BUILDING CONSTRUCTION➢DHRUV MISTRY➢MIHIR PRAJAPATI➢KEVIN SUTARIYA➢DHRUV SHAH➢NIYATI SHAH

INDEX

❖Introduction❖Classification Of Buildings❖Types Of Load❖Building Components

• Their Functions• Nominal Dimension

INTRODUCTION• Building construction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely

functional need for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of climate. Constructed shelters were one means by which human beings were able to adapt themselves to a wide variety of climates and become a global species.

The history of civil construction was began from the period of Primitive human.

From the protection against cold, rain, heat, etc they made “cave” as their shelter.

But that was not enough, cave didn’t remained safe for long, so huts from the straws and leaves…..evolution goes on…!

But for better comfort, civil construction got evolved and still evolving…

Today, we have every comfort and facility, but we have to face the future upcoming challenges as the shortage of land, etc

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

❖ Building are Classified as follows :

i. Based on Occupancyii. Based on Structure

BASED ON

OCCUPANCY

ResidentialBuildings

EducationalBuildings

InstitutionalBuildings

Assembly Buildings

BusinessBuildings

Mercantile Buildings

IndustrialBuildings

StorageBuildings

HazardousBuildings

Load Bearing Structure

Framed Structure

Composite Structure

BASED ON STRUCTURE

LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE It is a structure comprising of Slabs,

Beams and Load Bearing walls.

Such type of structures are most suited where Hard Strata of soil is available at shallow depth.

Brick foundation needs larger foundation area w.r.t. RCC framed structure, because load bearing capacity of brick is much less than that of RCC.

Most of residential buildings are small in size and are up to Three Storey are constructed as load bearing structures.

Load from slab/roof or trusses and floors are transmitted through walls to the subsoil below ground through their foundations.

Advantages Disadvantages

• It losses Carpet Area due to more thickness of wall.

•  Labour work is increase and Material like brick is also required in Quantity.

• When the Wall collapse in any situation then Whole structure will collapse.

• Load bearing structure is bad at earthquake resistance as shock waves produce irregular tension & compression in columns; tension is beared greatly by steel of RCC which is absent in load bearing structure .

• It has thick brick wall. Thicker walls give more weather resistance, noise protection.

• It is good & cheap for less than 2 floored construction because bricks are cheap.

FRAMED STRUCTURE• It is a structure comprising of

Slabs resting on beams and Beams are supported by a network of Columns.

• The frame structure can be of Concrete , Steel or of Wood.

Loads from the slabs are transferred to the beams and beams rest over columns and whole load of the structure is transferred to the subsoil below the ground through columns and their footings.

Here, walls just act like partitions and none of them bears load

R.C.C is the most suitable material to withstand external loads like compressive ,tensile ,torsion and shear along with moment, so all framed structures are constructed with R.C.C .

Generally all multi stored buildings or high-rise buildings are constructed as framed structure.

• Flexible and they have good results in Earthquake.

• Cost reduction due to thinner walls

• Speed of Construction

• Can add more floors

• Carpet Area is almost same.

Advantages Disadvantages

• The disadvantages lies in between different types of frame structure such as Concrete Structure, Steel Structure, Wood Structure.

COMPOSITE STRUCTURE • The structure constructed with combination of both load bearing as well

as framed structure is called composite structure.

• In this type of structure external walls are treated as load bearing walls and all intermediate supports are in the form of R.C.C. columns.

• Here the load of slabs is transmitted to the subsoil below the ground by load bearing walls and columns through foundations

• Composite structures are preferred for buildings having large spans such as workshops , halls , large factories shed , go downs etc.

•They been very remarkable for Huge or Tall bulidings around the world.

LOADSnow Load

Live Load Snow Load

Rain Load

Wind Load Earthquake Load

Anything which exerts pressure or thrust on a structure is termed as Load.

• It is permanent , immovable and nontransferable load of structure.

Dead Load

• Walls , floors , roofs, partitions , ceilings , water tanks and weights of all other permanent constructions or structures and fixtures are included in dead load.

Live Load• It is movable, temporary and transferable load on

the floor and hence it is variable.

• Weight of everything superimposed on, or temporarily attached to, a structure (people, machinery and equipment, furniture, appliances, etc.) but Not that of the material utilized in its construction or of anything permanently attached to it.

Wind Load• In case of Tall Buildings, the effect due to wind should be taken

into consideration.

• The effect of wind Pressure is to reduce the pressure on the foundation on the Windward side & to increase the pressure on the foundation on the Leeward side.

• If height of a building is less than twice its effective width, the wind load can be neglected.

Snow Load• Snow loads are prevalent in northern and/or mountainous

regions all over the world.

• It actually acts on Roof. It depends upon the Shape of the roof & it’s Capacity to retain the snow.

• Load of Snow maybe taken as 2.5 kg/m^2 per Centimetre depth of Snow.

• It can be neglected if slopes greater than 50 ° angle.

• It actually acts on Roofs whose positioning, shape and drainage system are such that they accumulate rain water.

Rain Load

• Thus, due to accumulation of rain water, load due to it is called Rain Load.

• The Rain loads and Live loads for the Roofs shall be considered separately.

Earthquake Load• The random Earthquake causes shaking of the ground, which causes

the whole structure to vibrate. It can be resolved in any three mutually perpendicular directions.

• The prominent direction of Ground vibrations is usually in Horizontal directions.

• Although, it may get damaged but would not collapse until earthquake is of beyond the limit.

BUILDING COMPONENTS

A building has two main components:

I. Sub-structure(foundations)II. Superstructure

Sub-structure (foundations)

• It is the lower portion of the building, usually constructed below the ground level , which transmits the load of the superstructure to the subsoil

•The basic function of a sub-struture or foundations is to transit the dead loads , super-imposed loads and wind loads from a building to the soil on which the building rests

FOUNDATIONS • The basic function of a foundation is to transmit the dead loads,

live loads and other loads to the sub soil on which it reads in such a way that settlement of the soil does not fail in shear

• The following are types of foundations , generally used.

I. Shallow foundations II. Deep foundations

I. Shallow Foundations

• If depth of foundation is equal to or less than its width is called shallow foundations

• As a general rule , all the shallow foundations should be taken to a minimum depth of 800mm below natural ground level unless hard soil is availabe within 800mm

• Shallow foundations are of 4 types 1. Spread footing 3. Strap footings 2. Combined footings 4. Raft or Mat foundations

•Spread Footings: They are those which spread the superimposed load of wall or column over a larger area

•Spread footings may be the following kinds 1. Single footing for a column2. Stepped footing for a column 3. Slopped footing (trapezoidal) for a column 4. Wall footing without step 5. Stepped footing for wall6. Grillage foundation

•Combined Footings: A spread footing which supports two or more columns is termed as combined footing

•The combined footings maybe of following kinds:I. Rectangular combined footing II. Trapezoidal combined footing

•Strap footing: It consists of two or more footings of individual columns connected by a beam called a strap

•Raft foundation: It is a combined footing which covers the entire area below whole building or structure and supports all the walls and columns

II. Deep Foundations

• when the depth of foundations is greater or equal to its width is called deep foundations

• Pile foundations is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be of timber , concrete or steel

•Piles used for building foundation maybe of four kinds: a. End bearing pile b. Friction pile c. Combined end bearing and friction piled. Compaction piles