GROUP MEMBERS STUDENT IDAIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE 0317766KHOR YEN MIN 0318149KOOI YONG KAI 0323152LAI YIK XIN 0323388NG KE NING 0323015NG ZHENG SI 0322585

TOPIC PAGE

01 Introduction 201.1 Introduction to Project 2

02 Design Process & Materials 302.1 Design Concept 302.2 Design Process 3

02.3 Final Design 4

02.3.1 Design Consideration 5

02.4 Materials 6

02.4.1 List of Joints & Connectors 7

03 Construction Process 1103.1 Ground Beam 1103.2 Column to Ground Beam 11

03.3 Pad Footing 12

03.4 Column to Pad Footing 12

03.5 Beam to Column 13

03.6 Roof Structure 13

03.7 Roof to Beams 14

03.8 Roof Membrane to Roof Structure 14

03.9 Seats 15

03.10 Display Panel 15

04 Construction Details 1604.1 Construction Details 16

05 Test Results & Analysis 17

05.1 Test Results 17

05.2 Conclusion 18

06 References 1906.1 References 19

07 Appendix 20

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Understanding of skeletal construction and its structural significance for building support is vital, particularly to designers andtheir designs. To develop the understanding of this structural system, Project 1 of the Building Construction II module requiresstudents to construct a temporary bus shelter according to the given specifications.

The shelter should be constructed to accommodate between 5 to 6 people, with maximum height of 400mm, maximum basesize of 400mm by 800mm and elevated at least 50mm from the ground.

For our temporary bus shelter, the design is focused on demonstrating its skeletal structure’s ability to withstand and reacteffectively under loading as well as its ability to accomplish the function of a bus shelter efficiently.

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The following are the objectives of this project:

1. To create an understanding of skeletal structure and its relevant structural component.

2. To understand how a skeletal structure reacts under loading.

3. To demonstrate a convincing understanding of how skeletal construction works.

4. To be able to manipulate skeletal construction to solve an oblique design problem.

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The concept of our temporary bus shelter design is aimed towards creating a user friendly bus shelter, in terms of convenienceand efficiency for the users. We have carefully analyzed our final design to be able to accommodate at least 5 to 6 people and tosuit the comfort of the users.

Before finalizing on the final design for the temporary bus shelter, our group came up with a few design ideas.

The following are the initial design ideas (mock-ups).

Design Idea 1 was a basic skeletal structure which onlyfulfilled the necessary requirements.

For this design, bamboo was considered as an option forthe material of the skeletal structure but was not chosendue to longer and tedious process of treatment before itis ready to be used.

Our group also took into consideration ways to maximisethe use of space within the boundary given.

Design Idea 2 included better circulation and accessibilityfor the users. A section between the seats is left exposedin order to provide better circulation.

Structurally, the skeletal construction demonstratedbetter force and load distribution.

Design Idea 1 Mock-up Design Idea 2 Mock-up

FIGURE 02.2.1: DESIGN IDEA 1 FIGURE 02.2.2: DESIGN IDEA 2

After careful consideration of the appropriate materials and construction elements to be used for our temporary bus shelter, ourgroup has decided to proceed with the following design (Figure 02.3.1).

For the final design, our group has chosen steel as the primary material for our skeletal structure - steel C channel for the groundbeam, steel tubes for both the main and secondary columns, beams and roof structure. PVC coated polyester fabric and fibreglassare used for the roof membrane and seats, respectively.

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VISIBILITYOne side of the bus shelter iscurved and facing the direction ofincoming traffic to allow visibilityfor users to be able to see busescoming.

The curved design also ensuresthat the view of approachingbuses is not obstructed.

FUNCTION1. For public use2. As a shelter and shade from sun, rain and wind

ACCESSIBILITYAn exposed section in betweenthe seats allows for easieraccessibility (both in and out ofthe shelter) for users.

FIGURE 02.3.1: FINAL DESIGN

FORMThe two combination of formsused for the design of ourtemporary bus shelter areellipsoid and triangular prism.

For our interim presentation design, our temporary bus shelter design used pad footing (column to base plate and concretefooting - grout), for each column structure, as shown in Figure 02.3.2.

FOUNDATION DESIGN CONSIDERATION

After the interim presentation, we were advised to use steel C channel forthe ground beam structure (Figure 02.3.3).

FIGURE 02.3.2: PAD FOOTING WITH BASE PLATE – COLUMN TO FOUNDATION

FIGURE 02.3.3: C CHANNEL AS THE GROUND BEAM

For our final design model, we proceeded with the steel C channel(represented by plastic wire casing) for our ground beam structure.

The ground beam structure, together with the secondary columns padfootings will then be embedded with concrete to make up the foundation forthe bus shelter structure (as illustrated in Figure 02.3.4). FIGURE 02.3.4: 3D MODELLING OF THE

BUS SHELTER

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Following the design of our bus shelter, we have decided to use mild steel as the primary material for the skeletal structure.Steel construction is suitable to be used in temporary structures as these are quick to set up and remove. However, as we areencouraged to use recycled materials, we chose to use plastic pipes in representation of the steel skeletal structures.

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Mild steel is immensely strong, which is a fundamental quality for skeletal construction to possess. Another importantcharacteristics of steel is its flexibility, as it allows for the structure to bend without cracking. This is essential as the design of ourtemporary bus shelter include a curvy form. Its flexibility also makes it very good at resisting dynamic (changing) forces such aswind or earthquake forces, which allows the structure to withstand those forces applied.

Apart from that, steel has no chemical reaction and highly durable. Other advantages of steel skeletal structures include its abilityto be assembled and built on site easily, as a lot of its construction can be pre-fabricated at the factory.

Considering the fact that our temporary bus shelter involves a combination of forms in its design, steel makes an excellent choiceof material for our group as a wide range of ready-made structural sections are available, such as C sections (for use of ourground beam) and bend steel tube (for the roof structure). The wide range of joining methods (bolting and welding) is alsobeneficial to our design.

PLASTIC PIPES

Plastic pipes are used torepresent steel tubes (diameterof 3 inches) for both primaryand secondary columns, aswell as beams.

PLASTIC TUBES

Plastic tubes are used torepresent the steel tubes(diameter of 3 inches) for theroof structures, as it is easierto bend into curve form.

WIRE CASING

Wire casing is used torepresent the steel C channelfor the ground beams.

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PVC coated polyester fabric is used for the roof membrane as it is weather resistant, which prevents rainwater from seepingthrough. Its strength and durability are also important qualities needed in structure coverings as they need to protect and shadeboth the structure and users from weather elements.

To sum up, the materials we have chosen to be used for our temporary bus shelter are materials which are ideal for a stable andstrong skeletal structure as well as resistant for outdoor use.

CANVAS

Canvas is used to represent PVC coated polyesterfabric which is used for the roof membrane of thetemporary bus shelter.

PERSPEX

Perspex is used to represent fibreglass which is usedfor the seats and display panels of the temporarybus shelter.

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ANGLED BRACKETS NUTS AND BOLTS

SCREW EYES CLOSED HOOKS

SCREWS SPLIT KEY RINGS EYELETS

METAL SWIVEL HOOK

NUTS AND BOLTS

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GROUND BEAM

The ground beam, wire casing (steel C channel) areconnected by using angled brackets and bolts andnuts.

MAIN COLUMN TO GROUND BEAM

Main columns, plastic pipes (steel tubes) areconnected to the ground beam by using brackets andbolts and nuts.

SECONDARY COLUMN TO PAD FOOTING

Secondary columns are slotted into bigger tubeswhich are embedded in concrete pad footing. Thesecondary columns are then secured to the biggertubes with bolts and nuts.

BEAM TO COLUMN

Beams are connected to the columns by usingcustomized PVC pipe fittings (steel pipe fittings) andbolts and nuts.

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ROOF STRUCTURE TO BEAM

The roof structure, plastic tubes (bent steel tube) areconnected to the beams by using customized PVCpipe fittings (steel pipe fittings) and bolts and nuts.

ROOF MEMBRANE

The roof membrane, canvas (PVC coated polyesterfabric), is attached to the roof structure by embeddingeyelets onto the canvas, which is then hooked ontothe screw eye closed hooks.

SEATS

The seats, Perspex (fibreglass) is connected to theskeletal structure (lower beams) using brackets andbolts and nuts.

DISPLAY PANEL

The display panel, Perspex (fibreglass) is connectedto the skeletal structure (columns) using brackets andbolts and nuts.

Angled bracket are bolted toconnect the wire casingstogether (steel C channels).

Inner view of the joint. Complete frame of C channelsfor the ground beam.

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Two angled brackets are boltedon both sides of the maincolumn.

The angled brackets are thenbolted onto the ground beam.

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Secondary column is fitted intothe fitting on the pad footing.

The secondary column isbolted to the pad footings.

35x25x25 frame work is madeaccording to the size of the padfooting.

Concrete mixture is poured anda PVC pipe (steel tube) isplaced in the middle of theframe work.

Completed pad footing.

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PVC pipe fitting (steel pipefitting) and plastic tube (bentsteel tube) is used to form theroof structure.

Customized PVC pipe fitting(steel pipe fitting) is used toconnect the beam to column.

It is bolted at each ends tosecure the connection.

Complete installation of beamsto columns.

An arched roof structure isformed.

Hooks are placed at each sidesfor roof structure.

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Ten holes are punched on thecanvas (PVC coated polyesterfabric). Eyelets are used toprevent it from tearing.

A ring attached with a clip isthen ringed on the holes.

Roof structure is connectedonto beams.

Bolts and nuts are used tosecure the roof to the beams.

Complete installation of roof tothe beams.

Complete installation of roofmembrane to roof structure.

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A complete installation ofdisplay panel.

Clear Perspex (Polyfibre glass)is used for the seats.

Two angled brackets are boltedon the lower beam.

A complete installation of theseats.

Clear Perspex (Polyfibre glass)is used for the display panel.

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GROUND BEAM

MAIN COLUMN TOGROUND BEAM

SECONDARY COLUMNTO PAD FOOTING

BEAM TO COLUMN

ROOF STRUCTURE TO BEAM

ROOF MEMBRANE

SEATS.

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FIGURE 05.1.1 FIGURE 05.1.2

Figure 05.1.1 shows the load being evenly distributed to the four main columns to the ground beam (C channel).

Figure 05.1.2 shows the load of the roof structure being supported by the four main columns.

Both figures show the load transfer to the support beams at all sides. The main tension span in both directions, parallel to thelength and the width of the structure.

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Through this project, we have learned the following outcomes:

1. To apply construction system in our temporary bus shelter design.2. The ability to recognize the significance of construction systems in our temporary bus shelter design.3. To analyze strength and stability of structures, particularly the force and load distribution throughout the skeletal structure of

our temporary bus shelter.

All in all, Project 1 of Building Construction II module has taught us to undergo the process of critical thinking and problem solving.Not only did we manage to overcome the problems and difficulties in constructing the bus shelter model, we were also able tosolve the force and load distribution in order to produce a strong and stable skeletal construction for our temporary bus shelter.

Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.

Neufert, E. (2012). Neufert Architects' data. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

Understandconstruction. (2016). Steel Frame Structures. Retrieved April 24, 2016, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/steel-frame-structures.html

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FIGURE 07.1.1: MODEL PERSPECTIVE

FIGURE 07.1.2: STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVE

FIGURE 07.1.3: EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

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FIGURE 07.1.4: FRONT VIEW OF MODEL FIGURE 07.1.5: PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF MODEL