buki rinkevich national institute of oceanography haifa ......haifa, israel. is there a hope for...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Buki Rinkevich
National institute of Oceanography Haifa, Israel
![Page 2: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Is there a hope for natural
rehabilitation processes in
degrading coral reefs ?
The pessimistic view
![Page 3: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Rapid climatic change has already caused changes to the distributions of many plants and animals, leading to severe range contractions and the extinction of some species
These organisms face increased extinction risk, and, as a result, whole ecosystems, such as cloud forests and coral reefs, may cease to function in their current form…..
The geographic ranges of many species are moving toward higher altitudes in response to shifts in the habitats to which these species have adapted. It already appears that some species are unable to disperse or adapt fast enough to keep up with the high rates of climate change.
Therefore, resource managers and policy-makers must contemplate moving species to sites where they do not currently occur or have not been known to occur in recent history.
![Page 4: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The statements….. Coral reefs suffer worldwide decline/degradation This poor state of the reefs is due to (a) global changes and (b) anthropogenic activities This decline has raised the need for the development of adequate ‘rehabilitation’ methodologies Efforts to conserve degrading reefs have failed , in most of the cases, to produce significant results _______________________________________ There is a need for active restoration measures The most effective approach is the concept of ‘gardening reef areas’
![Page 5: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Repairing sea fan
Tsunami impacts in Thailand
Placing corals into right position if possible!
Active vs. passive approaches
Silviculture
![Page 6: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Gardening Strategy
Mariculture (in situ or ex situ) of coral colonies in protected nurseries (artificial substrates)
Nursery grown coral colonies are transplanted to degraded reef areas
A two steps restoration measure:
![Page 7: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Step I : mid-water floating nursery
![Page 8: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Strategies for nursery types
Attached to the bottom…..
Leg fixed
![Page 9: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The location…
Step II : nutrient enriched area
![Page 10: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fish Farm
7 months of in situ growth……
IUI
![Page 11: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Hundreds of nubbins in the size of a single to few polyps each, can be produced from a single branching coral colony
Under proper farming conditions, most of the nubbins survive and produce new coral colonies
Step III : source material- nubbins
![Page 12: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Coral fragments, even partially dead, may be used as an excellent source for nubbins
The use of ‘corals of opportunity’
![Page 13: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
An untrained person produces 100 nubbins/h
![Page 14: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Development of monocultures • Reduced genetic heterogeneity • No negative ecological impacts • High survivorship • No impact on reproduction of donor colonies • Unlimited source material • Availability-year round • High numbers of added colonies per genotype • Lower growth rates • Longer mariculture periods • Ex situ work
Nubbins
![Page 15: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Step IV : large quantities, thousands
![Page 16: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
here is the start….
About 7000 nubbins and branches from 4 coral genera were farmed in a
nursery (6 m depth), about 10 m from the fish cages
![Page 17: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Fast growth of an Acropora branch within 400 days of nursery time
![Page 18: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Favia favus
Growth of 160%in size within 9 nursery months
![Page 19: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
After 2 years in the nursery: large colonies of 20 cm in diameter have developed from the nubbins
![Page 20: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Mid-water coral nurseries – a source for new coral colonies
Tens of thousands of nubbins and branches from > 85 coral species were already farmed in various nursery types, worldwide (the Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Eilat- the Red Sea, Tanzania- Zanzibar & Mafia Islands, Seychelles,
Mauritius, Colombia, Jamaica)
![Page 21: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Frame nursery Mini, depth adjustable nursery
Pipe nursery Rope nursery Step V: different nursery types, different needs
![Page 22: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rope nursery
![Page 23: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
One year results
Acropora hemprichi
Pocillopora verrucosa
![Page 24: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
M. digitata
P. frondifera Thailand nursery
![Page 25: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Vertical rope nursery- Eilat, May 2008
![Page 26: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Depth adjustable nursery in Jamaica
![Page 27: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The nursery- oasis in blue waters…
Step VI : floating artificial reefs
![Page 28: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hundreds of invertebrates that settle, develope, and reproduce in the nursery
![Page 29: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Step VII : nursery maintenance
![Page 30: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Drupella cornus
![Page 31: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Corals grow faster in an enriched nutrient environment, but fouling organisms too, some of them may harm the corals.
![Page 32: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Step VIII : nurseries as larval dispersion hubs Tens of millions of larvae/ nursery/reproductive season
![Page 33: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Principles for nursery :
A protected area from divers , storms
Away from the reef
Preferably in a nutrient enriched area
The use of nubbins and small branches to produce huge numbers of coral colonies
Mid water nursery
Multi-deck nursery
Various type of nurseries
Maintenance – with the aid of grazers
![Page 34: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Step IX : new transplantation methodologies
![Page 35: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
* * * *
Even there is no ‘phase shift’, reefs of today are not reefs of yesterday ….or tomorrow- Eilat as a study case
![Page 36: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
D1 D1
D2
D2 D3
E. lamellosa
D1 = 6cm
D2 = 13 cm
D3 = 50-40cm
M. digitata
D1 = 15cm
D2 = 10cm
D3 = 50-40cm
P. damicornis
D1 = 7.5cm
D2 = 10cm
D3 = 50-40cm
How to transplant?
D3
‘PATCH’ vs. ‘ORDERED’ TRANSPLANTATIONS
MONO- vs. MULTI (mixed vs. uniform) GENOTYPES
![Page 37: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Thailand- transplantation on metal mesh with cable ties
On rubbles, soft bottoms
![Page 38: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Bolinao, soft substrate -1y After
![Page 39: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Rope nursery translocation
Corals’ transplantation
Bolinao
5000 colonies in 1d by a team of 6 people
![Page 40: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Rope nursery- Bolinao
Transplantation
10 months later
![Page 41: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Blending rope transplantation into the reef
![Page 42: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Transplantation processes: 3 sets of repeated transplantations
Distances between colonies
Transplanted on Coral species Number
of colonies
20 cm 5 knolls Stylophora pistillata
554 Transplantation 1 (November 2005) Pocillopora damicornis
10 cm 2 of previously transplanted
knolls
Stylophora pistillata
316 Transplantation 2 (May 2007)
Pocillopora damicornis Acropora sp.
Millepora dichotoma
10 cm
2 of previously transplanted
knolls and 1 new knoll
Stylophora pistillata
530 Transplantation 3 (September 2008)
Pocillopora damicornis Acropora sp.
Millepora dichotoma
![Page 44: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
T1: Survivorship of 554 farmed transplants and 76 natal controls over 6 ys
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
Months after transplantation
(%)
Transplants Natal controls
T2: Survivorship of 306 farmed transplants and 103 natal controls over 4.5 ys
0102030405060708090
100
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54
Months after transplantation
(%)
Transplants
Natal controls
Long term survivor of transplants: all species
![Page 45: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Single vs. repeated transplantation scheme:
Transplants survival over 3.2 ys
010
2030
4050
6070
8090
100
0 6 12 18 24 30 36
Months after transplantation
Sur
viva
l (%
)
Colonies added to previously transplanted plots
Colonies from a single transplantation act
Improved survival following repeated transplantations
![Page 46: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
July 201 1 , 5 years following the restoration of denuded knolls in Dekel Beach, Eilat
![Page 47: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Transplants: contribution to larval pool
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Natal c
olonie
s T1 T2
Natal c
olonie
s T1 T2 T3
Natal c
olonie
s T1 T2 T3
Natal c
olonie
s T1 T2 T3
Natal c
olonie
s T1 T2 T3
Average number of planulae / colony collected from natal and transplanted S. pistillata
Aver
age
plan
ulae
/ co
lony
2007 2009 2010 2011 2012
a
b
b
a
b
b
a
b
b
a
b b
a
b
b
b b
b
b
±SE; Mann- Whitney P<0.05 after Bonferroni correction
Improved reproductive capacity compared to natal colonies – maintained over time
0-2 vs. 15-23
![Page 48: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Restoration operation dates and major weather events 1, monitoring dates for nursery; 2, monitoring dates for transplanted colonies.
nursery
Transplanted colonies
Step X : Reef restoration and global changes
![Page 49: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The ‘gardening concept’ has faced four major obstructions, all are satisfactorily deciphered:
Developing the needed credentials for farming a wide variety of coral species in mid-water
nurseries The ability to develop stocks of coral colonies; employing the ‘nubbins’ methodology Documentation that nursery farmed coral colonies perform well in their ‘new homes’,
following transplantation Verification of the low cost gardening approach (down to 0.17 and 0.19 US$/coral colony
for farming and transplantation, phases, respectively
Fifth challenge: Performing a large, ecologically profound restoration act (hundreds of thousands of coral
colonies/site) to reveal the ecological engineering capacities of large-scale transplantation acts.
![Page 50: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Restoration scenarios
Reef
serv
ices
Ecological complexity High
1
Primeval characters
Degraded status
Low
6
4
7
3
5
??
??
5
Replacement status
Replacement status
Restored
Restored
Restored
??
??
Degraded reef
Boosting reef services (e.g., artificial reefs for fisheries)
aiming to increase biodiversity (e.g., the concept of ‘assisted colonization’)
![Page 51: Buki Rinkevich National institute of Oceanography Haifa ......Haifa, Israel. Is there a hope for natural rehabilitation processes in degrading coral reefs ? The pessimistic . view](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051920/600c9b98bca91214c52c3937/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Thank you