building enclosure in hong kong
TRANSCRIPT
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IN HONG KONG
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B U I L D I N G E N C L O S U R E
IN HONG KONG
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BUI LD I NG E NCLOS URE
IN HONG KONG
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H O N G K O N G U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S
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Hong Kong University Press
14/F Hing Wai Centre
7 Tin Wan Praya Road
Aberdeen, Hong Kong
Hong Kong University Press 1998
ISBN 962 209 449 X
All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including
photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed in Hong Kong by United League Graphic & Printing Co., Ltd.
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CONTENTS
Fore wo rd by Professor Eric K.C . Lye vii
Preface viii
Acknowledgements ix
Part
I:
Introduction
1 .
Enclos ures for Buildings in Ho ng Kon g 1
Part II : Hong Kong Case Studies
Environmental Issues
2 . Verbena Heights 9
3 .
Ho ng Kon g Technical College (Tsing Yi) 25
4. Public Toilet at Ng on g Ping 35
5.
The New Peng Chau Ma rket 45
Small Building Design
6. Ma ple Gard en Phase 3 55
Cladding and Glass Wall
7.
The Peninsula Hotel Extension 65
8. The Adm inistration Building at Lantau Island Crossing 79
Curtain W all
9. The Lee Garde ns 91
1 0.
The Centre 105
1 1 . Titus Square 11 5
v
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Creative Expression
1 2.
The British Con sulate-G eneral 125
1 3 .
The Peak Tower 13 9
1 4.
St. Tho ma s the Apostle Church 153
Local Technology
1 5.
Bishop Lei Interna tional Ho use 163
Advanced Technology Expression
1 6. The New KCR C Stat ion 173
1 7.
The Ho ng Kong Stadium 187
1 8.
The Ho ng Kong Coliseum 201
Prefabrication and Standardization
1 9 .
H a u T a k E s tate 2 0 7
2 0 . Sheung Tak Estate 21 7
Sophistication of Design
2 1 .
Ho ng Kong Convention and Exhibit ion Centre Extension 225
Bibliography 245
VI
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F O R E W O R D
This publication is a significant f irst step in dealing with the problem of
building enclosure in Hong Kong. The hot, humid climate usually creates
many problems for enclosures, especially when air and water pollution affect
the outer surface of buildings. This is often compounded in Hong Kong by
condensation and poor exterior and interior maintenance.
I am happy to see that a publication of this kind has appeared. I hope i t
sets a trend so that more technical feedback can help architects and clients
become more aware of the technical as well as aesthetic issues relating to
enclosures.
I am less concerned with the outer appearance of the enclosure as this is
largely a matter of cost and personal preferences. The appropriate use of
m at er i a l s an d t he i r consequence s is ano t her f ac t or t ha t needs f ur t her
investigation.
For now, this book is an exceptionally good beginning.
Eric K.C. Lye
Chair Professor
Department of Architecture
The University of Hong Kong
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View of Hong Kong Central f rom
Victor ia Harbour.
PREFACE
This edition of Building Enclosure in Hong Kong is intended as an educational
tool for s tudents of architecture or construction as well as an academic
exchange of practice methodology for fellow professionals. The aim is to
contribute to the advancement of architecture through education and practice.
The importance of the building enclosure as an expression of the building
form and functions is equal to that of the plan. Materials form components.
C o m p o n e n ts f o r m th e b u i ld in g e n v e lo p e . P e r f o r m a n c e o f th e m a te r ia l s
influences various aspects of the enclosure including appearance, use and
maintenance. What also matters is the way to assemble these material parts
as details.
The case s tudies present 20 buildings from Hong Kong ranging from
small houses to large projects by local and foreign architects. In some cases,
technology is used to express symbolism or human advancement . In other
cases environmental concerns have been raised by architects and into the
design of the enclosure. Curtain wall and cladding continue to be used in
Hong Kong for commercial and institutional buildings to varied effect.
A splendid palette of examples can thus be seen in the enclosures for
buildings in Hong Kong. Continued development is expected in the search
for design excellence and sustainability.
VIM
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A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
The author is grateful to the following architectural firms for their assistance
and permission to use their drawings in the case studies: All Arts Limited;
Anthony Ng Architects Ltd. ; Architectural Services Department; Dennis Lau
& Ng Chun Man Architects & Engineers (HK) Ltd.; Foster Asia (Hong Kong)
Ltd.; The Hong Kong Housing Authority; HOK International (Asia/Pacific)
Ltd. , Hong Kong; P & T Architects & Engineers Ltd. ; Rocco Design Ltd. ;
Terry Farrell & Partners; and Wong & Ouyang (HK) Ltd. (with S.O.M.) .
In particular, the author would l ike to thank Mr W.H. Lam, Mr S.H. Ha
and Mr
K.B.
Fung of Wong & Ouyang ; Mr Rocco Yim and Mr Hector C heung
of Rocco Design Ltd.; Mr Donald Choi and Miss Holyoak of Foster Asia; Mr
Steven Smith of Terry Farrell ; Mr Ernest Cirangle and Mr Julian Kerrell-
Vaughan of HOK; Mr Dennis Lau of L & N; Mr Stephen Poon and Mr Choi
of the Housing Au thor i ty, Mr A nthony Ng and M r K.S. Wong of Anthony
Ng Architects; Mr S.H. Pau, Mr Macbeth and Mr Mau of ASD as well as Mr
Bernard Lim and Mr Martin Fung of P & T.
The author would also l ike to thank the Brit ish Trade Commision Hong
Kong for their permission to publish photographs of the Brit ish Consulate,
and The Hong Kong and Shanghai Hotels Limited, for their permission to
publish photographs of the Peak Tower.
A lot of people have contributed to the making of this book. Many thanks
are due to Mr Yu Ying Sang for proofreading the manuscript , Miss Daisy
Lau So Man for typing the manuscript , Mr Pang Yee Hang, Mr Curry Tse
Ching Kan, Mr Chr is Lam Po Wing, Mr Wong Kai Ming, Mr Wong Wan
Cheung, Miss Angela Lee Lap Chi, Mr Keith Kung Chi Ming, Mr Michael
Yen Koon Wai, Mr Albert Yiu Chi Wai and Mr Thomas Yuen Ka Yiu for
drafting the axonometrics.
F i gures 4 . 3 , 5 . 9 , 8 . 6, 8 . 7 , 9 . 1 , 9 . 2 , 1 0 . 2 , 1 2 . 2 , 1 2 . 3 , 1 3 . 3 , 1 3 . 4 , 1 3 . 5 ,
1 8.1 , and 18.2 were created by ArchiCAD.
Fi nal l y , t he au t h or gr a t ef u l ly a ckn ow l edg es a ll t he pr of ess i onal
consultants, cl ients and contractors involved in the case study projects for
their efforts and contribution to the advancement of architecture in Hong
Kong.
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The New KCRC Station is a glass pavil ion giv ing openness
to the interior space.
E N CL O S U R E S F O R BU IL D IN G S IN
H O N G K O N G
What is the enclosure of a building?
Le Corbusier wrote: 'A
mass is enveloped in its surface, a surface which is
divided up according to the directing and generating lines of the mass; and
this gives the mass its individuality'.
T he enclosure is the building skin or envelope covering the building mass
and forming the building elevation or facade. Creation and order are the
directing and generating l ines from the building mass which means the plan
in three-dimensional form and space. The enclosure gives the architectural
expression which is unique to the building mass.
T H E F U N C T IO N S O F T H E E N C L O SU R E
The building enclosure has the following functions:
1.
to act as a protective shelter for its inhabitants against wind and rain as
well as fire hazards.
2. to control the influence of the external environment like solar heat, light,
air and noise on the interior space, thus providing comfort .
3 .
to allow for the
installation of building services
and
integration of the
structure if necessary.
4. to give an external appearance to the building.
The basic function of the building enclosure is to provide shelter. InH ong
Kong, providing shelter against typhoon and rain is not an easy task. Water
leakage is a common problem in bui ldings in Hong Kong. When water i s
driven by wind, i t is pressed into the building from all possible directions.
The building has to stand against both water penetration and wind load. So
waterproofing has to be done cautiously and structure design has to take into
acount various forms of loading. The shelter also needs to take account of
various forms of
m o v em en t
due to wind expansion and contract ion, and
sett lement of ground. Earthquake is not a factor to be considered in Hong
Kong.
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Protection of inhabitants against fire is a function of building enclosure.
Spread of fire can be a horror, even in modern times. The building enclosure
should be able to stop or slow down the spread of fire whether from within
or outside. Materials for construction are tested and classified according to
various fire resisting periods to form con struction com pone nts so that sufficient
time is given to the inhabitants to escape from a building on fire before the
components fail and collapse. In this respect, the internal planning and details
of individual space will matter, in addition to the various provisions/details
required by the building enclosure.
An oth er function of the building enclosure is to separate the ext erna l
environment and to contain an internal controlled environment suitable for
various human activities. We expect the external environment to vary but the
internal environment to be constant or varied within a certain range. Comfort
is attained when a stable internal environment is attained. What we ask for is
a control led condit ion with moderate temperature , adequate l ight , p leasant
humidity, smooth air circulation and a certain degree of quietness. All are
simple demands but not easy to achieve. Therefore, the building enclosure
can contribute positively to provide a comfortable interior, designed together
w i th b u i ld in g s e r v ic e s w h ic h m e a n s a r t i f ic ia l l ig h t in g a n d m e c h a n ic a l
ventilation.
Structure and/or building services are sometimes incorporated into the
design of the building enclosure. This means a total integration of the different
building systems in the external wall.
In the relationship between structure and external wall, there are three
options:
1. Structu re totally inside the building in this case, the externa l wall is a
simple skin and can be very light and elegant.
2 .
Structure forming p art of the external wall in this case, the structur e is
expressed as an in tegral part of building appearance and the external
wall consists of infill panels.
3 .
Struc ture distinct from the outsi de of the building this case is similar
to the first one in having tw o separate systems for the structure an d external
wall . The external wall is se lf-support ing and appears l ight beneath a
layer of the building structure.
Different appearances and spatial experiences are created in these three
options. Building services can also be classified similarly. When mechanical
services are put outside the building, they can produce a striking impact.
Plate 1.2
The uniqu e form of the Peak Tower e nc losure ident i f ies
the bui ld ing as a landmark in Hong Kong.
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Enc losures f o r Bu i ld ings in Hong Kong
Building services are usually connected to the external wall. These services
include the air intake and discharge of mechanical ventilation system, the fire
service inlets and other services' inlets, the observation lifts, lighting protection
systems, external l ight ing, and f i re alarms as wel l as forms of service
mechanisms for environmental control .
The function of the enclosure to give the building a certain appearance is
mostly attended to by the designers, the building owner as well as plain
observers. Here the designer's ideas are consolidated and conveyed to people.
Whether the building expresses culture, technology, environment or sheer
engineering, it is the result of the efforts of many people acting both directly
and indirectly. Some clients may like to have a building of prestige and they
dictate styles for the designer to conform to. Only a good match of designer
and client can produce good buildings.
M A T E R I A L S A N D C O M PO N E N T S
Materials for enclosures include glass, metal , paint, natural stones, t i les,
concrete and t imber. The choice of material depends on the appropriateness
of t he i r per f or m ance char ac t er i s t i cs i n t he par t i cu l ar s i t ua t i on . Such
performance criteria are considered in the light structural serviceability, safety,
habitability, durability, compatibility and aesthetics. Materials also combine
to form bui lding components making up the const ruct ion of the external
wall .
When components meet each other, joints are formed between different
components. Special at tention to these areas can produce good detail ing in
respect to function and aesthetics. Points to be considered as regards detailing
are:
1 . Ho w com ponen ts are constructed and put into other parts of the building
2.
Join ts to be adeq uate for structure (self-supporting or supp orted by other
systems)
3 . Joints to be watertigh t and drainage to be provided
4. Actual ope ration procedu re
5.
Maintenanc e problems and method
6. App earance of the com pone nt in relation to other building parts
7.
En viron me ntal benefits such as reducing heat gain to interior, enha ncing
ventilation, using low embodied energy and recycling of materials or
component par ts
Components of the enclosure include glazing, windows, roofing, parapets,
skylights, walls, doo rs, balconies, canopies, shop fronts and other projecting
features.
Plate 1.3
Maple G arden has a simp le shelter of reinforced con crete.
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
DESIGNING THE ENCLOSURE
The enclosure is designed to meet the functional requirement based on the
performance criteria of the materials and components.
To act as a basic shelter, reinforced concrete wall is commonly used in
H o n g K o n g . A t h i c k n e s s o f 1 0 0 m m g i v es a m i n i m u m g u a r a n t e e o f
waterproofing. This 100 mm thickness will not function if workmanship is
poor with voids and 'honeycomb' defects. Increased thickness gives better
sheltering effect but decreases the valuable net usable floor area of the interior.
Cement sand rendering on the external surface enhances the shelter ing
function. The concrete surface is applied with a coat of spatterdash before
cement sand rendering . When t i les are added on the rendering or using
adhesive, movement joints have to be introduced to allow for various types
of building movement.
Glass walls in the form of curtain wall or window wall can provide shelter.
Joints between the glass and metal frames are filled up with elastic sealants to
provide adhesion as well as certain degree of movement. Frames in the curtain
in wall have to allow for drainage of any water seeping in. Openable windows
are provided with neoprene gaskets . Gaps between the s tructural opening
and window frames are grouted to provide a water seal . Large glazing is
suspended by hangers. Tests can be carried out on glazing or window mock-
ups to ascertain strength.
Metal c ladding is a lso completed with sealants for waterproofing and
movement . Joints are designed by calculat ion of the thermal expansion
coefficient with the temperature range as well as possible deflection of the
building. Stone cladding is dry mounted and similarly sealed but waterproofing
usually relies on a protective layer that is applied to the concrete surface.
Plate 1.4
Metal c ladding for the roof deck ing of the Lantau Tol l
Plaza.
Checklist for specifying curtain wall and cladding:
1. Scope of wo rks to include design, supply, delivery, stora ge, ere ction ,
connection, testing and maintenance
2.
Prepa ration of shop drawings and dimensional co-ordina tion
3 . Design wa rran ty for performance period
4. Structural requirements for deadload s, live loads and wind loads as well
as differential m ovem ents
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Enclosures for Bu i ld ings in Hong Kong
Plate 1.5
Sunshades for solar con trol at Verbena Heights.
5. Performance requirements for overall thermal transfer values, thermal
expansion, moisture resistance, water penetrat ion, safety, acoust ics,
condensation, f ire resistance, distortion free and low maintenance
6. Tolerances for manufacture and installation
7.
General materials and wo rkm ans hip including glass, coatings, metal panels,
doors ,
fixing, joints, gaskets, sealants, lighting protection and earth bond ing
8. Durable finishes
9. Samples and testing
1 0.
Maintenance and repair
To allow for environmental control , an insulated air gap will be effective
for thermal and noise purposes when used on the curtain wall or claddings.
Increased thickness of the concrete wall does help to achieve better insulation
values. But sunshading devices or screens can be added on the external wall
for ef fect ive solar control . Louvres are useful for vent i lat ion purposes.
Acoustical louvres can cut off machine room noise and help ventilation.
Designing the building enclosure has to follow the Building Regulations
and the Fire Services Requirements. These cover:
1 .
Structural adequa cy
2 . Objects to be preve nted from falling
3 . Fire safety with adeq uate fire resisting period and co m pa rtm ent atio n
4. Lim itation of open ings near adjoining sites
5.
Overall Therm al Transfer Value requirement
6. Me ans of Escape Code
The external appearance of the building can be a result of the above
considerations. A pattern of repeated components can give discipline and order
to an elevation. An irrational approach can produce very artistic impressions.
Elevat ions that can wi thstand the test of t ime usual ly blend in wi th the
surround ings or become inseparable from the site context. This becomes culture
in physical form. Environmentally fr iendly buildings can be of sustainable
designs passing on to future generations. Good detailing for the enclosure will
give buildings life and interaction with people.
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
T a b l e 1 .1 P e r f o r m a n c e C h a r a c t e r i s ti c s o f M a t e r i a l s a n d C o m p o n e n t s f o r E x t e rn a l W a l l i n H o n g K o n g
M a t e r i a l f o r
E n c l o s u r e
Glass
Meta l (a lumin ium, coppe r ,
steel , stainless steel)
Natura l stones (gran i te ,
marb le , sandstone ,
l imestone, s la te ,
t raver t ine)
Tiles
Concrete
T imber
Paint
C o m p o n e n t s f o r m e d
b y t h e M a t e r i a l
win do ws , g laz ing sky l i gh t
w i n d o w f r a me , c l a d d i n g ,
f rame fo r g laz ing , roo f i ng
c ladd ing
wa l l f in ish
wa l l f in ish
insitu or precast as ' fa ir
f a c e d ' concrete
decora t ive wa l l f in ish as
facing boards
spray pa in t or ro l led
on pa in t as wa l l f in ishes
S t r u c t u r a l
Ser vi cea b i l i t y
f ramed suppor t o r
st ructura l sea lant wi th
g lass but t resses
specia l g lazing system
avai lable for large glass
area, usua l ly wi th
suspens ion sys tem
mo vem en t j o in t a l l owed
around g lass
tem pere d g lass for
bet ter st rength
genera l ly goo d
st ructura l st rength
ancho red to st ructura l
system of bu i ld ing
avo id com mo n s i tua t i on
weaken ing s t ruc tu ra l
st rength
hung on concrete wal l
by steel anchors
norm al ly heavy but can
comb ine w i th expanded
metal base to give l ight
weight pane ls
stuck on wa l l by cement
sand render ing or
chemica l adhes i ve wh ich
g ives st ronger but more
f lexib le f ix ing
a l l ow fo r mo vem en t
jo in ts
insitu concrete is intact
wi th st ructure
precast conc rete is
mechanica l ly f ixed and
sealed wi th grout ing or
insitu concre t i ng
nai led or glue d on
concrete wal l
not al l t im be r can be
used externa l ly
adhere to back ground
such as render ing
concrete f in ishes
S a f e t y
broken g lass can be
dangerous
lam inated g lass and
tempered g lass for
safe ty
hired glass for f i re rat ing
f ire rated glass avai lable
secured insta l la t ion is
safe
stee l wi th cer ta in
th ickness can a f ford f i re
ra t ing
insecure f ix in g causes
fa l l ing hazards
insecure f ix in g a lso
causes fa l l ing hazards
g o o d w o r km a n sh i p f or
insitu concrete
especia l ly on
cant i levered st ructure
for safety
t reatm ent to avo id f i re
hazards
som e lead-based pa in t
is po isonous
som e pa in t can provide
f i re resistance
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Enc losures f o r Bu i ld ings in Hong Kong
T a b l e 1 .2 P e r f o r m a n c e C h a r a c t e r i s t ic s o f M a t e r ia l s a n d C o m p o n e n t s f o r E x t e rn a l W a l l i n H o n g K o n g
M a t e r i a l f o r
En cl o su r e
Glass
M e t a l ( a l u m in i u m ,
copper , s teel ,
stainless steel)
Natura l s tones
(g ran i t e , marb le ,
sands tone ,
l imes ton e , s la te ,
t raver t ine)
Tiles
H a b i t a b i l i t y
t rans m i t hea t and
l ight when c lear ,
a b s o r p t i v e wh e n
t in ted, ref lect ive
wh e n c o a t e d w i t h
var ious chemica ls
ref lect sou nd
stops cer ta in
amount o f no ise ,
doub le g laz ing o r
d o u b le w in d o w i s
insu la t ive
wa t e r p r o o f i n g a t
jo ints is achieved by
sealants
insu la t ive mate r ia ls
can be added for
cont ro l heat or
s o u n d
low cond uc t iv i t y ,
comb ines w i t h a i r
gap to g ive
insu la t ion
jo i n t s c o m p le t e d
wi th sea lan t and
b a c k g r o u n d
app l ied w i t h
wa t e r p r o o f i n g
no t con t r ibu te much
fo r insu la t ion
meta l l ic t i les can
ref lect solar
rad ia t ion
D u r a b i l i t y
durab le in norm a l
use
coa t ing and t in t can
be w orn o f f
espec ia l l y du r ing
cons t ruc t ion
durab le in mos t
cases
ox ida t ion f o r meta ls
is poss ib le and may
resent to form a
protect ive layer or
co r rode
fa in t ing o f co lo ur ing
for cer ta in coat ing
durab le f o r mos t
stones
sands tone and
l imes tone more
suscep t ib le t o wear
and tear
durab le
me tal l ic sur face
more eas i l y worn
d o w n
C o m p a t i b i l i t y
g lass can w i t h s tan d
con tac t w i t h m os t
mate r ia l
coa t ing on g lass can
b e d e g r a d e d t h r o u g h
con tac t w i t h some
chemica ls
d i f f e ren t meta ls
cannot be p laced
toge ther due to
ga lvan ic ac t ion
som e s tones t end
to reta in water and
shou ld be ins ta l led
to a l low wate r t o
d ry up and avo id
pro longed con tac t
w i t h wa t e r
n o p r o b le m
except for specia l
coa t ing su r face
A e s t h e t i c s
ref lect ive,
t ransparen t
o r co lour t in ted
anod iz ing g ives
co lour t o
a l u m i n i u m
paint ,
f l u o r o c a r b o n
coa t ing , power
coa t ing and
enamel coa t ing
can be app l ied
to p roduce
co lours and
pat tern
textu re can be
made by
e n g r a v in g ,
e m b o s s i n g ,
e t c h in g ,
g r i n d i n g
o r h a m m e r i n g
sur face t rea tm ent
can be po l ished ,
honed o r f lamed
range of natura l
co lours ava i lab le
wid e range o f
co lours ava i lab le ,
g lazed or
ung lazed
corne r t i les and
spec ia l shaped
t i les avai lab le
Cont inued on p . 8
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
T a b l e 1 .2 co n t i n u ed
M a t e r i a l f o r
E n c l o s u r e
Concre te
T im b e r
Paint
H a b i t a b i l i t y
g e n e r a l l y g o o d
insu la to r
inc rease in t h ickness
to improve insu la t ion
t rea tm ent t o s top
te rm i te and inser t
g r o w t h
som e p rodu c ts can
be hea t / l igh t
ref lect ive
D u r a b i l i t y
durab le
sur face can be
protected by paint
render ing can be
app l ied f o r
protect ion but i t
changes t he na tu ra l
appearance
co lour f ad in g under
use
depen ds on
produc t
re -app l ica t ion o f
paints may be
required af ter
ce r ta in per iod
C o m p a t i b i l i t y
ingred ien t s and
water have to be
' c lean '
to avoid
c o n t a m in a t i o n ,
wh ich may cause
nest ing to s teel
re in fo rcement
n o p r o b le m
pa in t p ro tec t ion
s ome p roduc ts
speci fy the
prepara t ion o f t he
base before
app l ica t ion
A e s t h e t i c s
fair face con crete
can take up
texture of
f o r m w o r k
co lour pa in t s can
be app l ied
mo re na tu ra l
wid e range o f
t ex tu re and co lour
stone - l ike ef fects
ava i lab le
degre e of
g loss iness
ava i lab le
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Plate 2.1
Verbena H eights as viewed fro m Po Hong Road.
V E R BE NA HE IGHTS
Architectural Firm: Anthony Ng Architects Ltd.
GENERAL
This i s a case study of a high-r ise housing design
demonstrating different design strategies for dealing with
environmental problems. The basic technique is not
using sophisticated high-tech expensive products but
com m on l oca l cons t r uc t i on t echnol ogy t o achi eve
e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e f i t s by c a r e fu l p l a n n i n g a n d
detail ing. However, not all the design strategies have
been implemented in the final construction due to other
considerat ions. This design has al ready indicated an
env i r onm ent a l conc er n . I t is envi saged t ha t m or e
promotion and education on environmental protection
i ssues w i l l be necessar y t o sus t a i n t he m an- m ade
environment in Hong Kong.
LOCATION
This project is in the new town of Tseung Kwan O. The
site is within an area of residential buildings newly
developed or under development by private developers
or the government. A highway lies on one side, causing
noise problems for the high-rise flats. This project will
house 1894 saleable apartments and 971 rental units.
ENCLOSURE
The enclosure design alone will not be sufficient to deal
with environmental issues. This project consists of a
group of building blocks orientated to capture prevailing
wind for cooling in summer. To make this possible, wind
tunnel studies are made on the building model to obtain
the best disposition of the building blocks for optimum
natural ventilation. Some big openings are left in the
blocks to affect the wind flow. In addition, the floor
design on a linear layout gives better opportunities for
cross ven tilation.
With such an environmentally posit ive layout, the
bui lding enclosure is considered to fur ther enha nce
environmental protection. Basically the building wall
is a convent ional reinforced concrete wal l wi th bay
windows. An external shading device in the form of a
concrete grid is installed as inter-block shading will not
be sufficient . These sunshading screens also serve to
block off part of the traffic noise. Solar effects and noise
effects have been studied through computer modelling.
In order to effectively use energy as well as to save the
valuable internal space in this high density developm ent,
solar heat is also used for external clothes drying. So
nat ur a l anodi zed a l um i ni um per f or a t ed panel s a r e
added in front of the drying racks as screens.
C O M M E N T S
Design strategies showing concern for the environment
i s a m a t t e r o f d e s i g n a t t i t u d e . T h e i n c r e a s e i n
construction costs usually is only a few percent but this
will save much on future costs. The devices to save and
use energy as demonstrated in this case study are not
new inventions. Wh at is imp ortant are the affectionate
thoughts and caring att i tude in working out a scheme
t hat show s t he poss i b i l i t i es beyond an o t her w i se
conventional design.
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
Figure 2.1
Layout at the third f loor show ing saleable blocks at the north
and rental blocks at the south. Venti lat ion 'holes' are left to
create aesthetical interest.
Archi tect:
Anthony Ng Architects Ltd.
Project Locat ion:
Po Hong Road, Mau Tai Road, Area 19B,
Tseung Kwan 0, T.K.O.T.L. No. 35
Materia ls for Enclosure:
Reinforced concrete st ructure , ceramic
t i l e s ,
a l u m i n i u m fr a m e d w i n d o w s ,
reinforced concrete screen wal ls
C o mp l et i o n :
Scheduled at 1997
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Verbena Heights
Plate 2.2
The completed central block from Po Hong Road -
heights of the block.
- scale of the high-rise blocks is broken down by varying
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
E N E R G Y
A L T E R N A T I V E
N A T U R A L
V E N T I L A T I O N
Building layout
designed to
harness ambient
wind for space
cooling
--
Wind tunnel
studies to optimize
wind-driven
ventilation for
apartment units
S O L A R S H A D IN G *External shading device and roof shading/ C om puter mode ling analysis to optimize
/
IN S U L A T I O N
insulation to control heat gain shading/day lighting design
HARNESSING OF
SOLAR ENERGY
ACTIVE)
Provision
designed for
apartment units
to incorporate
solar water
heating system
^4 H %v
% " f i f e -
Building integrated solar collector for water
heating and photovoltaics for lighting, etc.
HARNESSING OF
SOLAR ENERGY
PASSIVE)
Clothes drying space
with good solar/wind
exposure to encourage
use
d-
I
i
5
Ventilation stack
designed to
utilize solar
heating to drive
air movement
M I N I M I Z A T I O N
O F E L E C T R I C
L I G H T I N G
^Strategies executed or
partially executed in
Verbena eights
Light-shelves to
optimize daylighting
to depth of room;
daylighting to
lobbies and other
communal areas
Daylighting design integrated with intelligent
control systems and photo/occupancy sensors
Figure 2.2
Matr ix of strategies towards sustainable housing design energy aspects.
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M A T E R I A L S
A L T E R N A T I V E A D V A N C E
T R O P I C A L
W O O D S
C O N S E R V A T I O N
W O O D S
C O N S E R V A T I O N
Alternative form-
work materials
(e.g., steel, plastic,
softwoods) to be
used instead of
unlabelled tropical
woods
f\
V vj j i i
Xf3r
* k %
M*^
sffl
E N D f tL L i L O C K D O A . I L
W "
Standardization of
design & efficient
construction system
(e.g., components
prefabrication) to
optimize use of
form work materials
Alternative
wood products to
be specified (e.g.,
MDF board for
cabinets;
engineered wood
for structure)
Cert i f ied wood materials /prod ucts from
managed plantation source to be specified
SUSTAINABLY
ACQUIRED.OR
RENEWABLE
RESOURCE
M A T E R I A L S
R E D U C T I O N
Materials of durability matching expected
service life to be selected (e.g., terrazzo floor
tiling, C hinese granite paving)
L O W E M B O D IE D
E N E R G Y
Materials with
low embodied
energy (e.g., some
local products) to
be specified where
appropriate
Space designed to have increased flexibility
for the ease of future adaptations (e.g.,
convertible housing units)
* m
. - * . }
(
I
1
1
r
I
" %
r a ]
i I
p
m
t * f m , * . - ,
^ 1 t :r - - r f *
1
.
.~|i
r::s;:|,
N
*"
Life-cycle energy use ( in i t ial / recurring
embodied energy and operating energy) in
building to be assessed
RECYCLED
CONTENT/
RECYCLABILITY
Products with recycled content to be used
where appropriate (e.g., play equipment using
recycled aluminum/plastics)
^Strategies executedor
partiallyexecuted
in
Verbena eights
,f%,
< > < ? >
iv>
V
O
R E C Y C L E D
C O N T E N T
R E - U S E A B I E ,
S A L V A G E A B L E
R E C Y C L A B L E
Building design to
be targeted with
increasing % of
recycled materials
and recyclable or
re-usable materials/
components
Figure 2.3
Matrix of strategies towards sustainable housing design materials aspects.
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
LIVABILITY
A L T E R N A T I V E
A D V A N C E D
N O I S E
M I T I G A T I O N
Blo ck layout and
noise barrier walls
designed to reduce
flats exposed to
excessive traffic/
mechanical noise
P E D E S T R I A N
L E V E L W IN D
C O N T R O L
H igh - and low-rise blocks juxtaposed to
reduce adverse wind impactonpedestrian area
w
1-
A co us t i c m o del
tests to develop
f a ca de- m o un t ed
noise mitigation
devices
W ind tunnel
modeling studies to
optimize building
design to safeguard
pedestrian comfort
& safety
IND O O R A IR T ypical f loor lobbies/corridors and car
QU A L ITY parking space designed to promote natural
ventilation
P a i n t s o f VO C s
and o ther materials
containing "toxic"
s ubs t a n ces ( e . g . ,
adhesives) to be
avoided for indoor
application
URBAN
GREENERY
Communal planting space extended to upper
levels for increasing amount of urban
greenery
Integrated facade design (an "environmental
filter") adapted for planting, solar shading,
no ise mitigation, etc.
^Strategies executed or
partially executed in
Verbena eights
Figure 2.4
Matrix of strategies towards sustainable housing design l ivabi l i ty aspects.
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Verbena Heights
1.
cruciform plan (conventional)
2. 'linear' plan (saleable flats, Verbena Heights)
3. 'linear' plan (rental flats, Verbena Heights)
0 10M
Typical f loor plans: cruci form vs. ' l inear' forms adopted in Verbena Heights
Figure 2.5
Light ing and cross venti lat ion is created by openings along the corr idor.
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
Plate 2.3
View of Verbena Heights sunscreens and roof screens create environmental and aesthetic values.
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Verbena Heights
Plate 2.4
View of Verbena Heights an assembly of archi tectonics from environmental features.
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
50 x 100 ceramic tiles
8 wide groove w/sealant pointing
external plaster w/finishes
A
Part elevation of rental block
unit type 3P2
50 x 100 ceramic tiles
50 x 50 x 100 corner ceramic tiles
Part plan of rental block
Figure 2.6
Part elevation of a rental block.
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Verbena He igh ts
A
TTHT
-^-
&
N ^
o
^
%
S.F.L
i
is
4
1. 175 x 650
RC
beam in spray paint finish on
fairface concrete as wall colour
2.RC screen wall in colour B (rough dotto)
wall paint finish for rental block and colour
A (rough dotto) for saleable block
Figure 2.7
Detail section of R.C. screen
wal l .
Plate 2.5
Roof feature and vert ical f in at a rental
block.
Plate 2.6
I n t e r i o r v i e w o f t h e b a y w in d o w a n d
screen
wal l .
. ;>
-
>
1
*,
iffltii
Plate 2.7
R.C. screen wall in paint f inish on facade
of the bay window.
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Plate 2.8
R . C . s c r e e n wa l l o n t h e b a y w in d o w
facade.
-
i
1
i
I
P i ' f
P" I
a
j .
i
* i a
* *
I'M
is
-
1
:::
1
ft
I J
ft 5 I
111 I ; I
Figure 2.8
Elevation of R.C. screen wa l l .
1. RC beam behind
2.RC screen wall in colour B (rough dotto)
wall paintfinishfor rental blockandcolour
A (rough dotto) for saleable block
3. setting out point for openings (vertical)
4 5 | J[ 4 5 J, Q Q
- H h
D
D
gsiiDD
Elevation of R.C. screen wai
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Verbena Heights
H
Plate 2
-
9
Drying racks of aluminium panel screen
supported by stainless steel pipe.
=LM
Typical screen side elevation for d rying rack (for rental block only)
Typical fixing detail of screen 1:4
Figure 2.9
The drying rack detail of a rental block.
1. 3 mm thick aluminium perforated panel
w/natural colour anodized finish drying
rack
2.
drying rack
3. 380 S/S pipe hairline finish
4.
140 x 100 x 4.5 thick M/S plate cast-in to
RC
wall by fastener
5. 320 M/S pipe welded to M/S plate
6. 3 mm thick aluminium perforated panel
w/natural colour anodized finish
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Plate 2.10
View of Verbena Heights the monotony of typical f lats is of fset by the var ied use of sunscreens.
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Verbena Heights
175x650 R.C.
beam
aluminium
window
aluminium bay
window
Figure 2.10
Isometric of wall section with sunscreens.
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Plate 3.1
Aluminium sunscreens are used for so lar cont ro l . Meta l l ic g lazed
tiles reflect excessive heat.
HONG KONG TECHNICAL COLLEGE (TSING YI)
Architectural Firm: P & T Architects & Engineers Ltd.
GENERAL
This case study presents another project that exploits
e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e c h n i q u e s t o c o n s t r u c t a n e n e r g y
efficient building. Site planning and massing are the
initial steps to consider for saving energy. Thus, the
buildings are planned with the short sides facing east
and west . Ma chinery room s are placed on posi t ions
w i t h s t r o n g s u n . T h i s r e f l e c t s t h e p l a n n i n g f o r
environmental control. The roof is an area with much
solar exposure. In this project, landscape planting, water
features and covered walkways are placed on the roof
top forming usable amenities as well as an insulating
layer.
L O C A T I O N
The site is a six-hectare site on Tsing Yi Island. It is a
rather rural site with a hill as its backdrop. A highway
lies on one side and a high-rise residential estate is
nearby. The project takes advantage of natural resources
and aims to capture the summer sea breeze by elevating
the south side of the main building to facilitate natural
ventilation.
ENCLOSURE
To limit the effect of the absorbed solar heat on the
interior, deep recessed facades and sunshading fins are
techniques used in the elevations' window design. Some
window s are openable to allow natural ventilation wh en
possible . The re inforced concrete external walls are
covered with reflective metallic tiles to reduce solar heat
gain. Windows are constructed of a grey tinted glass
which absorbs some heat, thus reducing solar heat gain
to the interior.
C O M M E N T S
This project uses simple means but careful planning and
design to achieve an energy eff ic ient building . The
o v e r a l l t h e r m a l t r a n s f e r v a l u e is o f 1 0 . 2 7 w / m
2
p e r f o r m a n c e , c o m p a r e d w i th g e n e r a l c u r ta in w a l l
buildings of 80 w/m
2
. Site plann ing, functional plann ing,
circulation, wall design and selection of materials all
contribute to the success of this project.
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Figure 3.1
The diagrams here i l lustrate environmental concepts the planning of the site, design of elevat ion and select ion of mater ials all
contr ibute to energy ef f iciency.
Main Sjta ircore
2 h -
S K Y ^ D B
E V E L
Sea Breeze fk>m the j
Sou th Eas t d i rec t ion
^C' ' " - B IOCK
if T
i S i i i
w* ^ CONCOURSE LEV,EL
Bas ic Teach ing
Wing
Natural Ventilated Courtyard Orientation of Basic Teaching Wing
South Elevation Sunshading Fins
Archi tect:
P & T Architects & Engineers Ltd.
P r o j ect L o ca t i o n :
Tsing Yi Road and Sai Shan R oad,
Tsing Yi Island
Materia ls for Enclosure:
R e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e f r a m e ,
a l u m i n i u m w i n d o w s w i t h g r e y
t i n t e d g l a s s , m e t a l l i c l u s t r e
ref lective ceramic t iles, alum inium
sunshading f ins
C o m p l e t i o n :
1993
Use of Waste A/C Air Room Depth and Cross Ventilation
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H o n g K o n g T ech n i ca l Col lege (Tsing Yi)
Photo by courtesy of
P
& T Architects & Engineers Ltd.
\
*^*u
*
i-
.
^ t i i i sL ' r
f y
a
f e s s
" H E R 5 S S S
IBS jS |9 3(
Plate 3.2
View of the Technical C ollege the rationa l character of the elevation is a reflection of mo dular plann ing.
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
Plate 3.3
View of the bridge connection and deep overhang.
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Hong Kong Technical Col lege (Tsing Yi)
Plate 3.4
An overal l view of the Technical College shows jux tapos it ion of blocks perpen dicular to the l inear si te.
Photo by courtesy of
P
& T
Architects Engineers Ltd.
Plate 3.5
The metall ic industrial look of the entrance canopy reflects the technical character of the institution.
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
Plate 3.6
Interior view of the sports hal l natural venti lat ion is made possible by instal l ing remote-control led
louvres on the wal ls.
Photo by courtesy of
P
& T
Architects Engineers Ltd.
Plate 3.7
Interior view of the workshop.
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Hong Kong Technical Col lege (Tsing Yi)
-aluminium window
-planter
335x75 mm
-aluminium box
section sun fin
6
x
6
mm R.C.
sun fin
Figure 3.2
Isometr ic showing the wal l sect ion wi th
the sunshading device.
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
Figure 3.3
Elevation of the main entrance.
Plate 3.8
Roof garden with covered walkway.
Plate 3.9
Variat ion of sunshades on elev ation.
**
l i i l i
p i t
Plate 3.10
The main entrance.
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Hong Kong Technical Col lege (Tsing Yi)
- * f e *
Plate 3.11
Alumin ium sunshading device.
^ -
I
*
Plate 3.12
Openable windows for venti lat ion.
Plate 3.13
Natural venti lated courtyard.
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Plate 4.1
View of the publ ic toi let showing i ts rural sett ing.
PUBLIC TO ILE T A T N G O N G PING
Architectural Firm: P & T Architects & Enginee rs Ltd.
GENERAL
This i s a smal l project using simple environmental
st rategies to enclose the bui lding, al lowing natural
lighting and cross ventilation. The two blocks of public
toilet demonstrate simplicity of the design and illustrate
the possibil i t ies for environmental control .
LOCATION
This is a rural si te next to the Po Lin Monastery and
the Buddha Statue on Lantau Island on Ngong Ping
Road. In this location, vernacular principles are used
to derive the building enclosure as well as to monitor
the interior environment.
an opening at high level allowing diffused lighting and
natural cross vent i lat ion. Air intake at low level i s
possible through gril led openings in the cubicles and
on the external wall. Such devices create a simple stack
effect for air movement.
For construction materials, steel I-beams are used
to support the elevated roof instead of traditional timber
brackets. But clay tiles form the roof finish to provide
the rural character . The external wall is f inished with
simple spray paint on rendering. Reinforced concrete
columns are chiselled fairface concrete. Slate tiles form
the finish for the dado. A natural look is achieved using
simple materials.
C O M M E N T S
ENCLOSURE
This is a one-storey building; the design of the roof is
t her ef or e a m aj or co ns i d er a t i o n f or t he bui l d i ng
encl osur e . T o a l l ow l i ght penet r a t i on and na t ur a l
ventilation, an elevated pitched roof is used. This creates
A small project can exploit grand concepts. This simple
building i l lustrates that the concept of environmental
design can be incorporated into the building enclosure.
The building is integrated with the natural process to
create harmony between humankind and nature.
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Ho n g K o n g
^ ABMJ.w
M.
V >VAV W
1
-
i\
Plate4.2
Exter ior viewofthe roof and wall co nstruc t ion.
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Publ ic Toi let at Ngong Ping
Plate 4.3
A view from Ngong Ping Road i l lustrat ing i ts vernacular character.
Plate 4.4
Interior view of the toilet a pleasant and neat appearance is created.
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Plate 4.5
Exter ior view showing its vernacular character.
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Publ ic Toi let at Ngong Ping
"
1
r
_
stack ventilation
cross ventilation
ventilation concept
T ^ "
diffused light
lighting concept
Figure 4.1
D i a g r a m s i l l u s t r a t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l
s t r a t e g i e s n a t u r a l l i g h t i n g a n d
ven t i l a t i on a re i nco rpo ra ted th rough a
single design method.
Archi tect:
P & T Architects & Engineers Ltd.
P r o j ect L o ca t i o n :
Ngong Ping Road, Lantau Island
Bui ld ing Enclosure:
Steel structure, chisel led f in ished fairface
concrete for the colum ns, slate and spray
paint for wal ls
C o mp l et i o n :
1995
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
Figure 4.2
Layou t p lan showing the to i l e t b locks
staggered to achieve good venti lat ion.
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Publ ic Toi let at Ngong Ping
Figure 4.3
Isometric of wal l sect ion showing simple construct ion for environmental concern.
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
1. powder coated alum, fins
2.
stucco finish in-fill panel
3. fairface concrete chiselled finish
4. S.S. grille gate
5. G.M.S. roof bracket system
6. roofing tiles
7. powder coated alum, lattice
8. 12 mm thick tempered stained glass panel
9. 12 mm thick tinted temp ered glass panel
10.12 mm thick tempered glass panel with etched pattern laid
in S.S. frame
11. G.M.S. bracket system painted
12.
100 mm S.Q. C.I. rainwater spout
13.
fairface concrete chiselled finish
14.powder coated alum, lattice
15.
25 mm 0 S.S. rod fixed to G.M.S. bracket system
16.
10 mm thick tinted tempered glass panel laid in S.S. frame
17.G.M.S. planter box framed with timber lattice structure
18.roofing tiles
19.
louvre detail
20.fairface concrete chiselled finished
Figure 4.4
Elevations.
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Publ ic Toi let at Ngong Ping
1. G.M.S. bracket system painted
2.
100 mm S.Q. C.I. rainwater spout
3. fairface concrete chiselled finish
4.
G.M.S. roof bracket system painted
5. roofing tiles as specified
6. powder coated alum , fins
7. fairface concrete chiselled finish
8. S.S. grille gate
9. roof tile
10.powder coated alum, fins
11. powder coated alum, louvre
12.
G.M.S. planter box framed with timber lattice structure
13.
finish expansion joint
14. louvre detail
Figure 4.5
Elevations.
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Figure 5.1
Elevation of the main entrance.
T H E N E W PE N G CH A U M A R K E T
Architectural Firm: P & T Architects & Enginee rs Ltd.
GENERAL
This is another case study of a building enclosure which
focuses on env ironme ntal co ntrol. The project is a three-
storey building housing the market stalls in the lower
two levels. The machinery rooms are on the top floor.
This offers a thermal insulation buffer against the solar
heat gain on the
roof.
LOCATION
The site is located on the outlying island of Peng Chau.
With the last natural environment around the si te, the
project is designed to be environmental friendly.
ENCLOSURE
The building is mechanically ventilated but can also be
naturally ventilated. This is facilitated by a mechanically
operable louvre system within the external wall which
can be used at night when the market is closed. The
external wall is f inished with spray paint and ceramic
wall tiles. Fixing is by means of bonding agent to ensure
a good contact for the concrete base. The columns are
of fairfaced concrete structure finished with waterproof
coating.
The roof is designed with deep overhangs to shield
off solar heat. A fibre glass cladding system is designed
for the roof overhangs.
The cover part of the building is designed to be
finished w ith timber panels to give a natu ral appe aranc e.
Special varnish coats the t imber to stop deterioration
and insect growth.
C O M M E N T S
Again, careful planning make s a building different. With
t h e b u d g e t a n d f u n c t i o n s a l m o s t u n c h a n g e d ,
envi r onm ent a l cons i der a t i on i m pr oves t he ener gy
efficiency of a building, makin g it more sus tainable and
c r e a t i n g h a r m o n y b e t w e e n i ts u s e r s a n d t h e
environment .
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Figure 5.2
First f loor plan at 8.65 m.p.d.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
meat stall
wet goods
dry goods
switch room
male toilet
female toilet
lift
vegetable sorting area
refuge collection
office
A.H.U.
room
store room
escalator
deck
/ ^ J ^Kyj PROMENADE
r
Figure 5.3
Ground f loor plan at 4.00 p.m.d.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
12
fish
poultry
lift
disabled's toilet
plant room
transformer room
newspaper
LP.G.
store
void
refuge collection
scalding room
loading & unloading
Archi tect:
P & T Architects & Engineers Ltd.
Project Locat ion:
Wing On Street, Peng Chau
Materia ls for Enclosure:
Spray paint and ceramic t i les on reinforced
concre te
w a l l ,
f a i r f aced concre te non-
waterproof sealer on columns. Fibre glass
c l a d d in g s y s t e m a n d m in e r a l c o a t i n g
system for the roof
C o mp l et i o n :
Scheduled for 1998.
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The New Peng Chau Marke t
Figure 5.4
Roof plan at 16.30 m.p.d.
Figure 5.5
Mezzanine f loor plan at 12.45 m.p.d.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
12
13
generator room
lift machine room
FH/HR
sprinkler tank
F.S. pump room
void
scrubber area
pump room
pau unit
condenser room
translucent canopy
escalator cover
roof
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
* ffi~~
r
~~~.'
i ' - ^ r A i r *r ' r ^ ~- , - \ %^ , . ., , , . * -,'/
*-
Figure 5.6
Elevat ion f ibre glass cladding and mineral coat ing are specif ied for the roof, t imber panels for the walls.
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The New Peng Chau Marke t
J.*y--r^-\-'::^
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Plate 5.1
Model s tudy for the bui ld ing form and enclosure.
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The New Peng Chau Market
Figure 5.7
Sections showing deep overhangs for sunshading.
\A
M 1 *
iff
PROMENADE
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
channel
metal decking on surface and suspended
fibre on bottom side
planter box
external spray paint to circular colum n
planter box
Drawn bv ArchiCAD
s
Figure 5.9
Isometr ic sect ion of the roof and wall
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The New Peng Chau Market
G.M.S. pole
mineral coating
fibre glass cladding
openable window
external spray paint to external wall
fairface concrete finish
Drawn by ArchiCAD
s
Figure 5.10
Isometric section of the roof and wai
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Plate 6.1
Frameless bay windows for Maple Gardens Phase 3.
M A PL E G A R D E N PH A SE
3
Design Architectural Firm: Wo ng Wah Sang Architect as Con sultant with All Arts Limited
Project Architectural Firm: Hsin Yieh Architects & Associates Ltd.
GENERAL
This case study is an example of a small house design
using local const ruct ion techniques. The two-storey
h o u s e i s i n t e n d e d f o r s i n g l e f a m i l y l i v i n g .
A ccom m odat i on i nc l udes t hr ee bedr oom s, a l i v i ng/
dining area and a kitchen. The total f loor area of the
two storeys is only about 70 m
2
. A small garden with
carpark is also provided.
LOCATION
The site is amidst a group of houses in a residential
area in Yuen Long. Ten houses are located on this site
which is elevated on a level platform to give a better
view and exposure.
ENCLOSURE
The enclosure for the house expresses a wish to extend
the spatial feeling beyond the physical boundaries of
the ex ternal w all. The cylindrical solid form is a circular
stai rcase which is expressed by the staggered glass
blocks. The glass cylindrical block is an enclosure for
the l iving room on the ground floor and the master
bedroom on the first floor. On top of this cylinder is an
elliptical skylight to continue the space upwards.
Bay windows are designed as an al l -glass but t -
jointed construction to provide intimate contact with
the surroundings. Concrete sunshades give some solar
protection. Concrete air-conditioning hoods give both
functional protection and aesthetical effect.
C O M M E N T S
This enclosure i s a simple design wi th ar t iculat ion
generated by the plan without any excessive elaboration.
The geometrical details are used to break through the
otherwise r igid rectangular block.
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
Figure 6.1
The g round f l oo r p lan and the w indow
design.
Plate 6.2
Frameless bay windows for the extension
of the interior into the exterior.
Archi tect:
Wong W ah Sang Architect Al l Arts Lim ited
Project Archi tect:
Hsin Yieh Architects & Associates Ltd.
Project Locat ion:
San Tin, Yuen Long
Materia ls for Enclosure:
Reinforced concrete load , bear ing wa l l ,
clear glass window and aluminium frame.
C o m p l e t i o n :
1997
R.C. WINDOW HOOD
R.C. F IN PROJECTION ABO VE -
1
n
i
n
10S0
200
|
I L
750
0 B/W
FR AMELESS VER TI C ES
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Maple Garden Phase 3
f - AS A/C
I 3 8 0 X 3 8 0
W A L L O P E N I N G
FOR GAS
B A L A N C E F L U E
L ,
s s
e*
Figure 6.2
The first floor plan and the skylight de sign.
Plate 6.3
Interior view of the skyl ight and windo ws .
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
Plate 6.4
'
f
m m * i >
w m V M r
Plate 6.5
Views of the bay window elevation showing i ts simpl ici ty of design.
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Maple Garden Phase 3
11
IS
Plate 6.6
Another view of the bay window elevation showing i ts simpl ici ty of design.
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Plate 6.7
View of the curved surface elevat ion.
Plate 6.8
View of the curved wall with glass blocks enclosing the staircase.
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li
818
ft:
K
*
K
Plate 6.9
Another view of the curved wal l with glass blocks end
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
TOP OF PARAPET
2 1 . 7 3 ( S . F . L )
ROOF LEVEL
-2 5 20.45 (S.F.L.)
FIRST FLOOR LEVEL
7.80 (S.F .L. )
GRpUND FLOOR LEVEL
15.10 (S.F .L. )
FORMATION LEVEL
Figure 6.3
Wal l sect ions through the roof to ground s lab showing the window const ruct ion.
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Maple Garden Phase 3
Figure 6.4
Isometr ic showing the e l l ip t ica l skyl ight
and the curve wal l .
1.metal railing
2.
roof tile on waterproofing layer
3. inverted beam
4.
elliptical skylight
5. curve wall
6. window wall
7. aluminium cladding
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Figure 7.1
Elevation of the new exterior on the exist ing hotel bui ld ing.
T H E PE N IN S UL A H O T E L E X T E N S IO N
Arch itectural Firm : Rocco Design Ltd.
GENERAL
This is a project using modern materials to match with
the details of an existing old landmark. The scale of the
much larger extension is broken down by dividing the
elevation into smaller parts. This is made possible by
using vertical str ipes of dark colour curtain wall . The
result is an integrated composition of old and new.
L O C A T I O N
The site is at Salisbury Road in Tsimshatsui near the
harbour front . The height of the building allows i t to
stand out from its neighours and become visible from
across the harbour . Due to such prominence, even
lighting for the elevation is carefully considered at night.
ENCLOSURE
The existing finish to the hotel is a light grey rendering
in stretcher bond pattern. In order to match this outlook,
a light grey embossed aluminium cladding with recessed
hor i zont a l l i nes i s used . Ful l - he i ght w i ndow s ar e
incorporated with this cladding.
A tinted glass curtain wall is used for the corner
and central vertical stripes. Projecting eaves on the roof
ar e des i g ned w i t h a go nd ol a t r a ck t o f ac i l i t a t e
maintenance of the building enclosure.
On the top floor is a harbour-view restaurant. Here
the enclosure is changed to a 6-metre, high-glass wall
which is supported by glass fins so as not to interfere
with the sea view.
C O M M E N T S
Modern materials and old building techniques can be
placed together either in harmony or subtle contrast by
means of careful proportioning, detail ing and material
selection. Appropriate design can prolong the life of an
old building which is also an environmental benefit and
energy efficient consideration.
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Figure 7.2
Regulat ing l ines to relate the new extension with the exist ing hotel.
A r c h i t e c t :
Rocco Design Ltd.
P r oje c t L oc a t ion:
Salisbury Road & Nathan R oad, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon
Mater ia ls for Enclosure:
Embossed a lumin ium c ladding and cur ta inwa l l ,glass wall for
top f loor restaurant
C o m p l e t i o n :
1995
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The Peninsu la Hote l Extension
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Plate 7.1
View of the hotel f rom Nathan Road.
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The Peninsu la Hote l Extension
P i
i
:l
- r ; f
i if
" - * '^jf l>aa Bi
S 5 a. |
Plate 7.2
View of the extension as an outstanding bui ld ing from Victoria Harbour.
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
-
nr
~ -
M ifflin
m
HI JR H jlMW
-
mmm
? m m m
Plate 7.3
View of the roof showing the glass wa l l , cladding and curtain wall.
,.
\
\
I
II H i' IK
- *
| | [,] li I S i *
Plate 7.4
Close-up of the curtain wal l and cladding.
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The Peninsu la Hote l Extension
ii 11 if i I I
f I
M m W '
Plate 7.5
Another view of the hotel from Nathan Road.
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
isiiii iniiie iui i in
= r -^ -^ ir
SECTION A - A
1
=T1
Figure 7.4
Compressed sect ion of the bui ld ing.
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The Peninsu la Hote l Extension
1.
general line of external curtain wall/cladding
2.external centre curtain wall
3. inclined props both sides
4.external cladding wall
5. glass canopy
6. retractable doors in closed position
7. fixed glass balustrade
8. stair glass balustrade
Figure 7.5
Bui lding sect ion through the new swimming pool deck and the exist ing bui ld ing.
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Figure 7.6
Bui ld ing sect ion throug h the restaurant on the twenty-seven th f loor and the hel ipad sta i rway
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
gondola t racks
cast a lum, fascia be yond
4 mm alum, corn ice beyond
4 mm alum, sof f i t
m i n .
4 mm th ick a lum, ornamenta l
bracket
m i n .
gap for gondola arm support
cast a lum, ornamenta l louvre gri l le
embossed a lum, c ladded co lumn
beyond
a l u m ,
louvre
150 R.C. wall
s l id ing g lass door enclosure
12
13
14.
15
16
17.
18.
grani te ba lustrade s imi lar proport ion to
exist ing ones
structural sealant glazing
glass f in
gran i te paving
600 x 600 x 50 mm P.C. cone, paving pea
gravel dra inage course
fi l ter fabric
50 mm rig id insu l . type 1
W.P.mem brane type 2
screed to dra in m in. 1 % slope
gondola t racks
safety net beyond
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
cast alum, fascial beyond
4 mm alum, corn ice
4 mm alum, sof f i t
4 mm alum, corn ice beyond
louvre
150 R.C. wall
provide 'tel l-tale' drain to void space
glass f in
structural sealant glazing
granite sil l
planter
embossed a lum, co lumn beyond
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The Pen insu la Ho te l Ex tens ion
Figure 7.7
Wall sect ion through the twenty-seventh f loor restaurant glazing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
65 mm granite sill
19 mm vision glass
anchor fixing
sealant
alum, transom
opacified spandrel glass
mullion anchor
64 rigid insulation metal air/V.B.
9. 6 mm DIA 'tell tale' weep holes at next
to each glass fin
10.30 mm deflection gap
11.19 mm vision glass
12.sealant
13.
6 mm stainless steel
14.
granite sill
15. sealant joint
16.epoxy base wearing course
17.
planter drain with screed and filter
18.
19 or 25 mm glass fin beyond
19. pack solid with grout
20.50 insulation
plastic corrugated drain
waterproof membrane screed
slope to drain, min 1%
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Figure 7.8
Isometr ic of the wall sect ion aluminium
e m b o s s e d c l a d d i n g w i t h r e c e s s e d
hor izonta l l ines ref lects the scale of the
bond pattern on the exist ing hotel.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
embossed aluminium panel
ceiling on suspended frame
aluminium head
vision glass
embossed aluminium cladding
vertical movement joint
aluminium sill
13 mm thick wall board
metal stud
internal floor finish
concrete screeding
fire stop insulation
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The Peninsu la Hote l Extension
Figure 7.9
Isometric of wal l sect ion curtain wal l is
used to rel ieve the sol id massing of the
new extension.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
12
opacified spandrel glass
aluminium transom
vision glass
aluminium transom cap splice
metal stud
13 mm thick wall board
internal floor finish
concrete screeding
opacified spandrel glass
aluminium transom
opacified spandrel glass
fire stop insulation
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Plate 8.1
Alum in ium cladd ing for enclosing the Admin ist ra t ion B u i ld ing.
T H E A D M I N I S T R A T I O N B U I L D I N G A T L A N T A U
ISLAND CROSSING
Architectural Firm: Architectural Services Department
GENERAL
This is a special building alongside the highways for
controll ing vehicular passage from the new Tsing Ma
Bridge to Lantau Island. The building is a simple four-
storey rectangular block. A cantilevered glass enclosure
forms the control room. A steel structure with metal
decking forms a workshop and fuel depot. Pollution
from traffic is the key problem for the enclosure so
aluminium cladding is selected in consideration of the
ease of maintenance.
ENCLOSURE
T he a l u m i n i um c l addi ng i s p l an ned i n t w o bas i c
modules of 2100 mm (height) x 2000 mm (width) and
1050 mm (height) x 2000 mm (width) in al ternate
h o r i z o n t a l p a t t e r n s . T h e 3 m m t h i c k c l a d d i n g is
supported by galvanized mild steel angles. Between the
concrete wall and cladding surface, a thickness of 200
mm is allowed for installation. Windows and louvres
are incorporated with the modules of the cladding.
The control room for observing the t raf f ic i s
enclosed by 12 mm thick green t inted tempered glass.
This is slanted outwards at the top to reduce glare from
solar radiation. Glass fins are used as vertical buttresses
to allow an unobstructed view.
C O M M E N T S
The simplicity of the design and a good selection of
materials make this a good functional building which
needs only minimal maintenance. This i s a bui lding
designed to be simple wi thout elaborate detai l . The
practicali ty of the design will make the building last
longer functionally and aesthetically in this particular
environment .
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
* * - *
91
f ^ ^ f c j . g
mr
Plate 8.2
View of the wh ole b ui ld ing on top of the ra i lway tunne l .
w
Plate 8.3
View of the administrat ion building on the Lantau Toll Plaza
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The Admin is t ra t ion Bu i ld ing a t Lan tau I s land Cross ing
Plate 8.4
Roof c ladding of the workshop.
Plate 8.5
The anci l lary p av i l ion as the wo rkshop.
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
v:
r
Plate 8.6
Const ruct ion of the c ladding on the bui ld ing facade.
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The Admin ist ra t ion Bu i ld ing a t Lantau Is land Crossing
-
-
i
s
0-
i
s
00 t
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
i
6000
1400 1480
d
1480 1400
X
F
5
J2?
f o o
r
i
S/S OOOR HANOtf ^
< .A
1500 1500 1500 1300
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3 mm thick silver alum inium panel
3 mm thick silver alum inium panel
10 mm thick green tinted tempered spandrel
glass
10 mm thick green tinted tempered glass
10 mm thick green tinted tempered glass
10 mm thick green tinted tempered glass
10 mm thick green tinted tempered glass
8.
9.
10
11
12
3 mm thick silver aluminium panel
6 + 1 + 6 mm thick clear laminated tempered
glass
10 mm thick green tinted tempered spandrel
glass
6 + 1 + 6 mm thick clear laminated tempered
glass
3 mm thick silver aluminium panel
Figure 8.2
Part elevat ion and wall sect ion of the curtain wa l l .
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The Admin ist ra t ion Bu i ld ing a t Lantau Is land Crossing
a . r 7 .
Outside
R.C PARAPET WALL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
12
backer rod
silicone sealant
M6 x 15 mmL S/S tapped bolt
(0 25OmmC/C)
50 mm thick thermal insulation
material
10 mm thick tempered glass
3 mm thick alum inium panel
12 mm thick treated plywood
backing support
M6.0 S/S screw
G.M.S. angle support frame
60 x 60 x 5 mm thick alum inium
angel (L-94 mm)
stainless steel clip
0 18x66 mmL slot hole
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
50 x 50 x 5 mm thick G.M.S. square
washer
4 mm fillet w eld (L=50 mm)
M16x 125 mmL bolt & nut
127 x 76 x 8 mm thick G.M.S. angle
bracket (L=100 mm)
G.M.S. angle bracket (L=50 mm)
M6 anchor bolt
to earthing point
4m-filletweld (L=100 mm)
caulking sealant
driven pin (0 300 mm C/C)
1.5 m m thick G.M.S. fixing lug
(0 300 mm C/C)
finish (by others)
Figure 8.3
Details of capping at the parapet for the
curtain wal l .
Archi tect:
Architectural Services Department
P r o j ect L o ca t io n :
Lantau Toll Plaza, Lantau
Materia ls for Enclosure:
Natural anodized aluminium wal l panels
and l ouvre pane ls , l amina ted g lass
windows and par t cur ta in wal l fo r the
entrance
C o m p l e t i o n :
1997
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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong
Figure 8.4
Deta i ls of the cur ta in-wal l system 10
mm- th ick t empered g lass is used w i t h
a lum in ium f rame.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
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14.
15.
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17.
18.
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25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
3 mm thick aluminium panel
thermal insulation material
M6 x 15 mmL S/S tapped bolt
(0 250 mm C/C)
38 x 25 x 2 mm thick aluminium
channel
M4.5 x 20 mmL S/S screw (0 300 mm
C/C) (sealant to seal bolt head)
setting block
backer rod
silicone sealant
backer rod
M6 x 15 mmL S/S tapped bolt
(0 250 mm C/C)
3 mm thick aluminium
60 x 60 x 5 mm thick alum inium angle
(L=94mm)
M6.0 S/S screw
extruded aluminium transom section
10 mm thick tempered glass
10 mm thick tempered glass
silicone sealant
gasket (continuous)
setting block
gasket (continuous)
extruded aluminium transom section
M6.0 S/S screw
60 x 60 x 5 mm thick alum inium angle
100 mm thick 2 hours fire p rotection
material
driven pin (0 300 mm C/C)
internal finish
1.5 mm thick G.M.S. bracket
driven pin (0 300 mm C/C)
1.5 mm thick G.M.S. fixing lug
(0 300 mm C/C)
3 mm thick aluminium panel
silicone sealant
false ceiling
silicone sealant
treated softwood backing
1.5 mm thick G.M.S. fixing lug
(0 300 mm C/C)
driven pin (0 300 mm C/C)
finish
86
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The Admin is t ra t ion Bu i ld ing a t Lan tau I s land Cross ing
Figure 8.5
Deta i l s o f doub le g laz ing used a t t he
compu ter sof tware of f ice.
1.
2.
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24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3 mm thick aluminium panel
thermal insulation material
M6 x 15 mmL S/S tapped bolt
(025 mm C/C)
gasket (continuous)
silicone sealant
setting block
silicone sealant
gasket (continuous)
silicone sealant
backer rod
M6 x 15 mmL S/S tapped bolt
(025 mm C/C)
3 mm thick aluminium panel
60x 60 x 5 mm thick alum inium
angle (L=94 mm)
M6.0 S/S screw
extruded aluminium transom
section
extruded aluminium mullion profile
6+ 12 + 6 mm thick air gap
tempered glass
6+ 12 + 6 mm thick air gap
tempered glass
extruded aluminium mullion profile
extruded aluminium transom
section
M6.0 S/S screw
60 + 60 + 5 mm thick aluminium
angle
(L=94mm)
100 mm THK. 2 hours fire p rotection
material
driven pin (0 300 mm C/C)
finish
1.5 mm thick G.M.S. bracket
driven pin (0 300 mm C/C)
1.5 mm thick G.M.S. fixing lug (0
300 mm C/C)
3 mm thick aluminium panel
treated soft woo d backing
1.5 mm thick G.M.S. fixing lug
(0 300 mm C/C)
driven pin (0 300 mm C/C)
finish
silicone sealant
false ceiling
3 mm thick aluminium panel
silicone sealant
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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong
Figure 8.6
Isometric of the aluminium cladding
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7.
8.
9.
10
11
12.
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14.
aluminium panel on 12 mm thick
plywood backing
extruded aluminium transom
section
G.M.S. section
silicone sealant
R.C. wa ll
127 x 76 x 8 mm thick G.M.S. angle
bracket welded to insert anchor
3 mm thick silver anodized
aluminium panel
extruded aluminium mullion
section
75 x 127 x 8 m m thick G.M.S. angle
bracket
angle bolt
400 x 125 x 8 mm thick G.M.S. base
plate
extruded aluminium transom
section
bonntile
external floor finish
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The Ad min is t ra t io n B u i ld ing a t Lan tau Is land Cross ing
Figure 8.7
Isometr ic of the a lumin ium c ladding.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6
7
8
9
3 mm thick silver
panel
anodized aluminium
aluminium panel on plywood backing
10 mm thick green t inted
spandrel glass
false ceiling
10 mm thick gree