Build the Future

Agreement number: SI2.664656

Baseline study for the Plus Energy Building Market

Part 1: PEB-related technologies, their integration in existing PEB objects and

future technological innovation potentials

Elaborated by Ekoport, May 2014

Summary

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3

1. The PEBs definition .......................................................................................................................... 4

2. The reasons for PEBs ....................................................................................................................... 5

3. Expectations from PEBs ................................................................................................................... 6

4. The energy concepts of PEBs ........................................................................................................... 7

4.1 Construction elements and insulation of building envelope ........................................................ 8

4.2 Housing control and building energy management systems (facility management) .................... 9

4.3 Energy production and storage (combustion, co-generation, small biogas units, photovoltaic,

photothermic, heat pumps, hydroelectric) ......................................................................................... 9

4.4 Energy consumption (heating, ventilation, air conditioning, heat recovery, cooling system) ... 12

4.5 HVAC (heating, ventilation, air conditioning, heat recovery, cooling systems) .......................... 14

4.6 Waste and water management ................................................................................................... 14

5. PLUS energy buildings examples ................................................................................................... 15

Effizienzhaus Plus (Plus Energy House) of the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban

Development, Berlin (2011) .............................................................................................................. 15

The spreadsheet list

Spreadsheet 1 Passive and active systems in buildings .......................................................................... 7

Spreadsheet 2 Passive and active technologies in buildings ................................................................... 7

Spreadsheet 3 General parts of energetic building facilities and its equipment .................................... 7

The figures list

Figure 1 The components of a ZEB/PEB architecture during real-time operation. ................................. 8

Figure 2 Water-water heat pump scheme ............................................................................................ 10

Figure 3 Building envelope as an energy source ................................................................................... 10

Figure 4 Optimized consumption control – daily electricity production and consumption ................. 11

Figure 5 Shaft ventilation concept ........................................................................................................ 12

Figure 6 Natural ventilation with support fan concept ......................................................................... 13

Figure 7 Ventilation through building concept ..................................................................................... 13

Figure 8 Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery ............................................................................. 14

Figure 9 Effizienzhaus Plus house technical specifications ................................................................... 15

Figure 10 Effizienzhaus Plus scheme ..................................................................................................... 16

Figure 11 Effizienzhaus Plus- structure of the insulated exterior wall .................................................. 17

Figure 12 Effizienzhaus Plus – insulated roof structure ........................................................................ 18

Figure 13 Effizienzhaus Plus – schematic diagram of the technical concept ........................................ 19

Figure 14 Effizienzhaus Plus – schematic diagram of energy generation ............................................. 20

Figure 15 Effizienzhaus Plus – projected annual energy balance ......................................................... 20

Figure 16 Effizienzhaus Plus – heat provision scheme .......................................................................... 21

Figure 17 Effizienzhaus Plus – electric provision scheme ..................................................................... 21

Figure 18 Effizienzhaus Plus – schematic diagram of the lightning system .......................................... 22

Figure 19 Effizienzhaus Plus – schematic diagram of the ventilation system ....................................... 22

Figure 20 Effizienzhaus Plus – the real photo and conceptual key aspects .......................................... 23

Figure 21 Effizienzhaus Plus – Energy flows with and without electromobility .................................... 24

Introduction

The study of Baseline Scenario for the Plus Energy Building (PEB) Market is compile as the Build the Future project starting point. The goal of the study is to complete the Template-list for PEB-related technologies data collecting and presenting.

Build the Future (BtF) project appears from the demand-side innovation policies and implementing its aspects:

- A set of public measures (to increase demand for innovations, to improve conditions for the up-take of innovations, to improve the articulation of demand, In order to spur innovations and allow their diffusion)

- Aiming to address barriers (affecting market introduction of innovation and their up-take by customers)

- Aiming to support (the transformation of potential market needs into clear market signals)

The typical policy instruments for aspects implementation are public procurement / pre-commercial procurement, innovation oriented regulations and standards, Lead Markets, consumer policies and awareness-raising initiatives and labelling.

The main target of the BtF is to build up the effective Roadmap of PEBs, including definition of goals and time horizon of the process, analysis of the demand, technology development, and market potential (drivers/barriers), consistency analysis and deduction of challenges and action fields and policy recommendations, all of these on nationals and EU level.

The Roll Out Plan is the To Do list how to implement the Roadmap. The Roll out plan defines how the work shall be organised, led, implemented and how progress of the implementation of the roadmap shall be monitored. The Roll out plan need be led by the industry

(organisations, federations), by public sector bodies (national, regional, local), public-private networks, existing European legal entities (Joint Undertakings).

The Baseline study is a part of Work Package 1 of the project and it includes especially PEB-related technologies, their integration in existing PEB objects as well as future technological innovation potentials. Another parts of WP1 are modelling tools for PEB design, monitoring solutions and relevant energy balancing methodologies, Economic factors, e.g. energy price scenarios, expected development of technology costs and the SWOT analyse.

1. The PEBs definition

The project is focused on the Plus Energy Buildings – PEBs, so its object are energetic aspects and total energy balance of buildings. The average buildings consume electricity and fuels for heating, in different amounts.

The buildings that require keeping the overall energy consumption of a building below 120 kilowatt-hours per square metre per year (this is around one-third of energy demand in the average household in the United States and almost half of energy demand in the average household in the European Union) are called Passive houses. Passive house refers to a widely-used German voluntary energy label.

The more above standard then passive houses are Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs). Zero Energy Building should refer to a building with very low energy demand, and that the energy

consumed is primarily supplied by renewable sources. Also it means that ZEBs are buildings whose annual energy balance, both in terms of the final energy and the primary energy, is in equilibrium.

And the top of the buildings energy “evolution” are the Plus Energy Buildings – PEBs – buildings which generate a surplus in the annual balance of final energy and primary energy.

2. The reasons for PEBs

The final energy consumption in buildings is in variously sources declared between 30 – 50 %. The International Energy Agency (IEA) mentions that buildings represent 32% of total final energy consumption. In terms of primary energy consumption, buildings represent around 40% in most IEA countries.

Primary energy consumption refers to the direct use of energy at the source, or supplying users with crude energy which has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process. Final energy consumption refers to energy that is supplied to the consumer for all final energy uses such as heating, cooling and lighting.

(www.iea.org/aboutus/faqs/energyefficiency)

The principal potential and benefits of PEBs are in the decreasing of impacts of net electricity and heating/cooling consumption. Impacts are results of emissions causation, so PEBs, by

supplement renewable energy technologies:

reduce greenhouse gases (eq. CO2 emissions) – decrease global warming

reduce acidifying emissions (eq. SO2 emissions) – decrease acidification

reduce eutrophic emissions (eq. PO43- emissions) – decrease eutrophication

reduce photochemical oxidative emissions (eq. CxHy emissions) – decrease photochemical smog creation

reduce ozone depletion, human toxicity, abiotic depletion potential ….. and many more impact categories

3. Expectations from PEBs

What severally users and stakeholders expecting above all from PEBs?

House owners

Climate protection

Prestige

Desire to become independent from energy imports

Incentive to earn money from power production and feed-in

Intermediaries (architects, energy consultants, researchers, building industry)

Climate protection

Optimization of the building as a system

Brand building for products that differentiate

Politics

Obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Independence of energy imports

Business development

4. The energy concepts of PEBs Energy systems and technologies are passive and active.

Spreadsheet 1 Passive and active systems in buildings

Energy demand Passive system Active system

Heat Preserve heat Efficient heat production

Cold Protection against overheating Dissipate heat

Air Natural ventilation Efficient mechanical ventilation

Light Use of daylight Optimized artificial light

Current Efficient use of power Decentralized power production

Spreadsheet 2 Passive and active technologies in buildings

Passive system Active system

Compact building Photovoltaic cells

Highly insulated Solar thermal collectors

Passive solar gains and efficient sun protection Heat pump / heat recovery

Natural ventilation Energy-efficient appliances

Passive cooling system Energy-efficient lighting

Spreadsheet 3 General parts of energetic building facilities and its equipment

Facility Facility equipment

Construction elements and insulation of building envelope

walls, doors, windows, roofs – thermal resistance, long term energy accumulation

Housing control and building energy management systems

facility management

Energy production combustion, co-generation, small biogas units, photovoltaic, photothermic, heat pumps, hydroelectric

Energy consumption control systems, energy saving appliances

HVAC heating, ventilation, air conditioning, heat recovery, cooling systems

Waste and water management

Figure 1 The components of a ZEB/PEB architecture during real-time operation.

4.1 Construction elements and insulation of building envelope

Keystone: Minimization of consumption by design process!

Energy for heating

Passive standard

Saving armatures

Energy for cooling

Cooling - South orientation

Solid shading elements (PV panels)

Reflective facade optical raster (reflection of direct sunlight, diffuse light goes inside)

Tendency for max. 20 W/m2 load – natural night ventilation + accumulation

Central server – water heating?

4.2 Housing control and building energy management systems (facility management)

Heating (cooling) system

Controlled circulation of hot water (time periods, temperature sensors on distant outputs

Radiating wide area system

Low-temperature for heating / high-temperature for cooling

Integrated piping system in the constructions

Floors used for accumulation (also from solar gains)

Double piping system

High cooling demand is not anticipated

Pre-cooling, pre-heating, predictive control system of the building

Pumps with EC motors (eco-design)

Maximising use of PV electricity

Triggered consumption – „run on demand“ when PV are producing energy

Controlled consumption – „adjust on demand“ – heating systems, pumps etc.

Distributed accumulation

Notebooks in special plugs – controlled charging and discharging

El. Accumulator for boiler room – pumps, ventilators powered by them

Accumulator for each floor

Accumulator for outdoor lighting

Appliances connected to the internet

Power router for management

Controlled charging of accumulators when there is waste electricity

4.3 Energy production and storage (combustion, co-generation, small biogas units,

photovoltaic, photothermic, heat pumps, hydroelectric)

Heat sources (heat pumps) - Basic heat and cooling sources

Water-water

Air-water with flexible output

Connected to the grid

Connected to PV system (special regulation)

Water-water heat pump

Figure 2 Water-water heat pump scheme

Building envelope as energy source

Figure 3 Building envelope as an energy source

Power sources - As a part of the building

PV systems

Wind turbines

Micro-grid / power management of the building

Optimized consumption control

Figure 4 Optimized consumption control – daily electricity production and consumption

Interaction with public grid

Keystone: Minimizing interaction with public grid

Public grid (network) serves only as a backup for case of collapse of alternative

sources or long term low production of our sources

Grid on, Grid off or Grid backup

Supplying power to the network or accumulate it in form of heat/short term in batteries

Controlled distribution system

Necessity to know (measure) the consumption of appliances in the system

4.4 Energy consumption (heating, ventilation, air conditioning, heat

recovery, cooling system)

Definition of equipment and demands in design phase – can we do it better than in the main building?

LED lighting

Some circuits for direct current: exterior lighting, general lighting in combination with distribution of energy

Ventilation

Hybrid system – combination of natural and mechanical ventilation

At least for the office part (residential only with mechanical – non stable operation scheme)

Possibility of natural night ventilation – cooling by automatic windows at night

Connection to building solution – solar chimney

Connection to building safety system

Natural ventilation concept:

A) Shaft ventilation concept with automatic windows or intakes; local shafts (3-5 per building); shafts with solar chimney (see picture below)

Figure 5 Shaft ventilation concept

B) Natural ventilation with support of electric fan with low input

Figure 6 Natural ventilation with support fan concept

C) Ventilation through building – cross ventilation or one side ventilation

Figure 7 Ventilation through building concept

Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery

Instead of night pre-cooling other low-energy cooling

Simulations do not recommend night mechanical ventilation

Activation of building (concrete) core from inside

Circulation of liquid through building envelope (radiation cooling) or through ground

heat exchanger

Figure 8 Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery

Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery

Zone ventilation (per floor, per operation unit)

Small zone ventilation units

All together vent. units - possible merging of units

Under pressure ventilation of toilets

Various placing of ventilation intake to the building (above water area, north facade)

4.5 HVAC (heating, ventilation, air conditioning, heat recovery, cooling systems)

Local recuperation of hot water on output (showers)

Heat accumulation- Long term storage

Storage of all waste heat from the building (simulation needed)

Earth storage system in the building foundations

Easy to create x problematic earth conditions

Other storage system

4.6 Waste and water management

5. PLUS energy buildings examples

Effizienzhaus Plus (Plus Energy House) of the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building

and Urban Development, Berlin (2011)

Efficiency House Plus with Electric Mobility is a 130 square meter experiment that was built in December 2011. Commissioned by Germany’s

Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development, the home produces twice as much energy as it consumes. Launch of a systematic and practical analysis of plus energy buildings (including electromobility).

Figure 9 Effizienzhaus Plus house technical specifications

Figure 10 Effizienzhaus Plus scheme

Construction elements and insulation of building envelope (walls, doors, windows, roofs – thermal resistance, long term energy accumulation)

Using measuring sensors installed in the highly insulated, wood exterior walls, the temperature, humidity as well as the temperature flow will be measured and analyzed in

real time in the home’s exterior walls, its roof and its floor. In particular, this is intended to better describe the moisture in the open-pored insulation material.

The home is constructed on a slab, made of prefabricated, reinforced concrete strip and individual foundations. These foundation elements are surrounded by the cantilever timber panel ground floor structure. The roof and ceiling construction are also made from cantilever timber panels, as are the external and internal bearing walls. Along the entire, glazed east and west façades, individual steel supports provide additional strengthening for the ceiling

and roof constructions. The timber panel components of the home’s shell are

highly insulated, thanks to blown-in cellulose fibers. Additional hemp insulation provides a high level of sound insulation for the interior.

To the extent permitted by the current state of technology, no adhesives are employed to mount the wall and floor coverings so that, in case of a subsequent reconfiguration or redesign, individual types can be separated into clearly identifiable materials.

The picture window area remains uninsulated but is accessible for the electric vehicles. The wood constructions open to the effects of weather in the picture window area are constructed from larch – a very weather-resistant native wood. The floor in the picture window area is made of solid oak, so that, here too, no chemical protection is required.

The construction of the terrace is similar. The generous glass façades are equipped with triple-insulated glass, the gaps between the panes being filled with argon, a noble gas. Beyond this, the glass façade along the east side is also equipped with an exterior sun shield

made of aluminium slats. This shield can be either automatically controlled, or also manually.

The closed façades are clad on the south side with back-ventilated, thin-film solar cells and on the north side with color printed glass that looks the same but does not generate power. Almost the entire roof area is covered.

Figure 11 Effizienzhaus Plus- structure of the insulated exterior wall

Figure 12 Effizienzhaus Plus – insulated roof structure

Housing control and building energy management systems (facility management)

Using weather reports as a basis, the home’s energy management system is designed to estimate the produced energy amounts and energy consumed by the home (for the home itself and for electromobility) and to deduce the battery storage utilization rate. This will permit improved utilization of the generated solar cell current.

Motion sensors turn lights on when they're needed, and household appliances switch themselves on at the most convenient time to exploit surplus power.

Whether cars or smart phones, the house is full of gadgets waiting to be charged. A tangle of

cables makes this possible - except for outdoors, where an induction coil can charge the family's electric vehicles wirelessly through a metal plate.

Figure 13 Effizienzhaus Plus – schematic diagram of the technical concept

Energy production and storage (combustion, co-generation, small biogas units, photovoltaic, photothermic, heat pumps, hydroelectric)

The main source of power comes from a solar array on the roof. The house depends on automated, well-timed use of appliances and a system of batteries to make use of solar energy when the sun isn't shining.

The glass-encased showcase is also equipped with a 40 kWh storage battery. Using newly employed battery management systems and the charging/alternator unit, exhausted lithium ion battery cells from the electromobility area will be examined with regard to their aging, their residual power level and their employment as house batteries. With regard to selecting the correct battery size (battery storage) for the Efficiency House Plus, a newly developed software tool will be employed for the first time to economically ensure the currently high specific expenses of house batteries.

In conjunction with appliances that only use energy when needed, the set up delivers 16,500

kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity per year - far more than the 2,000 kWh that the family (in the pilot project) previously needed. The rest is used to power the family's two electric cars and electric bicycles parked in the garage. Additional power output is fed into the public grid.

Figure 14 Effizienzhaus Plus – schematic diagram of energy generation

Figure 15 Effizienzhaus Plus – projected annual energy balance

Energy consumption (heating, ventilation, air conditioning, heat recovery, cooling systems)

The completely glass-enclosed east and west faces provide a generous feeling of space and allow a great amount of daylight to enter the home. On the east side, an exterior, adjustable sun screen provides shade. The sun screen’s louvers prevent the home from overheating and, if needed, can act to shield inhabitants from the rays of a lowlying sun. On the west side, this function is fulfilled by the picture window so that no exterior sun protection is required. Energy efficient LED lights are used to illuminate the home. The lighting is equipped with dimmer switches and is controlled by motion detectors.

Figure 16 Effizienzhaus Plus – heat provision scheme

Figure 17 Effizienzhaus Plus – electric provision scheme

Figure 18 Effizienzhaus Plus – schematic diagram of the lightning system

HVAC (heating, ventilation, air conditioning, heat recovery, cooling systems)

With the home heavily insulated to prevent energy waste, an automatic ventilation system ensures the house maintains a comfortable temperature.

A mechanical ventilation and extraction system provides very good air quality for the interior spaces. In addition, every lived-in room within the home can also be manually ventilated. The heat contained in the extracted air is recovered prior to the exhaust air being channeled into the space between the ground and the floor panel.

Figure 19 Effizienzhaus Plus – schematic diagram of the ventilation system

Figure 20 Effizienzhaus Plus – the real photo and conceptual key aspects

Figure 21 Effizienzhaus Plus – Energy flows with and without electromobility

Bibliography Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V. (BSW-Solar). 2012. From zero to plus energy house: Will we soon

be heating with solar power?

Schüwer D. et al.. Strategic Approach The Strategic Approach to improving energy efficiency in

buildings [online]. Bigee.net: 2012 [2. 6. 2014].

<http://www.bigee.net/media/filer_public/2013/11/29/bigee_txt_0045_bg_strategic_approach_nze

b_new_residential.pdf>

Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung. Efficiency House Plus with

Electromobility: Technical Information and Details. Berlin. 2012.

Ruzicka J. et al. 2013. UCEEB ADMIN. Czech Technical Univerzity in Prague

Passig I. et al. 2011. Plus Energy Architecture-Planning, Operation and Benchmarking. 4th Energy

Efficiency Symposium, San Francisco. Institu für nachhaltige Architektur.

Kolokotsa D. et al. 2010. A roadmap towards intelligent net zero- and positive-energy buildings. Solar

Energy 85 (2011) 3067–3084

Miller W. et al. 2011. Anatomy of a sub-tropical Positive Energy Home (PEH). Solar Energy 86 (2012)

231–241.

Energy Plus House Conservation And Generation. [online]. Alternative-Energy-Action-Now.com. 2012

[2. 6. 2014]. <http://www.alternative-energy-action-now.com/energy-plus-house.html>

Stutterecker W. et al. 2011. Energy plus standard in buildings constructed by housing associations?

Energy 48 (2012) 56-65

Reiss J. 2013. Energy retrofitting of school buildings to achieve plus energy and 3- litre building

standards. Energy Procedia 48 ( 2014 ) 1503 – 1511

Hernandez P. et al. 2010. From net energy to zero energy buildings: Defining life cycle zero energy

buildings (LC-ZEB). Energy and Buildings 42 (2010) 815–821

Mohamed A. et al. 2014. Fulfillment of net-zero energy building (NZEB) with four metrics in a single

family house with different heating alternatives. Applied Energy 114 (2014) 385–399

Winiger S. et al. 2013. Power generation using district heat: Energy efficient retrofitted plus-energy

school Rostock. Energy Procedia 48 ( 2014 ) 1519 – 1528

Soarez N. et al. 2013. Review of passive PCM latent heat thermal energy storage systems towards

buildings’ energy efficiency. Energy and Buildings 59 (2013) 82–103