bullying by aggressive and intimidating behaviour bullying by intimidation/isolation
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Bullying by aggressive and intimidating behaviour Bullying by intimidation/isolation Bullying by abuse of power/ ignoring Bullying by abuse of power/ exclusion Bullying by setting unrealistic targets that are unreasonable Bullying by deliberate withholding of information - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Bullying by aggressive and intimidating behaviour
Bullying by intimidation/isolation
Bullying by abuse of power/ignoring
Bullying by abuse of power/exclusion
Bullying by setting unrealistic targets that are
unreasonable
Bullying by deliberate withholding of information
Harassment
Bullying by humiliation/undermining/unfair criticism
Bullying by abuse/misuse of power
1) The vulnerability of Western people
to errors of attribution and
cognition
2) ‘Vicious circles’ of conflict
3) Why Bullying and Harassment
policies can exacerbate
bullying and harassment
Cognitive biases‘when information processing is affected by a bias ... Then we are prone to react inappropriately’ Aaron T Beck
4
Fritz Heider ‘Lay scientist’ hypothesis
Attributions are the processes
through which an observer infers the causes of
others’ behaviour
Attribution Theory
We do not see the world as it is. We see the world as we are.
Dispositional
Attribute another person’s
behaviour to internal states
SituationalAttribute another person’s
behaviour to their
environment or circumstances
2 kinds of attribution
The strong tendency to
overestimate dispositional
factors
and to underestimate
situational factors
Fundamental Attribution Error
The behaviour ‘engulfs our perceptual field’
Spontaneous → deliberative
Cognitively busy
Explanations
We are capable of correcting
attribution errors
So, we are more prone to mistaken
attributions
i.e. we’re stressed or
angry
‘when processing
demands are high’
But this requires time and cognitive
effort
Can it be corrected?
11
I see you – I make dispositionalattributions
I don’t see me, but I know my
internal states – I make
situational attributions
Actor observer differences
‘the tendency to take credit for success and deny
responsibility for failure’
The Self-Serving Bias
‘We readily bring to mind factors within the person’s
control that might explain his or her behaviour, and tend to
ignore or dismiss factors beyond his or her control that might
explain the behaviour’
Accuser Bias Allred, p.85ff
‘If you’re seated at the negotiating table in the absolute, unshakable
conviction that your counterpart is a stubborn and difficult character, you
are likely to act in ways that will trigger and worsen those very
behaviours’ (Lax & Sebenius, 2006, p.81)
Why is it a problem?
Freeze perspectives at lowest moment
Accused is labelled a
bully
Accuser gets no
explanation or insight
Accuser invited to rehearse their
victimhood
Accused must be mad or bad
Fight or flight the only options
Bullying and Harassment