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indones.j.urban.environ.technol. Vol. 4 No. 1 pp. 1 - 108 Jakarta October 2020

p-ISSN

2579-9150

Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, And Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023

Volume 4 Number 1 October 2020

p-ISSN 2579-9150 e-ISSN 2579-9207

Indonesian Journal of Urban and Environmental Technology

Department of Environmental Engineering Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering (FALTL) Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia In associated with Ikatan Ahli Teknik Penyehatan dan Teknik Lingkungan Indonesia (IATPI)

Indonesian Journal of

Urban and Environmental Technology

p-ISSN 2579 - 9150 e-ISSN 2579 - 9207 Volume 4 Number 1 October 2020

EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Astri Rinanti Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia

MEMBER OF EDITORS Melati Ferianita Fachrul Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Khalida Muda Department of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Irina Safitri Zen Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Oki Muraza King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KHUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Sastia Prama Putri Department of Biotechnology, Osaka University, Japan Edwan Kardena Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia I.D.A.A. Warmadewanthi Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November, Surabaya, Indonesia Rositayanti Hadisoebroto Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Riana Ayu Kusumadewi Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia

PEER REVIEWERS Prayatni Soewondo Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Qomarudin Helmy Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Emenda Sembiring Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Kania Dewi Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Anindrya Nastiti Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Yonik Meilawati Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Pasundan, Bandung, Indonesia Evi Afiatun Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Pasundan, Bandung, Indonesia Reni Suryanita Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia




Nurul Hana Mokhtar Kamal School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Gatut Sudarjanto University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Bagus Putra Muljadi University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom Musthapa Muhd Lawan Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil,

Nigeria R. Dwi Susanto University of Maryland, College Park, United State Yusnani Mohd. Yusof Kozlowski Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam Agus Jatnika Efffendi Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Marisa Handajani Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia I Made Wahyu Widyarsana Departement of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Yureana Wijayanti Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Bina Nusantara, Indonesia Fadjari Lucia Nugroho Departement of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Pasundan, Bandung, Indonesia

PUBLISHER Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Arsitektur Lanskap dan Teknologi Lingkungan, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia in associated with Ikatan Ahli Teknik Penyehatan dan Teknik Lingkungan Indonesia (IATPI).

ABOUT JOURNAL Indonesian Journal of Urban and Environmental Technology, formerly name is Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan (indones.j.urban.environ.technol/urbanenvirotech) has been published since 2004 by Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Arsitektur Lanskap dan Teknologi Lingkungan, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia. This journal is an ideal academic platform to link researchers, scientists, engineers and practicioners with common interest. It aims to provide media for sharing and publishing the latest research results, ideas, development and applications in the Urban and Environmental Technology areas. This Journal is consistently published two times a year in April and October.

SCOPE OF JOURNAL The scope of the journal emphasis but not limited to Urban Environmental Management and Environmental Technology. Urban Environmental Management: environmental modeling, cleaner production, waste minimization and management, energy management and policies, water resources management, water supply and sanitation, industrial safety and health, water recovery and management, urban environmental pollution-diseases and health status, eco-drainage, flood risk management, risk mitigation, climate change and water resources adaptation.




Environmental Technology: energy efficiency, renewable energy technologies (bio-energy), environmental biotechnology, pollution control technologies (wastewater treatment and technology), water treatment and technology, indigenous technology for climate change mitigation and adaptation, solid waste treatment and technology.

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TABLE OF CONTENT Decolorization of Distillery Effluent Waste by Microbial Consortium Gauri Singh, Ashok Kumar Singh

1 - 10

Comparative Study of Electrolysis-enhanced Anaerobic Digestion of Three Soluble Solid Wastes for Biogas Production Adewumi A, Lasisi K. H, Akinmusere O. K, Ojo A. O, Babatola, J. O

11 - 28

Assessment of Concentration Status of some Heavy Metals in Water along River Dilimi, Jos North, Plateau State-Nigeria Oiganji Ezekiel, K. I. Dikam

29 - 44

Urban Façade Geometry on Outdoor Comfort Condition : A Review Elahe Mirabi, Nazanin Nasrollahi

45 - 59

Environmental and Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) Approaches in the Strategic Environmental Risk Assessment (SEA) : A Meta-Analysis Anindrya Nastiti, Siska Widya D Kusumah, Mariana Marselina, Karina Nursyafira, Astrid Monica, and Dharmawan Phanjaya

60 - 79

Analysis of Sustainable Water Resources Management based on the Potential Water Availability in the Semi-arid Area of Kupang, Indonesia Marlin A. Koan, Jakobis Johanis Messakh, Soetedjo IN. P

80 - 96

The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment Muhammad Burhannudinnur, Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni, Astri Rinanti

97 - 108

DOI : 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.8001

The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted by Mud Volcano to Environment

Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020

Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8th, 2019 from

October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2023

97

THE EFFECT OF HARMFUL AND FAVORABLE GAS AND CHEMICAL CONTENT EMITTED BY MUD VOLCANO TO ENVIRONMENT

Muhammad Burhannudinnur1, Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni1*, Astri Rinanti2 1Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Earth Technology and Energy, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia *Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The recent eruption of Kesongo mud volcano (MV) that occurred in 28 August 2020 in Blora, Central Java was a common natural phenomenon. MV eruption occurred periodically depending on the recharge fluid system that interconnected to a geothermal system and hydrocarbon reservoir. During the eruption, methane and CO2 gas were emitted to the atmosphere together with rocks, muds and fluids flowing from the fracture and fault system of MV. The extruded materials could be harmful and beneficial for the affected ecosystem. Aims: This study aimed to address the potential impact of the extruded mud volcano materials to the environment. Methodology and Results: An attempt was carried out by investigating gas and fluid content of every mud volcano morphology in the selected 11 areas of Kradenan, Central Java and Sidoarjo, East Java. The pristine fluids and gas of MV were sampled for chemical and toxic compound observation. Gas composition and type was observed using gas chromatography. The result shows that methane gas content ranges from 0.06 to 67.6 mol%., while the CO2 content ranges from 0.21 to 79.9 mol%. Methane gas exhibits thermogenic gas that associated with hydrocarbon generation. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The chemical compound of fluids indicates high Boron (B) content above 0.5 ppm which has harmful effect for crops and human health, but some compounds of Ca, Na, K, Mg present as essential elements for soil nutrient. According to the methane flux and chemical compound emitted by mud volcano, this study contributes to a management practice to restore and conserve the global ecosystem.

MANUSCRIPT HISTORY

Received July 2020

Revised August 2020

Accepted September 2020

Available online October 2020

KEYWORDS

Boron

Greenhouse gas

Methane

Mud volcano

Soil nutrient

http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v3i2.5110






98

1. INTRODUCTION An active mud volcano has periodical mud eruption, depending on the subsurface recharge

materials. Mud volcano exhibits volcano-like feature with mud erupted from the centre of

extrusion together with rocks, hot water, methane gas, oil and many more. Their existence

might be worried by local communities who are living in a nearby mud volcano. It is because

methane gas which is released to the atmosphere may also contain poisonous gas and

attenuate the ozone layer. Similarly, the presence of metal element has also contaminated the

groundwater and surface water quality. Meanwhile, some chemical compound might be

favorable as soil nutrient for local farming. Apart from this concern investigation of gas content

and chemical substance including metals were carried out to minimize the possible effect of

harmful materials to the environment and conserve some beneficial substances for landscape

preservation. Therefore, a research study has been carried out to investigate the effect of gas

and chemical content emitted by mud volcano for the surrounding environment. The study area

is administratively located in the Kradenan, Purwodadi and Grobogan, Central Java that belong

to Rembang zone as well as Sidoarjo and Gresik areas, East Java that belong to the Kendeng

zone (Figure 1). The objective of this study is to assess mud volcano properties and the impact

of its emitted materials to atmosphere, ground and surface water, as well as soil properties that

might be neither harmful nor beneficial for the affected ecosystem in nearby mud volcano

areas. Therefore, the significance of this study is to provide valuable management options to

restore the affected areas of mud eruption.

Figure 1 a) Physiography of the studied mud volcano which is situated in the Rembang and Kendeng zone, b) The study area of mud volcano phenomenon in East Java basin is illustrated in the elevation map

a) b)







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1.1 Mud Volcano in East Java

The occurrence of mud volcano is first documented by Goad in 1816 and described the

occurrence of a flat dome in Grobogan. The top of the dome extruded gas and saline water in

different phase with mud materials, and this eruption has occurred for more than 150 years.

MV phenomenon in East Java basin is suspected has a relationship with hydrocarbon

generation. It is because most the of mud volcano system in this basin was situated adjacent to

oil and gas fields (Burhannudinnur et al. 2019). Moreover, diapirism is directly related to the

accumulation of hydrocarbon and source rock maturation. The gas which is associated with

hydrocarbon were commonly observed in Cangkringan, Crewek, Banjarlor, Medang,

Gununganyar, Kalanganyar and Wringinanom MV Figure 2.

LUSI mud volcano presents as one of the extraordinary features of mud eruption that

occurred in Mei 2006 in Sidoarjo, East Java Province. The fluid comprises of mixture gas, mud

and hot water that extruded from 200m of Banjarpanji well (BJP-1). A high volume of mud

reached 180,000 m3 per day, and it is derived from diagenetic rocks of Kalibeng formation

(Mazzini et al. 2007). Mazzini also mentioned that a high geothermal gradient in LUSI is caused

by the interaction of the basin with magmatism complex. His following project confirmed the

interpretation that LUSI MV is affected by volcanic activity since helium gas were detected from

the mud samples (Mazzini, Etiope, and Svensen, 2012). He assumed that the over pressured

fluids derived from the Upper Kalibeng, from the depth of 1,323-1,871 m. Supporting this

statement, Istadi et al., (2009) stated that the fluid source came from porous and permeable

Kujung Formation, while the mud source derived from Kalibeng Formation.







100

Figure 2 a) A gentle dome of Cangkringan where many pies comprised of mud, fluids and gas, b) Illustration map of mud eruption distribution, c) Gryphon morphology was commonly observed in the outer dome, d) pie morphology in the small dome, with a diameter of 2 m, e) Vertical section of Cangkringan MV.

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In order to observe and record the manifestation of mud volcano, a satellite image of Quickbird

with resolution up to 1 m was used for the regional study. Data for this satellite image was

compiled from commercial and non- commercial source. Most of the non- commercial imagery

data were collected from Google Earth which has similar resolution with image data from a

commercial source. A follow up field investigation was carried out to investigate detail

morphology characteristics of a mud volcano and sampling process. Eleven mud volcano areas

have been investigated in Kradenan, Central Java and Sidoarjo, East Java.







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2.1 Gas and Fluid Sampling Method

Fluid and gas samples were collected from the studied mud volcano location and were

distinguished based on morphologies of salsa and pond, which contain more fluids. For fluid

sampling, the temperature should be checked first. Afterwards, a small channel was made to

accommodate the water flow from a big pie and gryphon morphology. The water sample was

then collected from this channel by sinking the bottles fully into the pond and tightly closed. A

clamping tool is used for sampling technique in hot water. Volume capacity of the bottles is 1 –

1.5 liter. There were 14 fluid samples taken from every morphology spot site, such as from pie,

gryphon and gas venting, old well, big/small pools, salsa and pods.

Gas sampling was carefully packed into the gas storage. For this purpose, a funnel-shaped

tool was connected with long and short hoses made of plastic. The long hose has 4 m long and 1

cm in diameter, while the short one has 100 cm long. The end-point of the hose is loaded into

the bucket which contains saline water and cold water. Additional storage is used to preserve

the collected gas samples. To anticipate any leakage, bottles were packed tightly during its

upside-down position. A simple design of equipment used for gas sampling is displayed at figure

3. Ten samples of seepage gas were collected from the mud volcano in Purwodadi, Central Java,

East Java and Madura.

Figure 3 a) A simple schematic equipment design for gas, and b) sample collection procedure

2.2 Laboratory Analysis

Gas composition and C-isotope analyses were carried out in R&D Centre of LEMIGAS. The gas

composition and Carbon- isotope were analyzed using gas chromatography. About nine (9) gas







102

samples were analyzed using C- isotope in order to know their composition and gas type in

general (biogenic or thermogenic gas type). During gas chromatogram analysis, standard

samples were injected into the gas chromatogram that also equipped with a capillary column.

The equipment was run under isothermal 40oC for 5 minutes before the temperature was

increased into 180oC for 20 minutes. High purity of helium gas is used as a carrier gas. The

isotope composition was measured relative to the reference CO2 gas of certain δ13C which was

then injected to the mass spectrometer. This Carbon isotope data is used to understand the

origin of a particular gas. The information of gas composition will be compared with seepage

gas composition from well data. Meanwhile, fluid samples are used to reveal the existence of

metal and other chemical compounds. These samples were analyzed in the laboratory of

Environmental, ITB. Fluid samples were analyzed for ten elements such as Boron (B), Calcium

(Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Kalium (K), Natrium (Na), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4), Lithium (Li),

Strontium (Sr) and Barium (Ba).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Gas Compound

Mud volcano in East Java has intermittently erupted with a various height of eruption.

According to the gas chromatograph analysis, gas content consists of methane (C1), ethane

(C2), Propane (C3), butane (B4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Most of the mud volcano emitted

higher level of methane gas and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The relative amount of

CO2 and methane gas depending on MV dimension, depth and gas dissolution models (Etiope

2005). The released methane gas from thirteen observed mud volcano is 244.36 mol%.

Methane was emitted from MV manifestation, such as craters, bubbling pools, salses and

gryphons. This gas also diffused by soil or known as micro-seepage. The recorded CO2 gas is

around while the emitted CO2 gas is around 401.24 mol%. This gas dominates the other gas

type. The CO2 gas is susceptible to any contamination and degradation in the surface condition.

This gas content has also indicated the existence of hydrocarbon compound varies from

0.06-77.9 mol%. Carbon isotope analysis reveals the isotope ratio of hydrocarbon gas (C1 to

C5) in Kendensari and LUSI MV equivalent to late oil generation. From the isotope ratio of

methane gas, there are two gas groups with different thermal maturation. First, gas content in







103

Kalanganyar, Gununganyar and Kesongo MV belongs to biogenic gas with low thermal maturity.

Second, the emitted gas from Pangleblengan and Kesongo MV have a higher maturity level

which is equal to hydrocarbon generation. The equivalence level with hydrocarbon generation

indicates that this methane is thermogenic gas. Thermogenic gas is found in association with oil

to dry gas condensate. Anomaly results occur in the gas samples from Gununganyar and

Kalanganyar, in which methane gas present as a mixture compound of biogenic and

thermogenic. This mixture occurred due to migration of thermogenic gas to the shallower

biogenic gas.

The higher level of CO2 and methane gas is found associated with the type of thermogenic

gas. Methane gas is trapped can be assumed that micro-seepage and even greater venting

system of mud volcano serve as the main pathways for gas degassing to the atmosphere

(Charlou et al., 2003).

Table 1 Analysis results of gas composition

Sample location Gas Composition (mol%)

CO2 O2 N2 C1 C2 C3 C4

Pengeblengan Sangiran 0.86 17.4 61.1 20.6 0 - -

Kendensari 30.9 1.66 8.86 54.2 2.5 1.2 0.3

Gununganyar 11.1 3.49 17.7 67.6 0.1 0 -

Kalanganyar 1.07 19.6 65.1 14.3 0 - -

Banjarlor 71.8 6.56 15.5 6.1 - - -

Cangkringan 15.5 19 65.2 0.32 - - -

Kuwu 79.9 4.58 13 2.51 0 - -

Crewek 27.1 25.1 47.7 0.06 - - -

Medang 63.9 8.93 26.5 0.65 0 0 -

Medang 54.3 11.3 28.5 5.63 0.2 0.1 -

Kesongo 22.3 17.2 58.1 2.39 0.1 - -

Anak Kesongo 0.21 18.6 65.7 15.4 0.1 0 -

3.2 Chemical Content

Overall, geochemical data of mud volcano fluids taken from the studied area has a similar trend

to other geochemical data from around the world. The trend confirmed that the collected

samples belong to the mud volcano manifestation. The result of chemical data is summarized in

Table 1. From the table, about 11 samples out of 14, has a high concentration of Boron (above 1

ppm). The elevated amount of Boron is attributed to the natural sources of geothermal activity







104

and seawater intrusion. Interestingly, fluid samples taken from the mud volcano in Rembang

zone, such as in Kuwu, Cangkringan, Kesongo, Pangeblengan, Crewek, exhibit higher

concentration of Boron (Table 1). This element presents as a toxic for plants and may also

dangerous to humans. A recommended standard of 0.5 ppm Boron contain in drinking water

source was set by WHO (Dotsika et al., 2006) thus, mud volcano fluids which contains this

excessive element may contaminate either ground- and surface water. Although the water used

for irrigation, it also harms the crops and threatens the human who consumes the crops.

The other detected of metal, in the forms of Lithium (Li), present in extremely high

concentration, such as 40.4 ppm in Cangkringan, 29.4 ppm in Banjarlor and 141.4 ppm in Kuwu.

The discharge of this metal into surface water will be absorbed by vegetation and/or

accumulated in animals if the water used for irrigation or cultivation of aquatic fauna. There are

some biotas which are sensitive to high metal content, such as Crustacea and zooplankton

(Herawati, 2007). The worst effect of excessive Li content to human is problems of kidney

function. Despite its damaging effect, suggested amount of Li (below 11.6 ppm) is suitable for

mental health, particularly for a patient with the symptom of bipolar disorder (Kessing et al.,

2017). Scientist believes that adding Li into drinking water will prevent the case of suicide

(Kabacs et al., 2011; Kapusta et al., 2011).

Most of MV fluid samples contain Strontium (Sr) element, ranges from 1.1-381.1 ppm. The

acceptable limit of Sr for drinking water is 1.5 ppm (Figure 4). Therefore, the only two samples

from Gunungnyar and Wringinanom that contain a low concentration of Sr. The long- term

effect of excessive Sr intake is related to the carcinogenic mechanism (Zhang et al., 2018).

The high amount of some metals elucidates the relationship of organic carbon content and

metal enrichment. Metal is easily adsorbed on the carbon surface; thus, the higher composition

of organic carbon in mud, the higher metal concentration will be. In order to see how safe the

water used for drinking water, a histogram comparison was created in Figure 4. Elements that

present above the detection limit may cause harmful effect to human and ecosystem.







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Table 2 Summary of the chemical content from mud volcano fluid samples

Location Morphology ppm

B Ca K Li Mg Na Sr Cl SO4

Cangkringan Pie 29.5 79.2 136.9 40.4 73.6 15,932 72.2 32,630 193.9 Kesongo Gryphon, gas

venting 11.7 19.5 75.6 7.1 226.4 8,025.6 20.9 5,933 319.9

Kesongo Small pie 17.4 76.7 77.1 0.0 220.9 11,393 47.6 9.295 68.7 Gabusan Old well 1.7 42.3 32.6 0.3 102.3 7,976 17 5,834 21.2 Pengeblengan Small pools,

gas venting 10.9 281.2 43.5 0.1 161.1 7,604 17.5 6,724 6.1

Pengeblengan 17.4 251.4 35.2 0.1 149.5 6,478.4 18.5 5,933 43.2 Banjarlor Salsa 6.2 82.1 225.1 29.4 173 20,446 69.5 23,039 8.6 Crewek Pods 12.5 226.4 159 34.6 113.9 17,647 88.4 21,061 25.1 Kuwu Pie 70.8 19.5 524.4 141.4 805.6 48.752 381.1 106,593 27.9

Gununganyar Small pools, gas venting

0.1 61.2 185.2 2 91 1,609.6 1.1 4,939.5 25.1

Gununganyar Salsa 22.5 71.7 43.1 0.3 134.6 18,804 85.7 22,050 26 Kalanganyar Pools 5.4 160.4 65 0.3 222.3 10,906 26.2 14,140 9.9 LUSI Big pool 7.7 52.8 73.1 1 83 10.138 65.2 11,173 2.1 Wringinanom Old well 0 47.7 28.2 0 126.2 607.2 1.4 2,863 178.7

The presence of anhydrite (CaSO4) and halide (NaCl) minerals in some mud volcano

manifestation, such as in Kalanganyar contributes to the soil encrustation that inhibits water

infiltration and root penetration. The existence of this mineral is linear with the concentration

value of Ca, Na and Cl content found in Cangkringan, Kuwu, Kesongo, Kalanganyar,

Gununganyar and LUSI. Despite inhibiting water infiltration, the minerals are easily dissolved

and have seasonal occurrence. Thus, the cations of Ca, Na and other dissolved cations of K and

Mg will enrich the soil in the longer term. The diverse concentration of these elements is mainly

controlled by lithology, alteration and pH fluid that affect the solubility of the elements into the

fluids.







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Figure 4 Comparison of the chemical composition of mud volcano fluids and average norm of drinking water (modify from Baloglanov, Abbasov, and Akhundov, 2018).

4. CONCLUSION

The outgassing methane and carbon dioxide gases into the atmosphere, contribute to the

increasing level of greenhouse gas. The total amount of CO2 and methane gases from the

observed mud volcanoes is 645.6 mol%. The accumulation of this gas in the atmosphere







107

impedes the reflection of solar radiation to space. As a consequence, the earth undergoes

global climate changes. MV fluids exhibit chemical compound which is neither beneficial nor

harmful for human and ecosystem. The presence of Li elements below the average norm for

drinking water is beneficial to alleviate mental disorder, including bipolar symptom and suicide

practice. Despite its beneficial function, the excessive Li, the element has a negative effect on

the kidney. Similar to this, Boron (B) and Strontium were mostly detected above the average

norm and indicated that contamination of this fluid might cause severe health problems to

human and the worst symptom to crops. Nonetheless, some cation elements of Na, Ca, K and

Mg As are an essential source for soil nutrient. That is why the local farming in Medang MV is

entirely overgrown by paddy. As a recommendation, management practices should be carried

out by disrupting or relocating the encrustation of anhydrite and halide minerals from soils to

enable water infiltration and root penetration to the soil, particularly when the thickness less

than 2 cm. Secondly, crops selection should be carried out by planting more tolerant vegetation

to saline water.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to send gratitude to all colleagues in Department of Geological

Engineering for valuable support and encouragement during this article publication. There were

many discussion and feedback received along this manuscript drafting.

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Kabacs, Nikolett, Anjum Memon, Thom Obinwa, Jan Stochl, and Jesus Perez. 2011. “Lithium in Drinking Water and Suicide Rates across the East of England.” British Journal of Psychiatry.

Kapusta, Nestor D., Nilufar Mossaheb, Elmar Etzersdorfer, Gerald Hlavin, Kenneth Thau, Matthäus Willeit, Nicole Praschak-Rieder, Gernot Sonneck, and Katharina Leithner-Dziubas. 2011. Lithium in Drinking Water and Suicide Mortality. British Journal of Psychiatry.

Kessing, Lars V., Thomas A. Gerds, Nikoline N. Knudsen, Lisbeth F. Jørgensen, Søren M. Kristiansen, Denitza Voutchkova, Vibeke Ernstsen, Jörg Schullehner, Birgitte Hansen, Per K. Andersen, and Annette K. Ersbøll. 2017. Lithium in Drinking Water and the Incidence of Bipolar Disorder: A Nation-Wide Population-Based Study. Bipolar Disorders.

Mazzini, A., H., Svensen, G., G., Akhmanov, G., Aloisi, S., Planke, A., Malthe-Sørenssen, and B., Istadi. 2007. Triggering and Dynamic Evolution of the LUSI Mud Volcano, Indonesia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

Mazzini, Adriano, Giuseppe Etiope, and Henrik Svensen. 2012. A New Hydrothermal Scenario for the 2006 Lusi Eruption, Indonesia. Insights from Gas Geochemistry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

Zhang Hui, Xue Zhou, Luobin Wang, Wendong Wang, and Jinlan Xu. 2018. Concentrations and Potential Health Risks of Strontium in Drinking Water from Xi’an, Northwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.


THE EFFECT OF HARMFULAND FAVORABLE GAS AND

CHEMICAL CONTENTEMITTED BY MUD VOLCANO

TO ENVIRONMENTby Muhammad Burhannudinnur

Submission date: 29-Oct-2020 11:24PM (UTC+0700)Submission ID: 1430262647File name: 8001-24265-1-PB.pdf (1.29M)Word count: 4567Character count: 23429

The Effect of Harmful and Favorable Gas and Chemical Content Emitted

by Mu d Volcano to Environment

Burhannudinnur, Nugraheni, Rinanti

p-lSSN 2579-9150; �ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page97-108, October 2020

Accre d i te dSINTA 2 by Ministry of Rese arch, Technology, and

High er Educati on of Th e Repu blic of Indonesia No. 23/E/KPT/2019 on A ug ust B", 2019 from

October 1", 2018 to September 30", 2023


Urban and Environmental Technology urbanenvirotec�http://www.trij u rnal. le mlit.trisa kti.ac. id/index.php/ u rbanenvirotech

THE EFFECT OF HARMFUL AND FAVORABLE GAS AND CHEMICAL CONTENT

EMITTED BY MUD VOLCANO T O ENVIRONMENT

Muhammad Burhannudinnur1, Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni1*, Ast ri Rinanti2

'Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Earth Technology and Energy, Universitas Trisakti,

Jakarta, Indonesia 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental

Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia

• Corresponding author: rosma lia .d [email protected]. id

ABSTRACT

The recent eruption of Kesongo mud volcano (MV) that occurred in 28

August 2020 in Blora, Central Java was a common natural phenomenon.

MV eruption occurred periodically depending on the recharge fluid system

that interconnected to a geothermal system and hydrocarbon reservoir.

During the eruption, methane and CO2 gas were emitted to the

atmosphere together with rocks, muds and fluids flowing from the fracture

and fault system of MV. The extruded materials could be harmful and

beneficial for the affected ecosystem. Aims: This study aimed to address

the potential impact of the extruded mud volcano materials to the

environment. Methodology and Results: An attempt was carried out by

investigating gas and fluid content of every mud volcano morphology in the

MANUSCRIPT HISTORY

• Received

July 2020

. Revised

August 2020

• Accepted

September 2020

• Available online

October 2020

selected 11 areas of Kradenan, Central Java and Sidoarjo, East Java. The KEYWORDS pristine fluids and gas of MV were sampled for chemical and toxic

compound observation. Gas composition and type was observed using gas

chromatography. The result shows that methane gas content ranges from

0.06 to 67.6 mol%., while the CO2 content ranges from 0.21 to 79.9 mol%.

Methane gas exhibits thermogenic gas that associated with hydrocarbon

generation. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The chemical

compound of fluids indicates high Boron (B) content above 0.5 ppm which

has harmful effect for crops and human health, but some compounds of

Ca, Na, K, Mg present as essential elements for soil nutrient. According to

the methane flux and chemical compound emitted by mud volcano, this

study contributes to a management practice to restore and conserve the

global ecosystem.

DOI. 10.25105/urbanenvirotech. v4i 1.8001 97

• Boron

• Greenhouse gas

• Methane

• Mud volcano

• Soil nutrient

1. INTRODUCTION


by Mud Volcano to Environment


p-lSSN 25 79-9150; e-lSSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020

AccreditedSINTA 2by Ministry of Research, T echnology, and

Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No . 23/E/KPT/2019 on August B", 2019 from

Octobe r 1", 2018 to September JO", 2023

An active mud volcano has periodical mud eruption, depending on the subsurface recharge

materials. Mud volcano exhibits volcano-like feature with mud erupted from the centre of

extrusion together with rocks, hot water, methane gas, oil and many more. Their existence

might be worried by local communities who are living in a nearby mud volcano. It is because

methane gas which is released to the atmosphere may also contain poisonous gas and

attenuate the ozone layer. Similarly, the presence of metal element has also contaminated the

groundwater and surface water quality. Meanwhile, some chemical compound might be

favorable as soil nutrient for local farming. Apart from this concern investigation of gas content

and chemical substance including metals were carried out to minimize the possible effect of

harmful materials to the environment and conserve some beneficial substances for landscape fJ

preservation. Therefore, a research study has been carried out to investigate the effect of gas

and chemical content emitted by mud volcano for the surrounding environment. The study area

is administratively located in the Kradenan, Purwodadi and Grobogan, Central Java that belong

to Rembang zone as well as Sidoarjo and Gresik areas, East Java that belong to the Kendeng

zone (Figure 1). The objective of this study is to assess mud volcano properties and the impact

of its emitted materials to atmosphere, ground and surface water, as well as soil pSerties that

might be neither harmful nor beneficial for the affected ecosystem in nearby mud volcano

areas. Therefore, the significance of this study is to provide valuable management options to

restore the affected areas of mud eruption.

Figure 1 a) Physiography of the stud ied mud volcano which is situated in the Rembang and Kendengzone, b) The study area of mud volcano phenomenon in East Java basin is illu strated in the elevation map

DOI . 10.25105/urbanenvirotech. v4i 1.8001 98




p-lSSN 2579-9150; e-lSSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page97-108, October 2020

Accredi te dSINTA 2b y Ministry of Research, T echnology, and

High er Educati on of The Republic of Indonesi a No . 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8", 2019 from


1.1 Mud Volcano in East Java

The occurrence of mud volcano is first documented by Goad in 1816 and described the

occurrence of a flat dome in Grobogan. The top of the dome extruded gas and saline water in

different phase with mud materials, and this eruption has occurred for more than 150 years.

MV phenomenon in East Java basin is suspected has a relationship with hydrocarbon

generation . It is because most the of mud volcano system in this basin was situated adjacent to

oil and gas fields (Burhannudinnur et al. 2019). Moreover, diapirism is directly related to the

accumulation of hydrocarbon and source rock maturation. The gas which is associated with

hydrocarbon were commonly observed in Cangkringan, Crewek, Banjarlor, Medang,

Gununganyar, Kalanganyar and Wringinanom MV Figure 2.

LUSI mud volcano presents as one of the extraordinary features of mud eruption that

occurred in Mei 2006 in Sidoarjo, East Java Province. The fluid comprises of mixture gas, mud

and hot water that extruded from 200m of Banjarpanji well (BJP-1). A high volume of mud

reached 180,000 m3 per day, and it is derived from diagenetic rocks of Kalibeng formation

(Mazzini et al. 2007). Mazzini also mentioned that a high geothermal gradient in LUSI is caused

by the interaction of the basin with magmatism complex. His following project confirmed the

interpretation that LUSI MV is affected by volcanic activity since helium gas were detected from

the mud samples (Mazzini, Etiope, and Svensen, 2012). He assumed that the over pressured

fluids derived from the Upper Kalibeng, from the depth of 1,32 3-1,871 m. Supporting this

statement, lstadi et al., (2009) stated that the fluid source came from porous and permeable

Kujung Formation, while the mud source derived from Kalibeng Formation.

DOI. 10.25105/urbanenvirotech . v4i 1.8001 99




p-lSSN 2S 79-91S0; e-lSSN 2579-9207, Volume 4, Number 1, page 97-108, October 2020

Accred itedSINTA 2by Ministry of Research, Technology, and

Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No . 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8", 2019 from

October 1", 2018 to September JO", 2023

Figure 2 a) A gentle dome of Cangkringan where many pies comprised of mud,

fluids and gas, b) Illustration map of mud eruption d istribution, c) Gryphon

morphology was commonly observed in t he outer dome, d) pie morphology in the

small dome, with a diameter of 2 m, e) Vertical section of Cangkringan MV.

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In order to observe and record the manifestation of mud volcano, a satellite image of Quickbird

with resolution up to 1 m was used for the regional study. Data for t his satellite image was

compiled from commercial and non- commercial source. Most of the non- commercial imagery

data were collected from Google Earth which has similar resolution with image data from a

commercial source. A follow up f ield investigation was carried out to investigate detail

morphology characteristics of a mud volcano and sampling process. Eleven mud volcano areas

have been investigated in Kradenan, Central Java and Sidoarjo, East Java.

DOI . 10.2510 5/urbanenvirotech. v4i 1.8001 100








2.1 Gas and Fluid Sampling Method

Fluid and gas samples were collected from the studied mud volcano location and were

distinguished based on morphologies of salsa and pond, which contain more fluids. For fluid

sampling, the temperature should be checked first Afterwards, a small channel was made to

accommodate the water flow from a big pie and gryphon morphology. The water sample was

then collected from this channel by sinking the bottles fully into the pond and tightly closed. A

clamping tool is used for sampling technique in hot water. Volume capacity of the bottles is 1 -

1.5 liter. There were 14 fluid samples taken from every morphology spot site, such as from pie,

gryphon and gas venti ng, old well, big/small pools, salsa and pods.

Gas sampling was carefully packed into the gas storage. For this purpose, a funnel-shaped

tool was connected with long and short hoses made of plastic. The long hose has 4 m long and 1

cm in diameter, while the short one has 100 cm long. The end-point of the hose is loaded into

the bucket which contains saline water and cold water. Additional storage is used to preserve

the collected gas samples. To anticipate any leakage, bottles were packed tightly during its

upside-down position. A simple design of equipment used for gas sampling is displayed at figure

3. Ten samples of seepage gas were collected from the mud volcano in Purwodadi, Central Java,

East Java and Madura.

1 Buc:k�M

2 Sucket-2

!I funntl

4 Hose--1

S Host-,2

6 S■mple 9ottle 7 fln■I S.mple Bottle-

Figure 3 a) A simple schematic equipment design for gas, and b) sample collection pro cedure

2.2 Laboratory Analysis

Gas composition and C-isotope analyses were carried out in R&D Centre of LEMIGAS. The gas

composition and Carbon- isotope were analyzed using gas chromatography. About nine (9) gas

DOI . 10.2510 5/urbanenvirotech. v4i 1.8001 101






High er Educati on of The Republic of Indonesi a No . 23/E/KPT/2019 on August B", 2019 from


samples were analyzed using C- isotope in order to know their composition and gas type in

general (biogenic or thermogenic gas type). During gas chromatogram analysis, standard

samples were injected into the gas chromatogram that also equipped with a capillary column.

The equipment was run under isothermal 40°C for 5 minutes before the temperature was

increased into 180°C for 20 minutes. High purity of helium gas is used as a carrier gas. The

isotope composition was measured relative to the reference CO2 gas of certain o 11C which was

then injected to the mass spectrometer. This Carbon isotope data is used to understand the

origin of a particular gas. The information of gas composition will be compared with seepage

gas composition from well data. Meanwhile, fluid samples are used to reveal the existence of

metal and other chemical compounds. These samples were analyzed in the laboratory of

Environmental, 1TB. Fluid samples were analyzed for ten elements such as Boron (B), Calcium

(Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Kalium (K), Natrium (Na), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4), Lithium (Li),

Strontium (Sr) and Barium (Ba).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Gas Compound

Mud volcano in East Java has intermittently erupted with a various height of eruption.

According to the gas chromatograph analysis, gas content consists of methane (Cl), ethane

(C2), Propane (C3}, butane (B4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Most of the mud volcano emitted

higher level of methane gas and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The relative amount of

CO2 and methane gas depending on MV dimension, depth and gas dissolution models (Etiope

2005). The released methane gas from thirteen observed mud volcano is 244.36 mol%.

Methane was emitted from MV manifestation, such as craters, bubbling pools, salses and

gryphons. This gas also diffused by soil or known as micro-seepage. The recorded CO2 gas is

around while the emitted CO2 gas is around 401.24 mol%. This gas dominates the other gas

type. The CO2 gas is susceptible to any contamination and degradation in the surface condition.

This gas content has also indicated the existence of hydrocarbon compound varies from

0.06-77.9 mol%. Carbon isotope analysis reveals the isotope ratio of hydrocarbon gas (Cl to

CS) in Kendensari and LUSI MV equivalent to late oil generation. From the isotope ratio of

methane gas, there are two gas groups with different thermal maturation. First, gas content in







High er Educati on of The Republic of Indonesi a No . 23/E/KPT/2019 on August 8", 2019 from


Kalanganyar, Gununganyar and Kesongo MV belongs to biogenic gas with low thermal maturity.

Second, the emitted gas from Pangleblengan and Kesongo MV have a higher maturity level

which is equal to hydrocarbon generation. The equivalence level with hydrocarbon generation

indicates that this methane is thermogenic gas. Thermogenic gas is found in association with oil

to dry gas condensate. Anomaly results occur in the gas samples from Gununganyar and

Kalanganyar, in which methane gas present as a mixture compound of biogenic and

thermogenic. This mixture occurred due to migration of thermogenic gas to the shallower

biogenic gas.

The higher level of CO2 and methane gas is found associated with the type of thermogenic

gas. Methane gas is trapped can be assumed that micro-seepage and even greater venting

system of mud volcano serve as the main pathways for gas degassing to the atmosphere

(Charlou et al., 2003).

Table 1 Analysis results of gas composition

Sample location Gas Composition (mol%)

CO2 02 N2 Cl C2 C3 C4

Pengeblengan Sangiran 0.86 17.4 61.1 20.6 0

Kendensari 30.9 1.66 8.86 54.2 2.5 1.2 0.3

Gununganyar 11.1 3.49 17.7 67.6 0.1 0

Kalanganyar 1.07 19.6 65.1 14.3 0

Banjarlor 71.8 6.56 15.5 6.1

Cangkringan 15.5 19 65.2 0.32

Kuwu 79.9 4.58 13 2.51 0

Crewek 27.1 25.1 47.7 0.06

Medang 63.9 8.93 26.5 0.65 0 0

Medang 54.3 11.3 28.5 5.63 0.2 0.1

Kesongo 22.3 17.2 58.1 2.39 0.1

Anak Kesongo 0.21 18.6 65.7 15.4 0.1 0

3.2 Chemical Content

Overall, geochemical data of mud volcano fluids taken from the studied area has a similar trend

to other geochemical data from around the world. The trend confirmed that the collected

samples belong to the mud volcano manifestation. The result of chemical data is summarized in

Table 1. From the table, about 11 samples out of 14, has a high concentration of Boron (above 1

ppm). The elevated amount of Boron is attributed to the natural sources of geothermal activity









and seawater intrusion. Interestingly, fluid samples taken from the mud volcano in Rembang

zone, such as in Kuwu, Cangkringan, Kesongo, Pangeblengan, Crewek, exhibit higher

concentration of Boron (Table 1). This element presents as a toxic for plants and may also

dangerous to humans. A recommended standard of 0.5 ppm Boron contain in drinking water

source was set by WHO (Dotsika et al., 2006) thus, mud volcano fluids which contains this

excessive element may contaminate either ground- and surface water. Although the water used

for irrigation, it also harms the crops and threatens the human who consumes the crops.

The other detected of metal, in the forms of Lithium (Li), present in extremely high

concentration, such as 40.4 ppm in Cangkringan, 29.4 ppm in Banjarlor and 141.4 ppm in Kuwu.

The discharge of this metal into surface water will be absorbed by vegetation and/or

accumulated in animals if the water used for irrigation or cultivation of aquatic fauna. There are

some biotas which are sensitive to high metal content, such as Crustacea and zooplankton

(Herawati, 2007). The worst effect of excessive Li content to human is problems of kidney

function. Despite its damaging effect, suggested amount of Li (below 11.6 ppm) is suitable for

mental health, particularly for a patient with the symptom of bipolar disorder (Kessing et al.,

2017). Scientist believes that adding Li into drinking water will prevent the case of suicide

(Kaba cs et al., 2011; Kapusta et al., 2011).

Most of MV fluid samples contain Strontium (Sr) element, ranges from 1.1-381.1 ppm. The

acceptable limit of Sr for drinking water is 1.5 ppm (Figure 4). Therefore, the only two samples

from Gunungnyar and Wringinanom that contain a low concentration of Sr. The long- term

effect of excessive Sr intake is related to the carcinogenic mechanism (Zhang et al., 2018).

The high amount of some metals elucidates the relationship of organic carbon content and

metal enrichment. Metal is easily adsorbed on the carbon surface; thus, the higher composition

of organic carbon in mud, the higher metal concentration will be. In order to see how safe the

water used for drinking water, a histogram comparison was created in Figure 4. Elements that

present above the detection limit may cause harmful effect to human and ecosystem.


Location

Cangkringan

Kesongo

Kesongo

Gabusan

Pengeblengan

Pengeblengan

Banjarlor

Crewek

Kuwu

Gununganyar

Gununganyar

Kalanganyar

LUSI

Wringinanom








Table 2 Summary of the chemical content from mud volcano fluid samples

Morphology

Pie

Gryphon, ga s

venting

Small pie

Old well

Small pools,

ga s venting

Salsa

Pods

Pie

Small pools,

ga s venting

Salsa

Pools

Big pool

Old well

ppm

B

29.5

11.7

17.4

1.7

10.9

17.4

6.2

12.5

70.8

0.1

22.5

5.4

7.7

0

Ca

79.2

19.5

76.7

42.3

281.2

251.4

82.1

226.4

19.5

61.2

71.7

160.4

52.8

47.7

K

136.9

75.6

77.1

32.6

43.5

35.2

225.1

159

524.4

185.2

43.1

65

73.1

28.2

Li

40.4

7.1

0 0

0.3

0.1

0.1

29.4

34.6

141.4

2

0.3

0.3

1

0

Mg

73.6

226.4

220.9

102.3

161.1

149.5

173

113.9

805.6

91

134.6

222.3

83

126.2

Na

15,932

8,025.6

11,393

7,976

7,604

6,478.4

20,446

17,647

48.752

1,609.6

18,804

10,906

10.138

607.2

Sr Cl

72.2 32,630

20.9 5,933

47.6 9.295

17 5,834

17.5 6,724

18.5 5,933

69.5 23,039

88.4 21,061

381.1 106,593

1.1 4,939.5

85.7 22,050

26.2 14,140

65.2 11,173

1.4 2,863

so.

193.9

319.9

68.7

21.2

6.1

43.2

8.6

25.1

27.9

25.1

26

9.9

2.1

178.7

The presence of anhydrite (CaSQ4) and halide (NaCl) minerals in some mud volcano

manifestation, such as in Kalanganyar contributes to the soil encrustation that inhibits water

infiltration and root penetration. The existence of this mineral is linear with the concentration

value of Ca, Na and Cl content found in Cangkringan, Kuwu, Kesongo, Kalanganyar,

Gununganyar and LUSI. Despite inhibiting water infiltration, the minerals are easily dissolved

and have seasonal occurrence. Thus, the cations of Ca, Na and other dissolved cations of K and

Mg will enrich the soil in the longer term. The diverse concentration of these elements is mainly

controlled by lithology, alteration and pH fluid that affect the solubility of the elements into the

fluids .









Boron [BJ

�--•--"::'"";::-...-- - ":;"'°";.:'"w;.- - -::--: •-· l'l.lo 11.1 I" U lt.9 10 fl IU H l,r • U

Ktlillffl00

'":""-----�'"::'•...,<t- - --=--=-v

;:-- iw -=:.--==: u_.,. uu "A PP.I NJ, •u M,11 lit I ltt W',1 MU 0,1 H Pll lU IJ

----·::;3:-.:::::::...._ - --+----------------�====-----

5n1111Mill111(tl!

---�L-==--- +-' ---------------

-= ==--== ::: ;::---

--c-:-----==�- -��--=--=

•-llol PU ..... 0� " UJ, n.• "" ... _,, oo •\.! .,_, ..... .... U

-..------ ------------------.:::::::==-----==-----=----------

-":----�"":'-----::.""--::"''-:---=-=

•(-lt<I l'U l•..J "-' QJ .MIi.i ti.) ♦LI 11.1 ,,.... N.e ••I ,-

-·---..---�: i

-� _,._ ____________ _

........ :--r--- : I

-�1 ------• I M -

,�---------:::-'-:::-�0,,.- - -=--=---:::- --=-= •-.. "'°" P1 t U t.1 t IU

___ ,., _____ , -=� .. ..._------

-c-;:----..... ==-------::-=-"":i-e:":"

•-M IUU t IUH I� ''°" t•'IA It.Ml lltoJ ._JW 1 ..... ■- •- ■I# •.J M

---==::L==� - -+----------------a:;:;=.

=== ==� -----

-u::----�---��--=-=---- ... .... .... .... ..... -· ·- ,_ -· -· ·- ... _ '"" -· -

Figure 4 Comparison of the chemical composition of mu d volcano fluids and average norm o f d rinking

water (modify from Baloglanov, Abbasov, and Akhundov, 2018).

4. CONCLUSION

The outgassing methane and carbon dioxide gases into the atmosphere, contribute to the

increasing level of greenhouse gas. The total amount of CO2 and methane gases from the

observed mud volcanoes is 645.6 mol%. The accumulation of this gas in the atmosphere

DOI: 10.25105/urbanenvirotech . v4i 1.8001 106








impedes the reflection of solar radiation to space. As a consequence, the earth undergoes

global climate changes. MV fluids exhibit chemical compound which is neither beneficial nor

harmful for human and ecosystem. The presence of Li elements below the average norm for

drinking water is beneficial to alleviate mental disorder, including bipolar symptom and suicide

practice. Despite its beneficial function, the excessive Li, the element has a negative effect on

the kidney. Similar to this, Boron (B) and Strontium were mostly detected above the average

norm and indicated that contamination of this fluid might cause severe health problems to

human and the worst symptom to crops. Nonetheless, some cation elements of Na, Ca, K and

Mg As are an essential source for soil nutrient. That is why the local farming in Medang MV is

entirely overgrown by paddy. As a recommendation, management practices should be carried

out by disrupting or relocating the encrustation of anhydrite and halide minerals from soils to

enable water infiltration and root penetration to the soil, particularly when the thickness less

than 2 cm. Secondly, crops selection should be carried out by planting more tolerant vegetation

to saline water.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author would like to send gratitude to all colleagues in Department of Geological

Engineering for valuable support and encouragement during this article publication. There were

many discussion and feedback received along this manuscript drafting.

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