building construction innovation
TRANSCRIPT
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 1/232
An Introduction to Earthquake and Earthquake
Resistant Building Construction
07/05/2013
Mr. S.C.SharmaO.S.D BOT/PPPPublic Works Department, Rajasthan
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 2/232
2
Why earthquake …
• Seismological & geographicalchanges in composition of earth
• Local convective currents in themantle
• Movement in plate tectonics
• Earth mass consisting sevenmajor tectonic plates
– North American plate
– African plate
– South American plate
– Antarctic plate
– Pacific plate
– Eurasian plate
– Indo-Australian plateContd…
Crust T 5 to 40 km
Basalt granite
Mantle T-2900 Km
Outer core T-2200km
Liquid t-2500C
Inner core T-1290 km
Nickel, iron
Inside the Earth
Local conviction current in
the mantle
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 3/232
3
Contd …
• Release of elastic strain energy stored in interface of rocks
• Seismic waves – Resulting due to faulting and volcanic action
– P-waves longitudinal waves, V 5 to 13 km/sec
– S-waves transverse shear, V 3 to 8 km/sec
– R (Rayleigh) and Q are surface waves propagate on earth surface.
Stage A
Stage B
Stage C
Slip
Elastic strain built-up and brittle rupture
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 4/232
4
Strong motion earthquake records
• Messina (Sicily) – Dec 28, 1908 – 160,000 people killed, 98% building completely destroyed
• Kansu and Shansi Provinces (China) – Dec 16, 1920
– 100,000 people died, 90% building collapsed
• Konto (Japan) – Sept 1, 1923
– Tkyo and Yokohama cities destroyed, 100,000 people died, 43,000 remained
missing, over 300,000 houses were damaged, 59,000 houses burned, 45 %
brick building collapsed and 10% reinforced concrete building
• Fuchu (Japan) – June 28, 1948
– 5,268 people were killed and 35,437 structures were destroyed
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 5/2325
How the ground shakes
Rock
Hypocenter or focus
Soil
Rock
Epicenter distance
Epicenter
Focus depth
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 6/2326
Earthquake magnitude and intensity
• Magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of its size in terms of energyreleased and radiated in the form of seismic waves.
• Magnitude of earthquake is standardized as “Logarithm (is the base 10) of the
maximum amplitude of the ground motion as recorded in millimeters at adistance of 100 km from the epicenter on a seismograph with a period of 0.8seconds and magnification of 2,800.”
• Relationship between strain energy „E‟ and magnitude „M‟ by Richter is: Log10 E=11.4+1.5M
M=Log A-Log Ao
A – Trace amplitude at any station
Log Ao – Distance correction
• Intensity when used to describe earthquakes is generally intended to denotethe potential destructiveness os an earthquake at a particular location .Commonly used intensity scale is the modified Mercalli (mm)
I = 3 Log a + 1.5 ; a – ground acceleration
mm – Ranges from 2 to 12 to corresponding approximate ground acceleration from 2cm/sec to 6000
cm/sec
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 7/232
7
Relationship between M, MM Intensity & FELT area
EQ-M ExpectedAnnualNumber
MaximumExpected
Intensity MSK
Radius of FeltArea Km
Felt Area Km2
4.6-4.9 6,200 IV-V 50 7,700
5.0-5.9 800 VI-VII 110 38,000
6.0-6.9 120 VII-VIII 200 125,000
7.0-7.9 18 IX-X 400 500,000
8.0-8.9 1 XI-XII 800 2,000,000
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 8/232
8
Where are the seismic zones in India?
Narmada
Plain
Mahanadi
PlainGodavari
Plain
Indo - Gangetic
Plain
Geographic layout and tectonic
plate boundaries at India
Some past earthquakes
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 9/232
9
India seismic map
1970 2002
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 10/232
10
Earthquake hazard in Rajasthan
• Moderate 3.4% area close to zone IV & V is Barmer, Jalore, Bharatpur,Alwar are more sensitive to MSK VIII. Equally Jaipur, Dausa are alsosensitive due to fault zone.
• 19% area under intensity VII (M 5.5 to 7.1)
• Remaining area of state is also under earthquake zone II
Contd …
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 11/232
11
Name of district
Houses indistrict
MSK VIII or more % area
MSK VII% area
Building typeA-cat (clay) A-cat (stone) B-cat (Brick)
Alwar 540870 59.3 38.9 25.07 64.09 9.19
Barmer 301115 15.4 63.5 64.1 19.68 2.9
Bharatpur 372175 18.2 25.4 32.1 29.37 36.62
Jalore 259110 11.5 67.4 67.63 8.57 20.33
Source – census of housing GOI 1991
Structure ‘A’ –
Building in field stone, rural structures, unburnt brick houses, clay houses
Structure ‘B’ – Ordinary brick buildings, large block pre-fabricated type, half timbered
structure.
Contd …
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 12/232
12
List of earthquakes in Rajasthan
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 13/232
13
List of earthquakes in Alwar, Rajasthan
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 14/232
14
Seismic zones
Zone Covers area liable toseismic intensity
Degree of damage
V MM, IX Most severe, very high damage
IV MM, VIII High damage risk
III MM, VII High damage risk, moderatedamage risk
II MM, VI, V Low damage risk to very lowdamage risk
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 15/232
15
Relevant IS codes applicable for earthquake resitantbuilding design and construction practice
• IS: 1893-1966 – Practice for design of structural timber in building• IS: 4326-1993 – Earthquake resistant design and construction of
buildings
• IS: 1893 (part1) – 2002 – Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures
• IS: 13827-1993 – Improving of earthquake resistance of earthernbuilding – guidelines
• IS: 13828-1993 – Improving earthquake resistance of low strengthmasonary buildings – guidelines
• IS: 13920-1993 – Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structuressubjected to seismic forces
• IS: 13935-1993 – Repair and seismic strengthening of building -guidelines
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 16/232
16
Categories of seismic damage
• O – No damage
• G1 – Slight non structural damage
• G2 – Slight structural damage
• G3 – Moderate structural damage
• G4 – Severe structural damage (Bhv)
• G5 – Collapse (RC)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 17/232
17
Building design for earthquake resistance
• Design of structure as per seismic coefficient as per IS 1893
• Design of base shear in buildings
• Distribution of earthquake along building height
• Load combimation and increase in permissible stresses
• Design horizontal earthquake load
• Design vertical earthquake load
• Design for two or three component motion.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 18/232
18
Building configuration …
L<3b
b
L<3b, L<45 m
a (a<0.15L)
b
c (c< 0.15b)
L<45m
b<45mAh
Ah<0.5 Ag Ag = bXL
• Lateral support to long wall
– Shear walls
– Moment resistant frames
– Braced frames
– Separation of wingsUse of separation section : T - Plan
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 19/232
19
Typical damage and failure of masonry buildings
• Non structural damages – Parapet, balconies, plaster,
partition wall, cladding ceiling,glass panes, loosely placeobjects, overturning of cupboards etc.
• Structural damages – Failure of bearing walls,
foundation, roof and floors,displacement in masonry.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 20/232
20
General construction aspects of masonry buildings
• Mortar
• Wall thickness t<190 mm, wall height < 20 t, L < 40 t
• Openings in walls < 0.5 l (1st), < 0.42 l (2nd), < 0.33 l (3rd)
• Masonry bond
• Horizontal reinforcement in walls
• Horizontal bonds or ring beams, plinth bend, lintel bend, roof bend, gablebend
• Dowels at corners and junctions
• Vertical reinforcement in walls
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 21/232
21
Typical damage and failure of stone buildings
• Separation of walls at corners and junctions
• Wall delaminated with buckled wythes
• General construction aspects
• Providing through „stones‟ or „bond‟ elements
t < 450
1200> 1200
> 1200
Wall Plan Wall Section
600
1600
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 22/232
22
Reinforced building details
• Need for ductility in structure
• Critical zones in reinforced frames
• Ends of beams up to length of 2d of beam area of large negative moments andshear develop
• Ends of columns where maximum moments develop due to lateral force
• Joint regions between beams and columns
• Concrete and steel grades
• Detailing of foundation, plinth beam, column joint.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 23/232
Seismic Retrofit Techniques for MasonryBuildings: an Overview
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 24/232
24
24
TOPICS:
Seismic performance of masonrybuildings
Masonry walls: behaviour and failure
modes
Seismic retrofit methods
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 25/232
Before…
Vancouver, Canada
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 26/232
26
After… ?
Seattle, USA
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 27/232
27
Source: Seattle PI , March 3, 2001; p. B32001 Nisqually (Washington), USA
Source: S. Chang (VSEG 2001)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 28/232
28
Due to the presence of many structural walls,masonry buildings tend to be rather stiff (with
fundamental periods of 0.3 sec or less for low
to medium-rise buildings). As a result, even
moderate earthquakes can subject masonry
buildings to rather large lateral base shear
forces.
A l ti t
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 29/232
29
Acceleration response spectra
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 30/232
30
Typical earthquake damage patterns
Cracks between the walls and the floors;
Cracks at the wall corners and intersections;
Out-of-plane collapse of exterior walls;
Cracks in spandrel beams and/or parapets;
Diagonal cracks in structural walls;
Partial disintegration or collapse of structural walls;
Partial or complete collapse of the building.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 31/232
31
Source: Tomazevic (1999)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 32/232
32
Typical URM Damage:
Shear walls in one direction only
Layout prob lem
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 33/232
33
Buildings with structural walls in one (usually
transverse) direction only collapsed catastrophically
in earthquakes with predominant ground motion in
the weak direction of the building
(e.g. Skopje, Yugoslavia, 1963, Neftegorsk, Russia,1995);
Regular layout - extremely important !
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 34/232
34
+
=
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 35/232
35
1995 Neftegorsk, Russia:
Source: M. Tomazevic (1999)
In- Plane Masonry Walls: Behaviour and Failure
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 36/232
36
Modes
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 37/232
37
Mode of failure – depends on the combination of appliedloads, wall geometry, properties of the materials, details of
reinforcement
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 38/232
38
Behaviour Mode Type of Action
Diagonal tension cracking throughunits
Force- controlled
Crushing at the compression toe Force- controlled
Shear sliding along bed joints Deformation- controlled
Rocking about the compressiontoe
Deformation- controlled
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 39/232
39
• Deformation-controlled: ductile actions that
are limited by extents of lateral deflection.
• Force-controlled : limited by a stress (brittle)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 40/232
40
Sliding (shear slip) failure
•
Occurs on a stair-stepped crack along bed joints and head joints or along a horizontal bed joint (wall-foundationinterface)
• Low axial loads+ high shear forces;
• Results from the lateral shear force exceeding the
adhesion and shear-friction resistance between the mortar and the units OR the mortar and the floor
Bed joint sliding resistance
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 41/232
41
Bed-joint sliding resistance
Eq. 7-3 (FEMA 356)
n me b js Av V
V b js
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 42/232
42
Pier Rocking Failure
• Flexural mode of failure
• Relatively slender walls with small amount of vertical compressivestress
• Bed-joint cracks develop and propagate across the pier length
• Shear forces transferred as a result of the friction at the wall toe.
Pier Rocking Resistance
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 43/232
43
Pier Rocking Resistance
P CE
L
h
V r
h
LP 9 .0 V CE r
Eq. 7-4FEMA 356
Pier Rocking Failure
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 44/232
44
Pier Rocking Failure
Research labReal life…
Di l i f il
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 45/232
45
Diagonal tension failure
• Due to high shear + high axial load
• Shear strength associated with diagonal tension cracking; depends onthe tensile strength of the units and the mortar bond strength.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 46/232
46
1979 Montenegro, Yugoslavia
Source: M. Fischinger (EASY)
Sh F il i f d ll
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 47/232
47
Shear Failure – reinforced masonry walls
Source: M. Fischinger (EASY)
Diagonal Tension Resistance
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 48/232
48
Diagonal Tension Resistance
00 .1 h L0.67 for
d t
a n d t d t
' f f 1
h LA' f V
Eq. 7-5
FEMA 356
V dt P = f a A
Toe Crushing Failure
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 49/232
49
Toe Crushing Failure
• Flexural mode of failure
• Occurs when, as a result of the overturning moment, verticalcompressive stress exceeds the compressive strength of masonry
• Combined effect of axial load and bending moment
• Localized failure
Toe Crushing Resistance
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 50/232
50
Toe Crushing Resistance
m
a
CLt c ' f 7 .0
f
1 h
L
P V Eq. 7-6FEMA 356
V tc P CL
Seismic Retrofit Techniques
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 51/232
Seismic Retrofit Techniques
Long Beach,California, 1933
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 52/232
52
Seismic Retrofit for Masonry Buildings
Objectives
• Improve wall-to-diaphragm anchorage;
• Improve structural integrity;
• Enhance in-plane wall performance;• Increase out-of-plane wall capacity.
Wall to Diaphragm Anchorage
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 53/232
53
Wall-to-Diaphragm Anchorage
Problem
• Most important, and in many cases the most vulnerable, feature related to
seismic performance.
Solution Wall Anchors
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 54/232
54
SolutionWall Anchors
Relatively expensive and disruptive to the occupants
More hazard reduction value per $$ than any other URM retrofittechnique
Inadequate Wall Anchors Before Eq. No Privacy After Eq
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 55/232
55
No Privacy After Eq.
Types of Wall Anchors
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 56/232
56
Types of Wall Anchors
Tension Anchors Resist the out-of-plane forces induced by the diaphragm
motion.Design based on the out-of-plane wall demand
Shear Anchors Resist the in-plane slippage of roof and floor systems along theface of the masonry walls.
Shear anchor capacity need to be equal to diaphragmcapacity
Lack of shear anchors perpendicular walls punched out
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 57/232
57
perpendicular walls punched out
Lack of tension anchors wall separation
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 58/232
58
Lack of tension anchors wall separation
2001 Nisqually (Washington), USA
Source: G. Trahern (VSEG 2001)
Wall Anchors
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 59/232
59
Wall Anchors
Source: TMS (1994)
Wall Anchors
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 60/232
60
Wall Anchors
Source: NRC (1995)
Wall Anchors: Stone Masonry Buildings
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 61/232
61
Wall Anchors: Stone Masonry Buildings
Source: M. Lutman, Slovenia (WHE)
Anchor Performance in the 1994 Northridge Eq.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 62/232
62
g q
Some anchors fai led! Causes:
• anchors pulling through the wall due to poor quality masonry.
• anchor pulling through the wall due to lack of overburden or edgedistance.
• flexibility of ties – anchors pulling away from the diaphragm, insome cases causing a loss of vertical support.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 63/232
63
Source: TMS (1994)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 64/232
64
Source: TMS (1994)
How to Enhance the Performance ?
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 65/232
65
• Avoid placement of anchors near the tops of the walls or near openings;
• Limit allowable anchor capacities to 33% of the full value;
• Employ oversized or continuous wall washers;
How to Enhance the Performance ?
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 66/232
66
• Install a concrete bond beam, doweled to vertically confine themasonry.
• Strength and deformation of ties to be considered at actual expected
earthquake demand (to account for flexibility of ties).
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 67/232
Wall Anchors: Applications
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 68/232
68
Long Beach, California
Wall Anchors: Applications
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 69/232
69
Long Beach, California
Wall Anchors: Applications
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 70/232
70
Vancouver
Photo: Bill McEwen
Wall Anchors: Applications
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 71/232
71
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 72/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 73/232
73
Source: Tomazevic (1999)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 74/232
74
Source: Tomazevic (1999)
Example: a Historic Stone Masonry Building
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 75/232
75
Wall Enhancement Methods
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 76/232
76
• Grout and epoxy injections
• Surface coatings
• Adhered fabrics
• Shotcrete overlays
• Reinforced cores
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 77/232
77
• Majority of the wall enhancement methods – aimed at increasing the
lateral in-plane strength of a component.
Note:If the lateral capacity of an existing wall or pier component is governed by a deformation-controlled action, a rehabilitation scheme will
be most effective if it preserves or enhancesthat type of action.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 78/232
Grout and Epoxy Injection
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 79/232
79
• By injecting grout into CMU cells, a cavity between wythes, or into large voids in acollar joint can improve the wall shear strength as a result of the increased shear area.
• Wall slenderness ratio can be reduced.
Cement grouting of historic stone masonrywalls
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 80/232
80
Source: M. Tomazevic (1999)M. Lutman (2001)
InIn--situ Tests after the 1998 Earthquakesitu Tests after the 1998 Earthquake
the Influence of Cementthe Influence of Cement--groutinggrouting
0
50
100
150
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
H (kN)
d (mm)
original
grouted
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 81/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 82/232
Surface Coatings
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 83/232
83
• Provide steel tie-down bolts (min. ¼” dia) spaced sufficiently close
so that the coating will not delaminate from the wall surface• Minimum horizontal/vertical bolt spacing 16” o/c
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 84/232
84
Source: NIST (1997)
Surface Coating : Brick masonry applications
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 85/232
85
Source: M. Tomazevic (1999)
Surface Coating : Stone masonry applications
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 86/232
86
Source: M.
Tomazevic (1999)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 87/232
Surface Coating : Research results
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 88/232
88
Source: M. Tomazevic (1999)
Adhered Fabrics (FRC overlays)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 89/232
89
• Use of overlapping strips of high-strength fabric made out of Fibre
Reinforced Composites (FRCs) epoxied to the surface of an URM wall.
• Different types of fibres: glass, carbon, etc.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 90/232
Construction Procedure:
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 91/232
91
• Fabric can be applied to one or both sides of a masonrywall.
• Fabric strips should be aligned with their principal strengthparallel to the shorter of the horizontal or vertical wallspan.
• For vertical strips: the bottom edge of a fabric should beanchored into the existing footing or floor slab with steelanchors.
• Horizontal strips: the side edges should be anchored tothe wall edges with steel anchors.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 92/232
92Source: NIST (1997)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 93/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 94/232
94
Test results: response of walls with and without TYFO strips
Source: Paquette, Bruneau, and Brzev (2004)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 95/232
95
TYFO strips at the base of the wall
Source: Paquette, Bruneau, and Brzev (2004)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 96/232
96
TYFO strips failed in shear at the top of the pier
Shotcrete/Reinforced Concrete Overlays
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 97/232
97
• Shotcrete is sprayed onto the surface of an URM wall over a layer of reinforcement.
• Reinforcement typically consists of conventional reinforcing bars placed inthe horizontal and vertical directions.
Shotcrete/Reinforced Concrete Overlays
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 98/232
98
• Similar to cast-in-situ RC shear walls.• Overlay often designed to resist the entire lateral load.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 99/232
Construction procedure:
• Dowels drilled into a wall to provide improved composite action and to
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 100/232
100
Dowels drilled into a wall to provide improved composite action and to
anchor the masonry to the shotcrete for out-of-plane loadings.
• Spacing approx. 3’ c/c
• Thickness not less than 6”.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 101/232
101Source: NIST (1997)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 102/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 103/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 104/232
104
Source: M. Klyachko, Russia (WHE)
Reinforced Cores
• Used when the preservation of exterior or interior wall finishes precludes
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 105/232
105
the use of surface applied rehab techniques.
• A conventional reinforcing bar bonded with grout within a vertical and/or
horizontal core that is drilled into an URM wall.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 106/232
Centre Core Technique – U.S. Practice
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 107/232
107
Source: Kehoe (1996)
Centre Core Technique: Applications
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 108/232
108
Long Beach, California
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 109/232
Centre Core Technique: Applications
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 110/232
110
Vancouver Project: Bogdonov PaoPhoto: Bill McEwen
Construction Procedure:
• The diameter of drilled cores should not be less than 4 times thediameter of the embedded reinforcing bar; bar size usually 20M (#6)
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 111/232
111
diameter of the embedded reinforcing bar; bar size usually 20M (#6)
to 25M (#9). • Often, cores provided at each end of pier and at 6” c/c elsewhere.
• Grouts: cement grout, sand/epoxy grout, sand/polyester grout; groutpumped from the top of the wall to the bottom.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 112/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 113/232
113
Proprietary product:
CINTEC
Seistec System
Cintec Application: Seismic Rehab of a Mosque inCairo, Egypt
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 114/232
114
Out-of-Plane Wall Resistance
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 115/232
115
Out-of-Plane Seismic Response of Masonry Walls
• Lateral seismic inertia forces cause out-of-plane wall vibrations that result inbending and shear stresses.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 116/232
116
bending and shear stresses.
• Out-of-plane bending results into cracking at the most stressed zones of the wallsand, ultimately, out-of-plane collapse of the walls perpendicular to the direction of seismic motion.
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 117/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 118/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 119/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 120/232
Wall Out-of-Plane Bracing Alternatives
Strongbacks
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 121/232
121
Knee-bracing
Almost all wall enhancement methods (as mentioned previously)
Strongbacks
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 122/232
122
Need to be stiff enoughto ensure that wall
deflections are within
the limits
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 123/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 124/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 125/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 126/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 127/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 128/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 129/232
129
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 130/232
130
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 131/232
131
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 132/232
132
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 133/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 134/232
134
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 135/232
135
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 136/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 137/232
137
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 138/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 139/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 140/232
140
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 141/232
141
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 142/232
142
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 143/232
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 144/232
144
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 145/232
145
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 146/232
146
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 147/232
147
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 148/232
148
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 149/232
149
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 150/232
150
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 151/232
151
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 152/232
152
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 153/232
153
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 154/232
154
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 155/232
155
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 156/232
156
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 157/232
157
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 158/232
158
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 159/232
159
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 160/232
160
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 161/232
161
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 162/232
162
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 163/232
163
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 164/232
164
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 165/232
165
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 166/232
166
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 167/232
167
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 168/232
168
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 169/232
169
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 170/232
170
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 171/232
171
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 172/232
172
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 173/232
173
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 174/232
174
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 175/232
175
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 176/232
176
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 177/232
177
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 178/232
178
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 179/232
179
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 180/232
180
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 181/232
181
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 182/232
182
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 183/232
183
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 184/232
184
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 185/232
185
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 186/232
186
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 187/232
187
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 188/232
188
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 189/232
189
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 190/232
190
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 191/232
191
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 192/232
192
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 193/232
193
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 194/232
194
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 195/232
195
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 196/232
196
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 197/232
197
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 198/232
198
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 199/232
199
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 200/232
200
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 201/232
201
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 202/232
202
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 203/232
203
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 204/232
204
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 205/232
205
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 206/232
206
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 207/232
207
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 208/232
208
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 209/232
209
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 210/232
210
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 211/232
211
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 212/232
212
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 213/232
213
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 214/232
214
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 215/232
215
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 216/232
216
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 217/232
217
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 218/232
218
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 219/232
219
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 220/232
220
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 221/232
221
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 222/232
222
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 223/232
223
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 224/232
224
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 225/232
225
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 226/232
226
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 227/232
227
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 228/232
228
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 229/232
229
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 230/232
230
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 231/232
231
7/27/2019 Building construction innovation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/building-construction-innovation 232/232
232