PRESENTATIONON

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

MAHIN AHMED

ID- 514 29 044

Batch- 29th

MBA [Evening] Program

Date: 7th April, 2016

Meaning of Interpretation• Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences from the collected

facts after an analytical & experimental study. With the help of this, the

factors can be better understood. There are 2 aspects of interpretation:

Linking the results of a given study with those of others;

Establishment of some exploratory concepts.

• The usefulness of research findings lie in proper interpretation:

The researcher can well understand the abstract principle of his findings;

Establishment of exploratory concepts that can serve as a guide for future research

studies;

To transform an exploratory research into an experimental one, interpretation is must.

Techniques of Interpretation• Interpretation is an art that one learns through practice & experience.

The techniques of interpretation involves the following steps:

Researcher must give reasonable explanations of the relations, interprets the

lines of relationship, find out the uniformity of his diversified research findings;

Extraneous information must be considered while interpreting the final results;

It is advisable to consult someone having knowledge about the subject matter of

the research study who can point out errors;

To avoid false generalization, all relevant factors affecting the problem must be

considered before interpretation.

Precautions in Interpretation• Researcher must pay close attention to the following points for correct interpretation:• The use of appropriate, trustworthy & homogeneous data

must be ensured for statistical analysis;• Researcher must remain cautious about the errors of

interpretation;• The task of interpretation & analysis cant be separated;• Researcher must identify hidden factors while making

sensitive observations;• Broad generalization should be avoided;• Constant interaction between initial hypotheses, empirical

observation & theoretical conceptions is must.

Significance of Report Writing• The researcher’s task remains incomplete till the report has

been written or presented;

• The purpose of research is not well served unless the findings

are made known to others;

• The most brilliant hypothesis, well designed & conducted

research study are of little value unless they are effectively

communicated to others.

Different Steps in Writing Report1. Logical Analysis of the Subject

Matter: Logical/ Chronological development of the

subject;

2. Preparation of the Final Outline: Framework for long written works;

3. Preparation of the Rough Draft: Procedure of collecting research material

with various limitations, adopted techniques for analysis, various suggestions regarding the problem.

4. Rewriting & Polishing the Rough Draft:

Check the report for weaknesses in logical development, grammatical errors;

5. Preparation of Final Bibliography:

Contains all those works the researcher has consulted;

6. Writing the Final Draft:

Use of concise & objective style, simple language, illustrations & examples. Solve some intellectual problem.

Layout of The Research Report1. Preliminary Pages-

Title & Date, Acknowledgement, Table of Contents

2. Main Text: It provides the complete outline of the research report along with details. Sections of main text:

i. Introduction: Objective of the Study,

Brief Summary of other relevant research,

The Hypotheses of Study,

The Definition of the Major Concepts,

The Methodology of the Study

The Statistical Analysis Adopted

The Scope & Various Limitations of the Study,

Layout of The Research Reportii. Statement of Findings & Recommendations:

Use of non technical language for simplicityiii. Results:

Detailed presentation of the findings, Use of charts, tables, statistical summaries, Results should be presented in logical sequences.

iv. Implication of the Results: Statement of inferences may be expected to apply in similar

situations The conditions of the present study may limit the extent of

legitimate generalization of the inferences, The relevant questions raised by the study along with

suggestionsv. Summary:

Major findings & Major conclusions from the research results.

Layout of The Research Report3. End Matter-

All the technical data in the report must be enlisted in the

Appendices,

Index [an alphabetical listing of names, places & topics along with

the page numbers in a report] should be given,

Bibliography of various sources consulted must be prepared &

attached.

Types of Reports1. Technical Report: It is used whenever

a full written report of the study is required whether for record keeping or for public dissemination. A general outline of a Technical Report:

i. Summary of Results

ii. Nature of the Study

iii. Methods Employed

iv. Data

v. Analysis of data & presentation of Findings

vi. Conclusions

vii. Bibliography

viii. Technical Appendices

ix. Index

2. Popular Report: It gives emphasis on policy implications, simplicity & attractiveness from the operational point of view & avoids the technical details. A general outline of a Popular Report:

i. The findings & their

implications

ii. Recommendations for action

iii. Objective of the study

iv. Methods Employed

v. Results

vi. Technical Appendices

Oral Presentation• In case where policy recommendations are indicated by project results,

oral presentation is considered effective;

• It leads to a better understanding of the findings & their implications;

• Oral presentation is effective when a written report is circulated &

various visual devices are supplemented;

• Use of slides, charts, graphs, tables is helpful in contributing to clarity &

in reducing boredom;

• Researchers discuss their research findings & policy implications with

others in seminars & forums.

Mechanics of Writing a Research Report

There are very definite & set rules which should be followed in the actual preparation of the research report:

1. Size & Physical Design-Should be written on un-ruled paper 8 ½’’ * 11’’ in size;Black or blue-black ink should be used in case of hand written;For typed manuscripts all typing should be double spaced on one side of the

page;Proper margin should be given.

2. Procedure: Various steps in writing the report should be followed.

3. Layout: It depends on the nature & objective of the research report.

4. Treatment of Quotation: Quotations should be placed in quotation marks & double spaced.

Mechanics of Writing a Research Report

5. The Footnotes:

The identification of materials used in quotations in the report,The notice of materials not immediately necessary to the body,Used for cross references, citation of authorities & sources,Placed at the bottom of the page on which quotation/ reference ends,Should be numbered consecutively,Always typed in single space.

6. Documentation Style: Depending on the nature of the reference, documentary footnotes may vary-

A. Mahin, Master of Fools, Dhaka: Dove Publications, Inc. 1992, p. 324.“Salamanaca,” Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th Edition.

Mechanics of Writing a Research Report7. Punctuation & Abbreviation:

1 Ahmed Mahin, Piece of Cake, 3rd Edition, N.Y., Odd Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1990, p. 125

e.g.- exempli gratia: for example; b.k.: book; viz.: namely; vol(s).: volume(s) etc.

8. Use of Statistics, Charts & Graphs: Self Explanatory.

9. The Final Draft- Revision & rewriting of the rough draft Check sentence clarity, grammatical correction, relevancy & logical

incorporation.

10.Bibliography: Various sources consulted must be prepared & attached.

11.Preparation of Index: An alphabetical listing of names, places & topics along with the page numbers in a report.

Subject Index Author Index

Precautions for Writing Research Reports• It should be long enough to cover the subject but short enough to

maintain interest;

• A research report should not be dull, it should sustain reader’s interest;

• Abstract terminology & technical jargon should be avoided;

• Report should be written in an objective style/ in simple language;

• Charts, graphs & statistical tables must be used;

• Well designed & appropriate layout should be followed;

• Should be free from grammatical mistakes;

• Must be prepared in accordance with the report writing techniques;

• The report must present the logical analysis of the subject matter;

Precautions for Writing Research Reports• Research report must contribute to the solution of a problem;

• The report must also state the policy implications;

• All the technical data in the report must be enlisted in the Appendices;

• Bibliography of various sources consulted must be prepared & attached;

• Index should be given;

• Report must be attractive in appearance, neat & clean;

• Calculated confidence limits, & various limitations must be stated in the

report;

• Objective of the study, the nature of the problem, the methodology &

the analysis techniques adopted must be clearly stated in the

introduction part.

Conclusion

• Interpreting the collected facts, writing a report on

that & communicating it to all concerned parties

requires practice & experience.