bulla exam 2 study guide

8/3/2019 Bulla Exam 2 Study Guide

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Biology Lab Exam 2 ReviewARTHROPODA:

characteristics: Adaptive advantages of each???1. bilateral symmetry2. segmentation3. complete digestive tract4. nervous system with a dorsal brain and a solid ventral nerve cord5. growth by molting6. open circulatory system: there is a heart and arteries, but no veins. blood is pumped throughout

the body and drains back to the pericardial area through an open space

7. well developed sensory structures8. respiration organs may be gills, book gills, book lungs, or tracheal tubes

appendages are found on the cephalothorax

Class: insecta (hexapoda)1. three body regions (head, Thorax, Abdomen)2. 3 pairs of legs attached to the thorax3. 2 pairs of wings (usually) attached to the thorax. some primitive orders if insects lack wings, and

in some other groups wings are only found in the reproductive individuals

4. most insects have a pair of compound eyes5. the respiratory system consists of a series of tubes which open to the outside of the body through

openings called spiracles

examples: butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, gnats, mosquitos, ants, bees, wasps, termites,grasshoppers, crickets, locusts, dragonflies

Class: Myriapoda

Millipedes:two pairs of legs per trunk segment and a pair of antennae

centipedes:one pair of legs per trunk segment, a pair of antennae, and a head with the first

pair of appendages modified as poison fangs.* both groups consists of organisms that have many identical trunk segments, well

developed head segment, and a terminal segment.Spider: cephalothorax and abdomen

Horseshoe crab (limulus):crayfish: head, thorax (together = cephalothorax), abdomen, and uropod (tail)

grasshopper:

animals with chelicera: spiders, crayfish,pedipalps: spidersmaxille:

five pairs of appendages:antenna: crustachea centipedes millipedes

wings: insectscompound eyes: insects

animals with three pairs of legs: insects


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four pairs: crayfish (crustachea) and spidersincompletemetamorphosis: is found in insects such as grasshoppersand termites. in these

orders, the larva resembles the adult, but lacks some of its feature (wings). each molt brings thelarva's appearance closer to that of the adult insect.

completemetamorphosis: occurs when the insect passes from egg to a larval stage. the larva

goes through a series of molts, and when it reaches full size ceases feeding and becomes pupa.during the pupal stage, the animal is transformed into an adult. the larva looks nothing like theadult insect. examples: butterflies, beetlesandflies

Ecology: the branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms

and their environment, including other organisms.Ecosystem: a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their

environment.Trophic Level: any class of organisms that occupy the same position in a food chain, as primary

consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.Food Chain:Ecology . a series of organisms interrelated in their feeding habits, the smallest

being fed upon by a larger one, which in turn feeds a still larger one, etc. the chain from a foodsource to the ultimate consumer.

Phytoplankton: autotrophic component of the plankton community.Plankton: the aggregate of passively floating, drifting, or somewhat motile organisms occurring

in a body of water, primarily comprising microscopic algae and protozoa. Foundation of theocean food web.

Zooplankton: the aggregate of animal or animallike organisms in plankton, as protozoans.classified by size and/or by developmental stage

Energy Pyramid: a depiction of the amount of energy in each trophic level of an ecosystem. agraphical model of energy flow in a community. The different levels represent different groups

of organisms that might compose a food chain. From the bottom-up, they are as follows:y Producers bring energy from nonliving sources into the communityy Primaryconsumers eat the producers, which makes them herbivores in most communitiesy Secondaryconsumers eat the primary consumers, which makes them carnivoresy Tertiaryconsumers eat the secondary consumers

Components of an Ecosystem:

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC COMPONENTS

Sunlight Primary producers

Temperature Herbivores

Precipitation Carnivores

Water or moisture Omnivores

Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH4+) Detritivores

etc. etc.All of these vary over space/time

5 Ecosystems in our community: Ocean, Rain forest, desert, swamp, Arctic

Phylum Cnidaria

CharacteristicsofCnidaria:-1)Radially Symmetrical.


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2)Body multicellular, few tissues, some organelles.3)Body contains an internal cavity and a mouth.

4)Two different forms exist, medusa and polyp5)Reproduction is asexual or sexual.

6)Has a simple net like nervous system.

7)Has a distinct larval stage which is planktonic.8)Lives in aquatic environments, mostly marine.9)Mostly carnivorous otherwise filter feeders.

10)May have a minimal skeleton of chiton or calcium carbonate.Phlyum PlatyhelmintesCharacteristicsofPlatyhelminthes:-

1)Bilaterally symmetrical.2)Body having 3 layers of tissues with organs and organelles.

3)Body contains no internal cavity.4)Possesses a blind gut (i.e. it has a mouth but no anus)

5)Has Protonephridial excretory organs instead of an anus.6)Has normally a nervous system of longitudinal fibres rather than a net.

7)Generally dorsoventrally flattened.8)Reproduction mostly sexual as hermaphrodites.

9)Mostly they feed on animals and other smaller life forms.10)Some species occur in all major habitats, including many as parasites of other

animals.Phlyum AnnelidaCharacteristicsofAnnelida:-

1)Bilaterally symmetrical and vermiform.2)Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs.

3)Body cavity is a true coelom, often divided by internal septa.4)Body possesses a through gut with mouth and anus.

5)Body possesses 3 separate sections, a prosomium, a trunk and a pygidium.6)Has a nervous system with an anterior nerve ring, ganglia and a ventral nerve chord.

7)Has a true closed circulatory system.8)Has no true respiratory organs.

9)Reproduction normally sexual and gonochoristic or hermaphoditic.10)Feed a wide range of material.

11)Live in most environments.Phylum Mollusca

CharacteristicsofMollusca:-1)Bilaterally symmetrical.

2)Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs.3)Body without cavity.

4)Body possesses a through gut with mouth and anus.5)Body monomeric and highly variable in form, may possess a dorsal or lateral shells of protein

and calcareous spicules.6)Has a nervous system with a circum-oesophagal ring, ganglia and paired nerve

chords.7)Has an open circulatory system with a heart and an aorta.

8)Has gaseous exchange organs called ctenidial gills.9)Has a pair of kidneys.


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10)Reproduction normally sexual and gonochoristic.11)Feed a wide range of material.

12)Live in most environments.

Phylum EchinodermataCharacteristics

of

Echinodermata

:-1)Possess 5-rayed symmetry, mostly radial, sometimes bilateral.

2)Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs.

3)Body cavity a true coelom.4)Most possesses a through gut with an anus.

5)Body shape highly variable, but with no head.6)Nervous system includes a circum-oesophageal ring.

7)Has a poorly defined open circulatory system.8)Possesses a water vascular system, which hydraulically operates the tube feet or feeding

tentacles.9)Without excretory organs.

10)Normally possesses a subepidermal system of calcareous plates11)Reproduction normally sexual and gonochoristic.

12)Feeds on fine particles in the water, detritus or other animals.13)All live marine environments.

Phylum ChordataCharacteristicsoftheinvertebrate Chordata:-

1)Bilaterally symmetrical.2) Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs.

3) Body cavity a true coelom.4) Most possesses a through gut with a non-terminal anus.

5) Body monomeric with no head or jaws.6) Possess at some stage of their life a hollow dorsal nerve tube.

7) Possess at some stage of their life a dorsal cartilaginous rod called a notochord.8) Possess at some stage of their life gill slits in the parangeal region.

9) Has a partially open circulatory system.10) Without excretory organs.

11) Reproduction normally sexual and gonochoristic.12) Feed on a variety of organic materials.

13) All live marine environments.


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Digestion System:

y Two ways to digest foodo Inside the cell ( intracellular)o Outside the cell (extracellular)

Enzymes: are the prime movers in protein digestion just as they were in carbohydrate digestion.

Protein Digestion:

o In the stomach, protein molecules are cut down by Pepsin.o After the stomach and into the duodenum, with the help of the enzyme Trypsin, the smaller

pieces of protein are reduced to amino acids.

Lipid Digestion: (fats and Oils)

o Lipids make cell membranes and are long term energy storage.o Six times more energy than Carbohydrates.And hardest to digest.o In the duodenumo Bile Salts produced by liver and stored in the gallbladder.

To break the clamps of fat into microscopic droplets. (emulsification) Lipases

y Produced by pancreasy Break them into glycerides and fatty acids.

Carbohydrate Digestion:

oCarbohydrates: e

nergy source a

nd easily digested

.Co

nsiste

nt of sugar molecules

o One- monosaccharideo Two- Disaccharideo More- Oligosaccharideo Long Chains- Polysaccharides (STARCH)

o In the oral captivity.o Salivary Amylase is the enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides into Oligosaccharide.o Oligosaccharide is digested in the duodenum.


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The enzymes are produced in the cell that line up the duo. Wall.y Maltasey Sucrasey Isomaltasey Lactasey Pancreatic amylase breaks carbohydrates into monosacc.

o Only cellulose (dietary fiber) cant be digested by enzymes produced by animals.o Next, Pepsin is a protease enzymes released into the stomach.

Pancreatic Extract: containing digestive enzymes

y Uses - To see the effect of the enzyme pancreatic amylase on starch.Gelatin Solution: colorless, solid substance, derived from the collagen inside animals' skin and bones

y Uses- Demonstrating protein digestionIodine Reagent:

y Uses- As an indicator for starch presenceStarch Solution:

y Uses- Source of CarbohydrateVegetable Oil:

y Uses- it tends to float on the surface of conglomerate.How to identify the control tube in digestion

o Protein: Tube 1 has 2 mL of watero Lipids: Tube 1 does not contain bile. Tube 3 doesnt contain pancreatic extract.o Starch: Tube 4 does not contain starch solution

How each exercise demonstrates if digestion occurred:

o Protein:After following procedures, invert the test tubes to test if the gelatin has set.o Lipid: The color of each test tubeo Starch: if starch does not appears in the tube.


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bulla exam 2 study guide

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