building services 2

Building Service IIGroup Members : Chiam Jia Ern (0318524)

Hii Pai Ling (0320598)

Jenny Hoo Yee Tying (0321841)

Khor Ka Nee (0321789)

Liew Chia Niu (0313338)

Na Yeow Sing (0320385)Ng Jia Nan (0321451)

Lecturer : Dr. Kam Kenn Jhun

Case Study: Giant Kelana Jaya Mall

Floor Plan

Introduction

• Owned by GCH Retail (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.

• There have 125 giant shop throughout

Malaysia.

• Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) have

102 while East Malaysia have 23.

The Purpose of Giant

• Synonymous with everyday low prices.

• Big variety and great value and recognized

for offering the most vibrant.

• Comfortable and complete shopping

environment.

Part 2 : Existing Types of System

Ventilation

• It is a process that replacing air in an enclosed space to control the

temperature.

• A proportion of air within the enclosed space should be continuously

withdrawn and replaced by fresh air.

Type of Ventilation

• Natural Ventilation

a process of supplying and removing

air through an indoor space without

using mechanical systems.

refers to the flow of external air to an

indoor space as a result of pressure

or temperature differences.

• Mechanical Ventilation

circulate fresh air using ducts and

fans rather than relying on airflow

through small holes or crack’s in a

home’s wall, roof or windows.

have more control to provide the

proper fresh air flow along with

appropriate locations for intake and

exhaust.

Components of Mechanical Ventilation

Fan

-to provide the necessary air movement.

Filter

-to ensure a specified air change and

force the air under fan pressure.

Ductwork

-to deliver and remove air.

Fire dampers

-to prevent the spread of fire inside

the ductwork) and diffusers (to

have more complex and efficient

coned air distributors.

Diffuser

• A mechanical device that is designed to control the characteristics of a

fluid at the entrance to a thermodynamic open system.

• Can be as a shape of round, rectangular, or can be as linear slot diffusers.

The Diffuser in Giant

• Four-way louvre bladed diffuser

Used to supply air at ceiling level

A multi-cone adjustable diffuser

Can be changed from horizontal 4-way

diffusion to vertical projection.

• Side-wall Inlet Diffuser

Is suitable when there is no false ceiling

Each inlet is equipped with a grill.

A series of grill distributed at the

internals along the inner partition wall

with ducts in the corridor.

Outlet Air Conditioning

• Is the outermost panel within any type of object that controls

the rate in which air passes into the surrounding area.

• Have the ability to be open or shut at varying degrees to

restrict the flow of currents coming and going.

• Some of them can also be sealed off completely to stop

airflow.

• This function is especially important, because if without the

proper filtration, the air itself could reach life-threatening

levels.

Air Conditioning System

• Composed of components and equipment arranged in sequence to

condition the air.

• Transport it to the conditioned space.

• Control the indoor environmental parameters of specific space within

required limits.

• Type of air conditioning:

unitary system

package system

centralized system

Giant Mall

• large area building

• requires high cooling

Centralized systems

• Is a manufacturer of air movement and control equipment.

• Can serve multiple spaces from one base location.

• Use chilled water as a cooling medium and use extensive

ductwork for air distribution.

• Advantages :

better control of comfort conditions

higher energy efficiency and greater load-management potential

• Disadvantages:

more expensive to install

usually more sophisticated to operate and maintain

• Not suitable for the existing building because this system must be incorporated in the

design of new building.

Chilled Water Air- conditioning System

• A system that employ water chillers.

• Makes use of water as its secondary refrigerant.

• Chiller is used to remove heat from the water which is then circulated through other components to

absorb heat from the space.

• Used when need large cooling capacity.

• Advantages :

cost-effectiveness

no hazard of having refrigerant piped all over the building

• Three major subsystems:

chilled water plant

condenser water system

air-delivery system.

A typical chilled water central system

Component of Chilled Water Air- conditioning System

Water Chiller

• A device that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or

absorption refrigeration cycle.

• Cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building and passes through coils in

air handlers, fan-coil units, or other systems, cooling and usually

dehumidifying the air in the building.

• Chillers are of two types:

air cooled

water cooled.

Evaporator

• Works the opposite of the condenser.

• Refrigerant liquid is converted to gas, absorbing heat from the air in the

compartment.

Compressor

• Compacts the refrigerant vapor and pumps it to the reversing valve.

Condenser

• An equipment that converts a gas to a liquid to obtain either the substance or

the released heat.

Cooling Tower

• Heat rejection devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere.

• Either use the evaporation of water to reject process heat and cool the working fluid

to near the wet-bulb air temperature or rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to

near the dry-bulb air temperature

The Cooling Tower in Giant Mall

Cooling tower

is located at the

roof

AHU (Air Handling Unit)

• A device used to condition and circulate air as

part of HVAC system.

• Usually, an air handler is a large metal box

containing a blower, heating or cooling

elements, filter racks or chambers, sound

attenuators, and dampers.

• Air handlers usually connect to ductwork that

distributes the conditioned air through the

building, and returns it to the AHU.

Condenser Pump Room

This is a set of device by

using mechanical forces

to move the condenser

water.

The pump which use to pump the refrigerant

(water) .

This is the hot water supply because the

pipe is connecting to the mall.

The ducting and piping in condenser

pump room.

The water supply in the room .

The condenser which

convert the gas to the

liquid.

The piping in Condenser Pump

Room

CWR: Condenser Water Return

CWS: Condenser Water Supply

The air filters are put

on the ground in the

room.

Fire Protection System

The duty of the fire protection system may be

to extinguish the fire or control the fire.

In order to prevent fire:

From becoming destructive.

Reduce the effects of uncontrolled fire.

Save lives and property.

Active Fire

Protection

System

Includes the action of extinguishes the fire, or

being notified of fire happenings and smoke

conditions by automatic or manual operation

system.

Fire alarm bell

Manual Call Point

Wet Riser

Fireman Intercom System

Fire alarm control panel

Pendent Sprinkle

External Fire Hydrant

Water Tank

Fire Man Switch

Smoke Detector

Fire extinguishing system

In Giant

Kelana Jaya Mall

Fire alarm bell

Activated by the fire detector throughout the building.

Continuous type of fire alarm bell.

Manual Call Point

As an emergency break glass

is a device that enables the

occupants to raise the alarm by

breaking the frangible element

on the fascia.

Wet Riser

Fireman

Intercom

System

Communication between

remote areas and the fire

command centre in Giant Mall

Located near the emergency

staircase in each and every floor.

Fire Alarm Control Panel

Pendent Sprinkle

Designed to monitor each circuit, zone or point

of any condition display the status of that

condition and to operate any required output

Utilize water by direct application onto

flames and heat, which causes cooling of

the combustion process and prevents

ignition of adjacent combustibles

•The distance between the fire hydrant

and the building is between 4m to 8m.

•Fire hydrant is place beside the road so

that the fire brigade could get easy

access to input their hose.

•The type of fire hydrant used is two-

way fire hydrant.

The wet riser system and

water sprinkler system

uses the same water.

External

Fire

Hydrant

Water

Tank

• Smoke detector used in Giant Mall: ionization.

• Uses a little measure of radioactive material to ionize air

in an internal sensing chamber.

• Powered by a central fire alarm system, which is

powered by the building power with a battery backup.

To prevent the equipment from being overheated and

in turn causes explosion.

Fire Man Switch

Smoke Detector

The type of fire extinguisher that Giant Mall uses

throughout the building is dry powder extinguisher.

Can extinguish majority of classes of fire.

Main function

To quickly extinguish a developing fire and alert

occupants before extensive damage occurs by filling

the protected area with a gas or chemical

extinguishing agent.

Fire

Extinguishing

System

Parts of a building that provides a barrier to fire which slowing the spread rate of fire.

Protects load bearing columns and other critical structures to prevent the building collapsing during fires.

Effective for short duration exposure about 1-2 hours.

Fire Escape Plan

Emergency Exit Signage

Fire Escape Door

Fire Escape Staircase

Fire assembly point

Passive Fire

Protection

System

In Giant

Kelana Jaya Mall

Fire escape provides a method of escape in the event of fire or

other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a building

inaccessible which allow the occupant to leave the building to a

safer area range outside of the building.

To reduce panic and confusion by providing a clear

directional system.

Material: Solid hardwood core with asbestos insulation board

Dimension: Single leaf 900mm x 2100mm x 38mm

Double leaf 1800mm x 2100mm x 38mm

Fire rated: 1 hour

Fire

Escape

Plan

Emergency

Exit

Signage

Fire

Escape

Door

• The type of fire escape staircase: half landing

staircase

• the material used: cements concrete

• The stairway landing is sufficiently wide to

accommodate the occupants in the event of fire to

escape.

Riser: 170mm Tread: 275mm

Fire Escape

Staircase

The assembly point of Giant Mall is subject to class-A

capacity and class-B capacity.

Class A-capacity: accommodate 1000 persons and

above.

Class B-capacity: accommodate 300 to 1000 persons.

Fire

Assembly

Point

Vertical Transport

• An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently

moves people or goods between floors, levels or decks of a building,

vessel or other structures.

• Forms of vertical transportation may be found within, around and in

general association with modern buildings and developments.

Elevator

• Generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or

counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a

cylindrical piston like a jack.

• Type:

Electric Lift

Hydraulic Lift

Hydraulic elevator

• The elevator that has an underground cylinder.

• Powered by the piston that travels inside a cylinder to lift the elevator cab.

• Installation cost: cheaper compare to a traction elevator.

• Usually installed in a building that has fewer floor.

• The low maintenance cost of this type elevator makes them the ideal choice for low rise and low traffic installation.

Hydraulic freight elevator in Giant Mall

• Has a two speed and centre opening and load capacity of 2600kg which can hold up

to 38 passengers

• Capacity: 38 passengers or 2600kg

• Door closing time : 3 seconds

• Time for the lift to travel from the highest floor to the lowest floor : 17 seconds

• Time for the lift to travel from one floor to another floor : 9 seconds

• Lift arrangement: only one lift for 3 floors, so the quality of the service is excellent

• Main usage : move the trolley

The interior of elevator cab.

The load capacity of elevator.

The hydraulic elevator located at

level 2 near to maintenance office.

The lift of Giant is normally used for

transport and move the goods and

trolley.

Escalator & Travelator

Escalator

• Is a conveyor transport designed for moving people quickly and efficiently between

floors of a building.

• Requires no waiting time for us and reversible to suit the main flow of traffic during

peak times.

• Normally located at department store, exhibition hall, air terminal and railway station.

• Several escalators will be required and can be grouped in a number of ways to suit

the building functions when large numbers of people are anticipated.

• The speeds of the escalators in Giant Mall is between 0.5 m/s and 0.6 m/s. Step

width is about 1000mm, which allow two people to stand side by side or to pass on

the step.

Travelator (moving walkway, moving sidewalk)

• A slow conveyor belt that transports people horizontally up to the practical

limitations of about 300 m.

• Work in a similar manner to an escalator.

• In both cases, riders can walk or stand.

• The walkways are often supplied in pairs, one for each direction.

• Particularly useful in large railways and airports terminals, as well shopping

complexes, and may be inclined up to about 15° where level differentials

occurs.

Travelator in Giant Mall

• Speeds : 0.8 m/s

• Step width:

About 1200mm, which allow two people to stand side by side, or to

allow adequate room for customers to pass easily with the trolleys

• Main purpose

Easier to the customers to carry their stuff with trolley and travel from

one floor to another floor.

Arrangement

(Two way

Traffic)

(Two way

Traffic)

(One way

Traffic)

(One way

Traffic)

Used mainly in department stores and

public transportation buildings with

heavy traffic flow.

Used to connect two levels and

direction can be adjusted to suit traffic

flow.

This arrangement allows customers to

travel quickly to upper floors without

any waiting time.

Customers have to walk past

strategically placed merchandise

displays.

The other view of escalatorEscalators in double bank with

interrupted traffic in two travel

direction

.

The travelator is located at the first

floor to second floor.

The travelator is located at the second

floor to third floor.

The notice signboard is placed on the

glazing of the travelator.

The signboard of Giant Mall show that the

arrangement of travelator.

Electrical Supply and Distribution System

As shown in the diagram , before the

distribution stations, it is further

stepped down to either 275kv or

132kv and when it reaches the

substation, it is stepped down to

33kv.

The local substations would further

reduce the electricity from 33kv to

11kv, which the Giant Mall uses. In

the Giant Mall, the transformer

further steps it down to the usable

voltages.

Main Switch

Board /

Distribution

Panel

Is a large assembly of panels which contains switches

which allow electricity to be redirected.

To divide the main current into smaller currents for

further distribution control of current.

Sub-Switch

Board

The sub-switch board has the same functionality of the

main switch board which is to connect and disconnect the

electric supply from the main switchboard.

Generato

r Set

Provide adequate power and supply for the entire

building to run under emergencies such as fire and also

as a standby system where it is always ready to power

the building.

Transformer

Device that changes or transformers alternating current

(ac) of one voltage to alternating current of another

voltage.

Electrical

Conduit Tee

Conduit can protect the cable physical damage and

heat. PVC electrical conduit is rigid and lightweight

which is durable and readily cut.

Substation

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the

opposite, or perform any of a few other essential

capacities.

Problems and Recommendations ofActive Fire Protection System

Problem: Hose reels are not being

sited in an accessible and appropriate

position because there are a lot of

obstructions surrounding them.

Malaysian Standard MS 1489

• Part 1(1999). Clause 15.2.1

• Hose reels should be sited in prominent and accessible

positions at each floor level adjacent to exits in corridors on exit

routes, in such a way that the nozzle of the hose can be taken

into every room, having regard to any obstruction.

• Recommendation: Remove those obstructions away.

Problem: Wastage being disposed around the fire protection systems.

• Cleaning services of the mall must be improved.

• A sign board of ‘please do not simply litter’ or ‘no littering here’ can be added

as well.

Recommendation

Problem: The workers of the mall have treated the closet and

room for storing the fire protection systems such as hose reel and

fire extinguisher as their own storage space to keep unnecessary

objects.

• Set up a strict management system.

• Inform every worker of the mall to locate their working tools and personal

belongings in a proper corner

• Help to improve aesthetic value of the mall as well.

Recommendation

Problem:

• Corrosion of the sprinkler heads.

• Not being serviced or replaced by the management office.

• Replace any sprinkler component that is rusted or corroded.

• Contact the specialists to perform the repairment of the fire sprinkler system as

soon as possible.

Recommendation

Problem: A fire extinguisher is being placed on floor.

BS 5306-8:2000

Siting of fire extinguisher:

• In a conspicuous location that is easily accessible.

• Not in cupboards or behind doors.

• Not above cookers or other heat emitters, or in any place of excessive heat or cold.

• Hung on wall brackets within easy reach, not placed on floor.

• Carrying handle 1 metre above floor for heavier extinguishers (liquid based) and 1.5 metres for

others.

• Along escape routes near to a door leading to a place of safety.

• Positioned in a wall recess so as not to obstruct general movement.

• A maximum distance of 30 metres from the site of a possible fire.

• Repeated location on each storey.

Recommendation

• The fire extinguisher should be removed

away from ground.

• Hang back to the wall bracket within

easy reach.

• Perform periodical check on every fire

extinguisher to ensure that they are in

good condition.

Problems and Recommendations ofPassive Fire Protection System

Passive fire protection system

Problem: Escape route’s floor (UBBL Article 169)

HOLE !!!

Recommend Smooth concrete floor

Escape safely

Recommendation


Problem

• Handle of the fire door is missing.

Recommend

• The replacement should be done to make sure the door is operated

normally in order to provide the basic security and safety.

Recommendation


Problem:

• No signage or ‘crack’ signage on the fire resistant doors.

• Based on the Malaysia Standard Section 7 Article 33.1.9 (page 148),

“All fire doors other than lift entrance doors should be marked with the

appropriate fire safety sign conforming to MS 982 according to whether

the door is to be kept closed when not in use. Fire doors to cupboards

and to service ducts should be marked on the outside. All other fire

doors should be marked on both sides.”

• The main purpose of the signage is to alert the customers and

workers to keep the door closed so as to fulfill the fire safety

compliance.

• So, we can recommend the operator to put a new signage on the

fire door.


Problem

• Besides, the trolley and the letter box are placed in the fire

escape route.

• It totally breaks the Malaysian Standard Section 4 Article 10.4.3

(d) (page 46), “all escape routes and escape doors (both internally

and externally) can be kept free from obstruction.”

• According to UBBL Article 110, the staircase should always clear

and free of obstruction.

Free of Obstruction!!!

Recommend

Recommendation


Problem

• Fire doors cannot close automatically as the door closer is

loosen.

• Section 7 Article 33.1.6.1 of the Malaysian Standard states that,

“Fire doors can only operate correctly if they are fully closed at

the time of fire. It is, therefore, normally necessary for them to

be fitted with a self-closing device.”

Cannot close

automatically and

can’t fully

closed!!!

Recommend

• In this situation, we recommend the owner to replace a new door

closer (Figure ) to make sure all the self closure devices operate

normally and the fire doors can fully closed.

Recommendation


Problem: Fire door surface is damaged.

• Section 7 Article 33.1.1 of the Malaysian Standard states that,

“the fire door should have function to protect escape routes from

the effects of fire”

• The fire door is used to prevent the spreading of fire or smoke to

the safety route.

• A good condition fire door is to ensure it reaches the fire

resistance capability.

• No maintenance and the paint shed off!!!

Recommend

• The door should be under maintenance or repaint it to ensure it can withstand

more longer when fire occur.

• We recommend the Intumescent paints for painting the old timber fire door.

• The purpose of this paint is to protect all types of materials from the heat

generated by the fire as it forms an insulating coating.

• It is also known as fire resistant paints.

• It can be used for internal and external structures.

Recommendation

Example of Intumescent Paint


Problem: No fire exit stair signage through whole escape route.

• Section 5 Article 16.4 of the Malaysian Standard states that :

“Every doorway or other exit providing access to a means of escape, other than

exits inordinary use (e.g. main entrances), should be distinctively and

conspicuously marked by an exit sign in accordance with MS 983. Final exit levels

from stairs should be clearly marked as such, particularly where the exit opens off

a stair that continues down or up beyond the level of the final exit.”

Recommend: Put fire exit stair signage till final exit.

Recommendation


• No “In the event of fire do not use this lift” signage.

• Malaysian Standard Annexe K (page 388) (i) mentioned about, “prohibition

signs are used to prohibit behavior likely to increase or cause danger.”

Recommend:

Displayed on the visible area or beside the lift to get the occupants’ attention.

Recommendation

Problems and Recommendations ofVertical Transport System

Vertical Transport

• Not provide passenger elevator.

• It is not convenience for the disabled people or old people.

• The freight elevator is located far from the crowd and not

showing on the floor plan of the shopping mall.

Freight

elevator

The floor plans of Giant Mall only show the location of escalator and travelator.

Recommendation• Wheelchair accessible escalator instead of elevator as according to UBBL 124 stating that:

For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at

least one lift shall be provided.

• This systems are commonly used at the public space in many countries, for example, Japan

train stations, KLIA2 and etc.

• Designed by Jesús Sánchez, a student at the School of Industrial and

Aeronautical Engineering of Terrassa (ETSEIAT) of the Universitat Politècnica de

Catalunya (UPC). (Spain)

• Date : 2009

HOW

IS IT

WORKS?

User safety :

• Block that can prevent the wheelchair from moving forward.

• Backup battery system to supply energy in the case of a power cut.

The approximately 5cm block

prevent the wheelchair from

moving forward.

Advantages:

• It is cost effective as it can save the money to install the elevator and solve the problem

of accessibility for disabled people.

• Saving the space of installing elevator instead of using wheelchair accessible escalator.

Disadvantages:

• The process takes 1-2 minutes and normal passengers cannot use during the operation.

• It requires help from the staff to press the button if the passengers are not able to press

the button.

Vertical Transport

• Safety signage provided beside the escalator are not sufficient.

• Inform the public of the directions and cautions while using elevators or travellator to

ensure passenger safety.

The escalator safety signage

in Giant Mall only provide the

basic safety information.

The relevant department should add some additional safety signage beside the

escalator or travelator.

Recommendation

Vertical Transport

• All travellator will generate some noise, the level of noise generated should be relatively

uniform throughout the system, and not increase over time.

• Squeaks, vibrations, and rubbing noises are usually the result of excessive component wear or

improper adjustment.

• The noise produce in that particular travelator is relatively high compare to other travelator in

the building.

• Noisy operation problem occur in the travelator which located near to KFC.

Normal travelator sound Travelator with problem sound

• The maintenance officer should rate the noise generated by the

travelator relative to other travelator.

• So that necessary maintenance can be carry out.

Recommendation

Vertical Transport

• Paint painted in the elevator started to fall apart.

• This will affect the aesthetic appearance of the lift.

• The maintenance office should carry out a paint job to restore

the aesthetic appearance of the interior part of elevator cab.

Recommendation

• When we visited the loading bay, the elbow is uncovered and the connection of the

wires are loose.

• Once the wires expose to the water, it may cause electrical short circuit and affect the

operation of the building.

Electrical Problem

• This is a serviceability problem.

• Relevant department can repair the elbow as soon as

possible to ensure the safety of the passengers.

• External elbows change from plastic to stainless steel.

Recommendation

Advantages:

More durable than plastic and steel.

Stainless steel is corrosion resistant.

Longevity and reduce the costly maintenance and replacement.

Disadvantages:

More expensive compared to plastic

and steel elbow.

THE END

building services 2

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