentations. The oral presentations can be of 15 minutes each. Abstracts must be written in English and with 250 words or less and providing key words. Please add your address and mail ID for correspondence. The abstracts may be sent to the email ID [email protected] within a month.

For more details contact Dr. O.K. RAMADEVI, Symposium Organiser, ICE, 2016 at [email protected] You can also visit the website: http://ice2016orlando.org for more details.





http://ice2016orlando.org/




Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 39

August 11 & 12, 2016

Organized by

School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources, Madurai Kamaraj, University and

National Academy of Biological Sciences (NABS)

ObjectivesThe conference is a national initiative which will focus to accelerate the emergence and growth of the New Biology to achieve solutions to societal challenges in terms of food, energy, environment, health and climate change.

• For its success, the New Biology will require the creative drive and deep knowledge base of individual scientists from across biology and many other disciplines including physical, computational, geosciences, mathematics and engineering.• The New Biology offers the potential to address questions at a scale and with a focus that cannot be undertaken by any single scientific community, agency or sector.• Providing a framework for different communities to work together will lead to synergies and new approaches that no single community could have achieved alone.• A broad array of programs to identify, support and facilitate biology research exists in the federal government but value is being lost by not integrating these efforts.• Interagency insight and oversight is critical to support the emergence and growth of the New Biology Initiative. Interagency leadership will be needed to oversee and coordinate the implementation of the initiative, evaluate its progress, establish necessary working sub-groups, maintain communication, guard against redundancy and identify gaps and opportunities for leveraging results across projects.Conference ThemesThe conference themes focus on New Biological Researches in the subject areas of• AgriculturalSciences• Biological Sciences• EnergySciences• Environmental Sciences• Health Sciences• Climate Change

For more information contact: Prof. Dr. K. Muthuchelian, OrganizingSecretary9th NABS National Conference on New Biological Researches: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Development, School of Energy, Environment and Natural ResourcesMadurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India.Ph: 0452-2458020, 2458471 (Ext. 365); Fax: 0452-2458020, Mobile: 089031 11333Email: [email protected]





Bugs R All, No. 22 - May 2016 # 40

Newsletter of the Invertebrate Conservation and Information Network of South Asia (ICINSA) coordinated by Dr. B.A. Daniel, Scientist, Zoo Outreach Organization

Editor: B.A. DanielEditorial Advisor: Sally Walker & Sanjay Molur

BUGS `R' ALL is published by ZOO and SAsISG as a service to invertebrate conservation community. This issue is published with the financial support of Zoological Society of London.

For communication contact:The Editor, ZOO/SAsISG Office

96 Kumutham Nagar, Vilankurichi Road, Coimbatore 641035, TN, India.Ph: +91 422 2665 450; Fax: 2665 478; Email: [email protected]

Make the most of IUCN World Conservation Congress 2016 -

start planning today! Come, help define the path to a sustainable future. Share, learn, network and influence with high-level experts and decision-makers from government, business and civil society in Hawai'i from 1-10 September 2016.For more details: http://www.iucnworldconservationcongress.org/?dm_i=2GI3,QZYN,40EHZD,1UPGZ,1



http://www.iucnworldconservationcongress.org/?dm_i=2GI3,QZYN,40EHZD,1UPGZ,1




bugs r all apr 2016 final 06may16 ori - a rocha · 1 abasaheb garware college, pune, 2 yashvantrav...

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