building performance group tu/e 7s9x0 · 2015-11-16 · environmental performance of buildings...
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Envi
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of B
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7S9X
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7S9X0 Environmental performance of buildings
Design phase - Comfort
TU/e Building Performance groupDept. of the Built Environment
Envi
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Indoor environment
Environment (thermal, air quality, acoustical, lighting) in an enclosure where people live, work, relax, etc.
thermal Air quality Acoustical Lighting
Oxford dictionary
Envi
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Indoor environment (Impact)What’s the % of time you think Americans spend indoors?
…and in Europe?
Envi
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Indoor environment
• But also…
KIPI
= K
ey In
door
Per
form
ance
Indi
cato
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Security
Safety
Health
Comfort
Usability
Positive Stimulation
Usabilityand PositiveStimulation
Adaptability
Serviceability
Healthand
Comfort
Safetyand
Security
Adaptabilityand
Serviceability
KIPI FRAMEWORK 3. Combustion sources / infiltration
2. Ventilation / CO2
1. Mould growth risk
6. Operative temperature / PPD
7. Illuminance
5. Drinking water quality
10. Reverberation time
9. Background noise level
4. Particulate matter
8. Daylight factor
17. Reliability in exceptional cases
12. Feeling of safety
13. Meeting current regulation
15. Personal and material security
16. Security of information
14. Building type specific
11. Safety in use
19. Wayfinding
18. Access to and in the building
20. Adjustability
22. Privacy
21. View to outside
23. Feelings and sensations
24. Availability and quality of recreational spaces
25. Versatility and protection
26. Technical service life
27. Adaptability to climate change
29. Availability of services in the building
28. Branding and cultural heritage
30. Cleanliness
31. Maintainability
[Desmyter J. et al. 2012. FP7 PERFECTION: COORDINATION ACTION FOR PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR HEALTH, COMFORT AND SAFETY OF THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT – Grant Agreement 212998]
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Life-cycle building costs breakdown …
Energy costs represent >25% of life-cycle costs.
Energy versus indoor environment
[ASHRAE Journal June 2008 pp18-26]
What are the 4 most important costs of a building during its Life Cycle?
Taxes Original Construction
Maintenance Energy
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Energy versus indoor environment
[ASHRAE Journal June 2008 pp18-26]
Life-cycle building costs breakdown …
…and if we include people (salaries) into these costs ?…
What are the 4 most important costs of a building during its Life Cycle?
Taxes Original Construction
Maintenance Energy
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Energy versus indoor environment
Life-cycle building costs with people (salaries) …
[ASHRAE Journal June 2008 pp18-26]
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Energy versus indoor environment
Life-cycle building costs with people (salaries) …
[ASHRAE Journal June 2008 pp18-26]
Vertigo Building [John Bynum – personal communication]
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Energy versus indoor environment
ConclusionDon’t save energy at the expense of the indoor environment…
Energy efficiency measures may have a higher rate-of-return when health, comfort and/or productivity is improved as well.
Envi
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Healthy indoor environment
Definition (HOPE)An indoor environment can be defined as healthy when the complex of its
physical, chemical and biological properties are such that :
– they do not cause or aggravate any illnesses in the building occupants;
– they secure a high level of comfort to the building occupants in the performance of the designated activities for which the building has been intended and designed.
[Cox C., Bluyssen P.M. Roulet C.A. et al, 2002. Final report. Health Optimalisation Protocol for Energy-efficient buildings (HOPE). TNO Bouw, Delft.]
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Ventilation and health
Ventilation
Relates to air quality, not to temperature control! (is additional…)– Must be continuously present!– For removal of contaminants
CO2, human activities, building material emission, …– First: Source control!
http://www.brookvent.co.uk/pages/index.asp?title=Mechanical_Ventilation_UK_-_Central_Extract_Ventilation_Systems_-_Specific_Fan_Power]http://www.alusta.com]
What’s the main function of ventilation systems?
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Ventilation and health
Ötzi the iceman– Died ~5000 years ago in the Alps– Found in glacier in the 1980’s– Now in museum in Bolzano
– Healthy living environment??
Prestentation Atze Boerstra; 7S320; TU/e august 2008
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Ventilation and health
Research at the body:Black lungs as a result of long-term exposure to smoke from fire in caves and shelters.
Source control!
Thermal comfort and indoor air quality are related…
Prestentation Atze Boerstra; 7S320; TU/e august 2008
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Ventilation and energyEnergy loss through ventilation (~30-50% of energy use buildings; higherpercentage for well insulated buildings [HOPE])
Uncontrolled: High requirements to infiltration• build tight, but ventilate right!
Controlled: Heat recovery (MVHR)• efficiency ~70-80%• filters maintenance…• bypass…• flow rates…
bypass[http://greenecoliving.co.uk/heat-recovery-ventilation/ - visited Oct 14th 2013]
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Ventilation and health
Ventilation rates versus health
SBS: Sick Building Syndrom
Symptoms (e.g.)• Dryness of the eyes• Itchy or watery eyes• Blocked or stuffy nose• Runny nose• Dry throat• Lethargy and/or tiredness• Headache• Dry, itching or irritated skin
[Sundell J. 1994. On the association between building ventilation characteristics, some indoor environmental exposures, some allergic manifestations and subjective symptom reports. Indoor Air, supplement 2/94.]
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Ventilation and health
Ventilation rates versus dissatisfaction (air quality)
[EC. 1992. Indoor air quality & its impact on man. Report No.11 Guidelines for ventilation requirements in buildings. EUR 14449 EN]
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Ventilation and health
Status in Dutch schools…
http://www.rehva.com/projects/clima2007/WSs/WS2/WS_pres/WS2_1_Boerstra.pdf
school
CO
2co
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tratio
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pm]
1200 ppm: point-of-departurefor Dutch building decree
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Ventilation and health
Examples in dwellings- Flow rate, fan use- Occupancy- Window use
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Ventilation and health
CO2 a pollutant by itself?…
[Satish, U., M. J. Mendell, K. Shekhar, T. Hotchi, D. Sullivan, S. Streufert and W. B. Fisk. 2012. Is CO2 an Indoor Pollutant? Direct Effects of Low-to-Moderate CO2 Concentrations on Human Decision-Making Performance. Environ Health Perspect 2012, 20; (summary: http://www.rehva.eu/index.php?id=542)]
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Ventilation and health
Ventilation rates versus acceptance (human source)
Category Expected Percentage of
Dissatisfied
Air flow per person [l/s.pers]
I 15 10
II 20 7
III 30
IV >30 <4
EN 15251 (Annex B; informative)
[NEN. 2007. NEN-EN 15251. Delft]
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Ventilation and health
Ventilation rates for building emissions
Category Very low polluting building[l/s.m2]
Low polluting building[l/s.m2]
Non low-polluting building [l/s.m2]
I 0.5 1.0 2.0
II 0.35 0.7 1.4
III 0.3 0.4 0.8
EN 15251 (Annex B; informative)Pollution relates to e.g.:TVOC [Total volatile organic compounds], formaldehyde, odour.
[NEN. 2007. NEN-EN 15251. Delft]
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Thermal comfort
Thermal comfort defined as:“ ..that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment…” (ASHRAE Standard 55).
Are you satisfied?
+3Hot
+2Warm
+1Slightlywarm
0Neutral
-1Slightly
cool
-2Cool
-3Cold
7-point ASHRAE thermal sensation scale
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Thermal comfort (Fanger)
Heat balance bodyBasic parametersActivity levelThermal insulation clothingAir temperatureMean radiant temperatureRelative air velocityRelative humidity
[Atze Boerstra – ppt 7S320]
PMV (Predicted Mean Vote)
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Thermal comfort (Fanger)Pr
edic
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Perc
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f Dis
satis
fied
[%]
Predicted Mean Vote [-]-2.0 -1.0 0 1.0 2.0
5
10
40
20
80
-2.0 -1.0 0 1.0 2.0
5
10
40
20
80
http://www.healthyheating.com/solutions.htm
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Thermal comfort (ISO 7730)
Local thermal discomfort- Draught- Warm and cool floors- Radiant temperature asymmetry- Vertical air temperature gradient
Non-steady state conditions- Temperature cycles, drifts, ramps
> Terminal system design !
Fanger et al. 1988. Air turbulence and sensation of draught, Energy and Buildings 12, pp.21-39 (left Figure)
CEN. 2005. EN ISO 7730:2005 – Ergonomics of the thermal environment. CEN. Brussels (other figures)
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Thermal comfort (personal control)
Terminal systems…
SystemsBuilding Personal
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Thermal comfort (adaptive approach)
[Hoof, J. van and Hensen, J.L.M. 2007. Quantifying the relevance of adaptive thermal comfort models in moderate thermal climate zones. Building and Environment, 42, 156-170]
• Behavioral adaptation (e.g. clothing, window, ventilator) • Physiological adaptation (acclimatization)• Psychological adaptation (expectation)
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Productivity
Temperature (air-conditioned buildings…)
[Seppänen O, Fisk WJ. 2005. Indoor climate and productivity. Rehva Journal 3-4/2005, 8/11]
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Productivity
Temperature – call centre
[Tanabe S. 2006. Indoor temperature, productivity and fatigue in office tasks. Proceedings Healthy Buildings 2006, Vol 1, p 49-56]
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Productivity
VentilationIllness, sick leave
[Fisk WJ. Seppanen, O., Faulkner, D., Huang, J. 2003. Economizer system cost effectiveness: accounting for the influence of ventilation rate on sick leave. Proc. Healthy Buildings 2003. Singapore, vol. 3. pp. 361-367]
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Building rating systems
• LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
• BREEAM (BRE Environmental Assessment Method)
• CASBEE
• …
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Building rating systemsLEED
Checked items Max points Weighted [%]Sustainable sites 26 (14) 24 (20)Water efficiency 10 (5) 9 (7)Energy&Atmosphere 35 (17) 32 (25)Materials&Resources 14 (13) 13 (19)Indoor Environmental Quality 15 (15) 14 (22)Innovation in Design 6 (5) 6 (7)Regional Priority Credits 4 (0) 4 (0)Total 110 (69) 100
[LEED. 2009. LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovations. US Green Building Council (updated version October 2013)]
[Between brackets: LEED. 2005. LEED for New Construction & Major Renovations. Version 2.2. US Green Building Council]
40-49pts
50-59pts
60-79pts
80+pts
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•BREEAM
Building rating systems
[BRE. 2008. BREEAM Offices 2008 Assessor Manual. BES 5055: Issue 2.0. BRE Global, UK]
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Building rating systems
• Visual comfortNatural daylight levels and glare control, view and artificial lighting
• Indoor air qualityEmission levels materials, potential for natural ventilation
• Thermal comfortThermal comfort level (based on modelling), occupant control
• Acoustic performanceReference to standards
[http://www.breeam.org/BREEAM2011SchemeDocument/ ]
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Summing upIndoor environment
– Affects users of a building directly.
– Important topic in relation to sustainable building....also in terms of (potential) costs/savings
– Important part of rating systems that assesssustainability of building designs.
– Therefore, don’t forget the indoor environment whendesigning low energy sustainable buildings
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ings
7S9X
0TU
/e –
Build
ing
Perf
orm
ance
Gro
upEn
viro
nmen
tal P
erfo
rman
ce o
f Bui
ldin
gs7S
9X0
TU/e
–Bu
ildin
g Pe
rfor
man
ce G
roup
…
Outcome of an investigation into control of the indoor environment in nine offices [NL; 144 subjects] showed that82% of the users do not consider the energy use whenchanging settings to improve the indoor climate...
[Atze Boerstra – personal communication - 2012]
Envi
ronm
enta
l Per
form
ance
of B
uild
ings
7S9X
0TU
/e –
Build
ing
Perf
orm
ance
Gro
upEn
viro
nmen
tal P
erfo
rman
ce o
f Bui
ldin
gs7S
9X0
TU/e
–Bu
ildin
g Pe
rfor
man
ce G
roup
…
Outcome of an investigation into control of the indoor environment in nineoffices [NL; 144 subjects] showed that 82% of the users do not considerthe energy use when changing settings to improve the indoor climate...
Some quotes (translated):‘comfort is more important than energy use’‘energy is of secundary order, most important is that I feel comfortable’‘at home I take this into account, at the office not’‘with respect to heating etc. I don’t consider the energy-effect, but for lighting and switching of
the computer when leaving the office I do’
[Atze Boerstra – personal communication - 2012]
Envi
ronm
enta
l Per
form
ance
of B
uild
ings
7S9X
0TU
/e –
Build
ing
Perf
orm
ance
Gro
upEn
viro
nmen
tal P
erfo
rman
ce o
f Bui
ldin
gs7S
9X0
TU/e
–Bu
ildin
g Pe
rfor
man
ce G
roup
Further readingMitchell, C.S., Zhang J.J. et al. 2007. Current state of science: Health effects and indoor environmental quality. Environmental Health Perspectives 115/6. 958-964.(http:dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8987)
Taleghani, M., Tenpierik, M., Kurvers, S. and Dobbelsteen, A.v.d. 2013. Review into thermal comfort in buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 26. 201-215.(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.050)
Olesen, B.W. 2007. The philosophy behind EN15251: Indoor environmental criteria for design and calculation of energy performance of buildings. Energy and Buildings. 39. pp.740-749 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.02.011)
REFERENCES included in the Concept Maps of TRACK A – Week 4
Envi
ronm
enta
l Per
form
ance
of B
uild
ings
7S9X
0TU
/e –
Build
ing
Perf
orm
ance
Gro
upEn
viro
nmen
tal P
erfo
rman
ce o
f Bui
ldin
gs7S
9X0
TU/e
–Bu
ildin
g Pe
rfor
man
ce G
roup