building envelope and windows r&d nc energy star
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Building Envelope and Windows R&D
NC Energy Star Conference
8 December 2005
Andre Desjarlais
Building Envelopes Program Leader
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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Building Technologies MissionIts mission is to develop technologies, tools, and techniques for making residential and commercial buildings more energy efficient, productive, and affordable.
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Building Technologies Goal
By 2025, the Building Technologies Program will create technologies and design approaches that enable the construction of net-zero energy buildings at low incremental cost.
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BT GOAL: Establish the technical capability combining conservation with renewables that enable the construction of net-zero energy buildings (ZEB) at low incremental cost.
1. GOAL A: Residential: Develop marketable advanced energy systems required to reduce residential energy use with the following performance milestones:
• 40-50% Energy Use Reduction – 2004• 50-60% Energy Use Reduction – 2010• 60-70% Energy Use Reduction – 2015• Zero Energy Buildings – 2020
2. GOAL B: Commercial: Develop marketable advanced components and systems to reduce commercial energy use with the following performance milestones:
• 25-30% Energy Use Reduction – 2004• 30-50% Energy Use Reduction – 2010• 60-70% Energy Use Reduction – 2020• Zero Energy Buildings – 2025
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Moving to ZEB will require significant technical advances to meet performance and cost targets
Cost
Energy Use
Today's Costs
0%(ZEB)
100% 50%
Current Technology and Cost Reduction
R&D
Major Technical Advances and Cost
Reduction R&D
40% Savings Target Costs
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2000 ZEH-50
ZEH-100 Saves 100% of Traditional Household Energy Use
Zero Energy Homes
ZEH-75 ZEH-100
PurchasedEnergy
Zero Energy Bills
EnergyDemand
SolarSupply
Building America goal: 60-70% energy savings
2002 Energy Starat 15% savings
Typical 2200 sq. ft. home -- $1600/yr
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Energy Consumption in BuildingsTransportation
27%
Industry37%
Commercial Buildings
16%
Residential Buildings
20%
Lighting14%
Other47%
HVAC39%
Total Building Envelope Energy Loss:13.4 quads (Windows ~ 4.7 quads)
13.9% of Energy in US Economy and about 3.5% of the world.
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Residential Cooling Load
Sources:•Department of Energy, BTS Core Databook, 2002
Residential Heating Load
Walls21%
Foundation16%
Infiltration30%
Roof14%
Windows19%
Roof14%
Walls10%
Infiltration16%
Windows (conduction)
1%
Windows (solar gain)
32%
Internal Gains27%
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Technology Roadmapping
• Opportunity for leaders from industry, academia, research communities, and DOE to develop a mutual vision
• Assist DOE in focusing the direction of future R&D to foster next generation building technologies
• Assess near-term R&D focus for joint industry/federal investment
• Create a better R&D portfolio for building envelope and windows technologies
• Maintain a continuing dialogue
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Total Building Envelope and Window R&D Budget
5.8M Windows
2.8M Envelope
5.0M Windows
0 Envelope
FY05
5.0M Windows
3.0M Envelope
5.0M Windows
0 Envelope
FY06
8.2M5.1MFY048.3M5.1 MFY03
11.5 M4.4 MFY 0211.5 M12.3 MFY 01
Enacted Appropriations
Administration Budget Request
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Major Components of Window R&D Program
• Technology Development– Dynamic Windows– Highly Insulating Windows– Daylighting Control
• Technology Support– Design/rating tools– Durability and Product Life Time– Efficient Product Promotion
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U.S. Window Market – Significant Achievement(30 years in the Residential market)
• 1973: Typical Window:– clear, single glazed,– double or storm window in north,– Uaverage = .85 BTU/hr-F-sq.ft.
• 2002: Typical Window:– 95% double glazed– 50% have a low-E coating– 30-65% energy savings vs. 1973– Uaverage = .45 BTU/hr-F-sq.ft.
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Advanced Windows Can Become Energy Producers
Double Glaze: U = 0.5
+ Gain
- Loss
1973 1980 2010 2020
Single Glaze: U = 1
1990
Low “e” U = .35 (Energy Star)
2000
R6 Window U = 0.17(Dynamic Niche)R10 Window U = 0.10(Dynamic Wide Spread)
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Savings from Better WindowsHeating Climate: DOE-2 Annual Heating Cost
Single GlazedSingle Glazedw/Stormw/Storm
Energy = Energy = $1310$1310
Double GlazedDouble GlazedEnergy = Energy = $1218$1218
Double w/LowDouble w/Low--EEEnergy = Energy = $1120$1120
““Next Generation WindowNext Generation Window””Energy = Energy = $960$960
(House with no windows: $1000/yr)
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Commercial Field TrialBerkeley, CA
Project• Energy & peak demand savings• Human factors evaluation
Participants• California Energy Commission• Dept. of Energy• SAGE Electrochromics• Wausau Window & Wall System
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Residential Field TrialHouston, TX
Project • Demonstrate cooling energy & peak demand savings• Evaluate HVAC impactParticipants• SAGE Electrochromics • Andersen Window• Emerald Homes• HUD & NAHB Research Center
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Thermal Example of Higher Performing Windows
Dual, Clear, Alum. spacer
Dual, Clear, Foam spacer
Dual, Low-e, Foam spacer
Superwindow,4-lites, low-e, Kr
20°C-6.0°C
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Highly Insulating Windows• Aspen Aerogel – Fundamental material
development for transparent aerogels, possible redirection to translucent daylighting device.
• LBNL – Low cost options for thin film and interior baffles that are easy to produce and are light weight, prototypes tested in IR Camera Facility were promising, developing integrated highly insulating and dynamic prototypes this Winter.
• TRACO – Developing low e surface treatment for aluminum frames, improved thermal breaks, cavity insulation, etc to get significant reduction in U value for commercial windows
Key DOE R&D Activities
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DOE Software Tools: LBNL team• Predict performance of new
product concepts and existing product lines
• Thermal, Optical, Energy Performance Analysis
• Simulation (compared to Testing) is:
• Cheaper• Faster• More consistent• More accurate
THERM(WindowFrame
& Edge)
Optics(Window
Glass)
WINDOW 5.2(Whole Window)
RESFEN(Whole Building)
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Using DOE2.1 E engine, calculates the heating and cooling energy use of a building:
for a specific housein a specific locationwith specific window products
Integrates impacts of U, SHGC, AI
Can compare different window options
Can help select energy-efficient windows
RESFEN
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NFRC Ratings
• Software used to calculate properties on NFRC labels (100,000+ products rated)
• NFRC is the basis for ENERGY STAR, Codes, etc
• Currently, only about 50 percent of windows are rated by NFRC
• DOE investment in the NFRC full process is around 1 M per year (~ 20 percent)
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Assist ENERGY STAR
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Major Components of Envelope R&D Program
• Technology Development– New Insulations– Improved Attic Performance– Better Performing Walls– Below Grade Systems
• Technology Support– Moisture Modeling Tools– Codes and Standards Support
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PCM-Enhanced Cellulose Insulation• Peak-hour loads represents
30 to 40 % of total cooling load for Atlanta
• PCM-enhanced cellulose insulation reduces attic-generated peak-hour loads by 50% to 70%
• Bench scales testing successful
• Large scale testing underway
• FY 06 plans to initiate BA field testing
PCM - Enhanced Cellulose Insulation
Waste Paper in Cellulose Production Plant
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Impact of Color on Roof Thermal Performance
• Team with metal roof, single ply membrane, and roof coating associations and their members
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Camouflage Invisible to Night Vision
Near Infrared FilmConventional Film
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Case Study: Baggett vs. Poole SchoolsPaulding County, GA Superintendent of Construction Provided Actual Invoices
Electric HVAC with Gas-Fired Heating
Thermostats Controlled at District Office
Poole – Cool Evergreen 29% SR
Baggett – Standard Evergreen 12% SR
90,000 S.F. footprint 90,000 S.F. footprint
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Elementary School Study Results
1st Year Savings
$8,054
Projected 35 Year Savings
$282,000
BenefitPenalty
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• Aqua (IR) on right stud space and upper half of middle; Aqua (Non) on rest except for strip of uncoated primer at bottom
Wall “Cool Colors”
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Cool Wall Colors• IR reflective coating on conventional walls saves cooling
energy. Savings are 4% to 9% compared to non-IR reflecting walls
MiamiPhoenix
Las Vegas
BakersfieldRichmond
Knoxville
Sacramento0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
4.25.0
5.3
6.2
7.1 7.6 9.0
Annual Electricity for Cooling (kWh)
Non WallsIR Walls
Walls: Wood Studs + R-11 Batts
% Savings for IR Walls
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RR--20 Steel20 Steel--Faced Sandwich Panel Faced Sandwich Panel TechnologyTechnology• Novel integrated
structural/insulation approach (2005 ORNL patent application)
• New type of PU foam used (10% more insulating)
• No crane is needed for thee-story building
• 100% reusability (panels can be simply disassembled and reused)
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National Exposure Test Facility (NET)• Thirty available wall test slots (15 face south, 15 face north) for
exposing a variety of moisture control strategies (currently 18 test wall systems)
• Experimental data used to validate advanced hygrothermal models and simulation tools
• These studies will lead to the next generation of moisture-tolerant and energy-efficient EIFS wall systems
Data Acquisition
South Walls
InstrumentationTest Walls
Facility
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WSU Advanced Wall Facility in NW • Project initiated through State
grant program.• Multiple highly monitored
advanced wall designs with varying criteria; insulation, vapor barrier, cladding, etc.
• Preliminary results show dramatic differences of performance and correlate with WUFI prediction. First year report, available soon.
• Results being used to influence national code for vapor barriers.
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Hygrothermal Model Available
www.ornl.gov/sci/btc/moisture
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Hygrothermal Model
Moisture
Energy
( )( )satp pDt
w φδφφ∂φ∂
φ ∇+∇⋅∇=∂∂⋅
( ) ( )( )satpv phTtT
TH φδλ∂∂
∇⋅∇+∇⋅∇=∂∂⋅
Boundary Conditions
ClimateConstruction
Material Properties
Temperature FieldMoisture Field
Heat FluxesMoisture Fluxes
WUFI-ORNL
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The DOE Map For Energy Efficiency and Vapor Control
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Results Summary for Unvented Brick Cladding
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Hygrothermal Material Properties• Expanded hygrothermal property
database– Measured properties on about 28 materials– Insulations, gypsum boards, EIFS systems,
cement board, aerated concrete, weather barrier, plywood, OSB, framing lumber
– Resolved reasons for large scatter in literature data for sorption isotherm of gypsum materials: improper drying procedures
• Developing new ASTM standard on moisture properties
• Continued efforts needed before materials suppliers can take over measurements– Unresolved issues on how to make
measurements– Need suite of standard procedures for
measurements on all materials– Need national standards that require such
data
Sorption Isotherms for Gypsum BoardLiterature Data and ORNL Data
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2
4
6
8
10
0 20 40 60 80 100Relative Humidity, %
Moi
stur
e C
onte
nt, %
KumaranRichards, Burch, & ThomasCunningham & SprottLuckDried at 40°C, ~0.2% RHDried at 23°C, ~0.5% RHDried at 40°C, ~11-12% RH
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Sealed Crawl Space• Assess impact relating to
energy, moisture, mold, and radon
• Capture performance analytically and extend to other climates
• Preliminary results show encouraging results
• Old project (NC) final report available very soon
• New project, national just started
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Standards Development• ASTM
– C16 on Thermal Insulation- Vice Chair, Chair 2 subcommittees and 12 task groups- Test methods and practices, material specifications
– E6 on Performance of Buildings- Windows, wall systems, roof systems
• ASHRAE– Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance (T.C. 4.4)– Energy Calculations (T.C. 4.7)– Moisture Management (160P) - Design Criteria for Moisture Control– Moisture Management in Buildings (T. C. 1.12)
• International Energy Agency– Annex 41 on Moisture in Buildings
• International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction– CIB W40 Heat and Moisture Transfer in Buildings
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Contact DataP. Marc LaFrance
US Department of Energy
1J-018, EE-2J
1000 Independence Ave, SW
Washington, DC 20585-0121
(202)–586–9142
www.govforums.org/e&w/