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This document contains the following article:

Geothermal Direct Use Engineering and Design Guidebook - Available for an

Expanding Market

From the Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin Vol. 11, No.3, Spring 1989

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GEOTHERM L DIRECT USE ENGINEERINGND DESIGN GUIDEBOOK

vailable for an xpanding Marketby

aull Lienau Geo-Heat Centerarid

Ben C. Lunis JNEL

INTRODUCfIONThe use oflow- and moderate-temperature ISO to 300of geothermalresources for direct use applications has increased significantly since thelate 1970s. Asa result ofthis growth. and the need for state-of-the-art iriformation on geothermal direct use project development. the Geothermal DirectUse Engineering and Design Guidebook was published.

Table 1 Guidebook Chapters and Authors

Chapter

23456789

10

121314151617181920

TitleIntroductionDemonstration Projects Lessons LearnedNature of Geothermal ResourcesExploration for Direct Heat ResourcesGeothermal Fluid SalTlpling 'TechniquesDriJling and Well ConstructionWell Thsting and Reservoir Evaluation

--Materials Selection GuidelinesWell P u m p ~Piping Geothermal FluidsHeat ExchangersSpace Heating EquipmentHeat PumpsAbsorption RefrigerationGreenhousesAquacultureIndustrial ApplicationsEngineering Cost Analysis _Regulatory and Commercial AspectsEnvironmental Considerations _

The initiative to create this Guidebook came from the Geo-Heat Cenwith support from the U S. Department of Energy under grant number DFG07-871D 12693. and from the Idaho National Engineering Laborat(IN ELl under contract number DE-AC07-761D01570. It's purpose is tomuicate information concerning the conversion ofgeothermal energy idirect use applications. This informatio which was primarily acquithrough assisting developers on many geothermal direct use projects si

AuthorP.J. Lienau. OITIB.C. Lunis. INEVP M. Wright. UURPP M. Wright. UURIC. Kindle. P N L ~G. Culver. OITS. Stiger, 1 Renner, JNEL and G. Culver, OITP F. Ellis. RadianSG. CulveNnd K. Rafferty, P.E OITK. Rafferty. P.E. OITK. Rafferty and G. Culver; OITK. Rafferty. P.E OIT

.K. Rafferty. P.E.. OIT-K. Rafferty. P.E.. OITK. Rafferty, P.E OITK Rafferty, P.E . OITP J. Lienau. OITC. Higbee. OITR. G. Bloomquist, WSE06B. C. Lunis. INEL

1. OIT - Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo-Heat Center; Klamath Falls. OR 976012. JNEL - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Idaho Falls. ID 834153. UURI- University of Utah Research Institute. Earth Science Laboratory. Salt Lake City. UT 841084. BPNL - Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. Richland WA 993525. Radian - Radian Corporation. Austin. TX 787206. WSEO - Washington State Energy Energy Office. Olympia WA 98502

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(()Thble 2 Guidbook Contributor$

ActivityProgram GuidanceEditors .Thchnical Editing

. Peer ReviewChapter 6Chapter 6Chapter 20Chapter 13.Chapter 9Chapter 15Chapter 6Chapter 10. n, 12Chilpter 9.Chapter 5.6 .Chapter 18Chapter 6; 18Chapter 6

-Chapter 11. 12. 13. 14Chapter 15Chapter 16Chapter 9Chapter 6Chapter 9Chapter 6Chapter 15

Computer Coordinationl1tanslationClerical SupportCAD OperatorsPrinting

ContributorsL. Pratsch. DOE-HQI and K. Thylor; DOE-lDzP. J. Lienau. 0lT3 and B. C. Lunis. INEL4R. Thtley and C. Johnson. INEL

J. Barrow, W r Department Corp . W o o d l a n d ~ CA 95695D. Bomar. BalzhiS( r/Hubbard AssOc.. Eugene, OR 97402R Breckenridge, INElG. Bringle, VBB Allen. Salem. OR 97303

. .B. Cherry. Layne Bowler Vertiline Pumps, Memphis,TN.3s108G. Cooper. Mendocino College, L a k e p o ~ CA 95453J. Evanoff .Halliburton Services, Rio Vista. CA 94751 .K. FiScher, San Bernardino. CA 92402 .1. Frost.Johnston Pump Co" Azuza. CA 9 1 7 0 ~M; Ganriett, Oregon Water ResourceS Dept. SaIeIil.0j{9731() .1. Hawley. OIT1. Huttrer,Geothennal Management C o ; E ~ r g r e e n ; c b 8 ~ 3 9 P Jannsen. Jannsen Well Drilling; A 1 o ~ a OR 9700 iE . Knipe. Brown and Caldwell. P c I s a ~ n a ; GA 9H05 ..W. Li. Agriculture Research ACademy. Tianjin. China1: Umd.OIT

. .C;McGuire, Centrilift-Hughes, HuntingtOn e a c h C A 92649G:Polk andN. l . Baroid. Sandia Park. NM 87407M. Smith. California Energy Commission. Sacramento; CA 9 ~ 8 1 4R Thomas. California Division ofOiliUld Gas. Sacramento. CA95814W. Wang. Tianjin Geothennal Research and Thaining Center, Tianjin. "China1. Hawley. OITC. Nellipowitz and K Moore, OITR Zemeke and D. Kellum. OITOregon State University Department of Printing, Corvallis. OR 97331

1_ DOE-HQ - u.& Department of Energy, Geothermal Thchnology Division. Washington. D.C. 205852. DOE-ID - U.& Department of Energy. Idaho Operations Office, Idaho Falls, 10 834153. OIT - Oregon Institute of Thchnology. Geo-Heat Center, Klamath Falls, OR 97601. 4. INEl - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Idaho Falls. ID 83415(l.GHC BULLETIN, SPRING 1989

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1978, was heretofore uncoordinated and diffuse. The Guidebook attemptsto provide acomprehensive source of information important to the development of a geothermal direct use project. The text is aimed primarily at themechanical engineer or technical person responsible for project design.The intent is that thecontentsshould beofa practical and technical natureand answer questionsmost commonly asked by engineers designing directuse projects. In addition, it is hoped that the Guidebook will be useful toawide circle of persons interested in topics including; geology, exploration.well drilling, reservoir engineering, mechanical engineering, engineeringcost analYSis. regulatory codes and environmental aspects. Special attention has been paid to unification of expert knowledge. drawn from yearsof experience. in order to assure an integrated view of direct uses ofgeothermal energy.Several years ago Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy: ATechnicalHandbook (Anderson and Lund. 1979) was published to help meet the industry's needs. Since that time a great deal of new information has been .gained from the development and operation ofmany proje.cts. That experience is incorporated in the Guidebook to provide current. state-of-theart, technical and institutional information. Lessons learned from variousheating, agribusineSs. aquaculture and industrial projects. including thosedeveloped as a result of the U.S. Department of Energy's Program Oppor-.tunity Notices. provide the background for the Guidebook.Guidebook Contents

The Guidebook contains 20 chapters prepared by numerous contributors with extensive experience in the use ofgeothermal energy for directuse applications. Thble 1 lists the chapters and their respective authors.Considerable support efforts were alSo needed. and the various con- .tributors are identified in Thble 2.The Guidebook addresses all aspects of a geothermal direct use pruject from initialplimningto final operation. Because each project is unique it should be a p p r o ~ c h e d in phases to minimize risk and costs. T h ~ first phase, which generally involves securing rights toUle resource. is presentedin chapter 19. This chapter provides an o v e ~ i e w r thevarious r e ~ u l a t o r Y and commercial aspects that affect the developmcntof geothermal directuse projects. information is provided on pertinent geothermal definitions.ownership. leasing. agencies irlVolved. injection requirements: etc for t h ~federal government and 13 western states.

The second phase could involve the interdisciplinary activities of geology.geochemistry. geophysics. drilling, and reservoir engineering. In chapter3, the nature of goethermal resources is discussed including: geologicalprocesses, resource classifications, descriptions of low to moderatetemperature geothermal resources and the potential forgeothermal development. Chapter 4 discusses exploration strategies where the main objectiveis to site wells that intersect the resource. Ceothermallluidsampling techniques, chapter5, suggests sample treatment (stabliziation) and field analysistechniques appropriate for minimizing errors that may result from changesin watersamp\e between time ofcollectionand time ofanalysis. Fluid chemicalcharacteristics are a critical consideration for: process design. materialsselection, plant operationand maintenance. reservoir evaluation and aquifercompatibility for injection of fluids. Chapter 6provides information on thebasics of equipment and methods used for drilling and completion ofgeothermal well. tprovides data needed by engineersand consultants to assist themin specification writing, selection of contractors. and drilling and cc:imple-

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tion inspection. The purpose of chapter 7 Well Testing and ReservEvaluation. is to aquaint the direct use project engineer ordeveloper winterpretation of the analytical information provided by a hydrologistwell testing. reservoir assessment and reservoir management. t proviguidance. in a practical sense for setting up testing and monitoring pgrams. what to specify and how to evaluate the resource with regard tosydesign and project life. .

The preliminary design of a direct use project could take place concrently with reservoir testing and evaluation. Special consideration shobe given to design of equipment such as well pumps (chapter 9); pip(chapter 10). heat exchangers (ch'lpter 11 and space heating equipm(chapter 12). Direct use systems require careful corrosion engineerinthe most cost effective material selections are to be made. Chapter 8 pvides guidelines on materialseletion for low temperaturegeothermal syste(120 to 220 OF). as weJl as guidance in materials design of heat pusystems for very low temperature geothermal resources (120 oF) ..The Gui.debook should prove useful for understanding importfactors in the design of space heating and o o l i n g systems (chapterS 12 a14), commercial heat pump systems ~ P t e r 13), greenhouse syste(chapter 15). aquaculture (chapter 16) arl:a'klectedindustrialapplicati(chapter 17).Engineering cost anaylsis, chapter 18. is designed to provan understanding of he skills necessary to complete a life cycle cost analyof a proposed project. Regulatory statues, commercial and environmenaspects. chapters19 and 20. are important considerations in any directproject. Since these aspects are unique in each state.statuesand state agencare identified for the developers convenience.Conclusions

The United States direct use industry will continue to experience an i f i c a n ~ growth rate assuming a qualified infrastruclI.\re o(developeengineers. and users. The purpose of the Guidebook is to provide antegiated information source toassist in s u c c ~ ~ 1 devdopment ofdir

p r o j ~ c t s T h e ~ e is avery large potential in the United States for g rn the dIrect use mdustry. . . .

The Guidebook is expected to be available from the e ~ H e a t Cenabout the' middle of April 1989. In addition, condensed versions ofchapters wiJl be written for upcoming issues of the Geo-Heat CenQuarterly \3ul\etin.To Order Guidebook

Please write or ca\l:e ~ H e a t CenterOregon Institute of ' echnology

3201 Campus DriveKlamath Falls; OR 97601(503) 882-3583

ReferencesAnderson. D.N. and JW. Lund, (Editors) 1979. Direct Utilization ofCeoth

mal Energy; A TechnicianHandbook. Geothermal Resources CouSpecial Report No.7. Davis. CA.

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