Chapter 13

By Ali Brooks and Sarah Anderson

Agro forestry- crops and trees are grown together.

Alley cropping- see agro forestry Aquaculture- raising and selling ocean life Chronic under nutrition- people who cannot

buy or grow food suffer from this, another word for hunger.

Commercial inorganic fertilizer- produced from minerals to restore plants.

Compost- organic fertilizer produced when microorganisms in soil break down matter.

Vocabulary

Conservation- tillage farming- uses machines that disturb the soil as little as possible

Contour farming- farming when the ground has a significant slope

Crop rotation- reduces losses of crops Desertification- when the productive

potential of dry lands falls by 10% Famine- a shortage of food in an area and

mass starvation.

Vocabulary

Organic fertilizer- organic coming from plants or animals

Over nutrition- when too much food is taken in and it causes excess body fat

Pesticides- chemicals to kill or control pests Plantation agriculture- a form of

industrialized agriculture Polyculture- a type of interplanting in which

many different plants are planted together.

Vocabulary

Polyvarietal cultivation- planting a plot with several variation of the same crop

Rill erosion- occurs when fast flowing little rivulets of surface water make small channels in the soil

Salinization- irrigation water in dry climates lead to gradual accumulation of salts in soil

Fish- farming- harvesting fish from being raised

Fish-ranching- holding fish in captivity for a while then releasing and harvesting them.

Vocabulary

Food security- everyone in a given area has enough food to live a healthy life

Green manure- freshly cut or growing green vegetation in the soil

Green revolution- increased yields per unit of area of cropland

Gully erosion- rivulets of fast flowing water join in to cut wider and deeper gullies

Hunger- see chronic under nutrition

Vocabulary

Industrialized agriculture- see plantation agriculture

Integrated pest management- environmentally sensitive approach to pest management

Intercropping- growing 2 or more crops close together

Interplanting- see intercropping Malnutrition- results from unbalanced diet Sheet erosion- slow acting form of erosion Shelter belts- plantation of trees

Vocabulary

Strip cropping- see crop rotation Terracing- prevents rapid runoff from

integration Water logging- saturation of the soil by

groundwater Wind breaks- see shelter belt

Vocabulary

What is food security – every person in a given area has daily access to enough nutritious food to have an active and healthy diet.

How serious are malnutrition and over nutrition- malnutrition can deplete vitamins and minerals in the body. Overeating and lack of exercise can lead to reduced life quality, poor health and premature death.

How is the worlds food produced- Croplands, rangelands, ocean fisheries and aquaculture.

Objectives

How are soils being degraded and eroded, and what can be done to reduce these losses- It erodes faster than it is forming on more of the worlds cropland. Has lowered productivity because of drought and human activities.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using genetic engineering to produce food- Disadvantages are lack of water, high costs for small farmers, and physical limits to increasing crop yields hinder expansion of the green revolution.

Objectives

What are the environmental effects of producing food- Modern agriculture has a greater harmful environmental impact than any human activity.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using genetic engineering to produce food- Loss of a variety of genetically different crop and livestock strains might limit the genetic raw material needed for future green and gene revolutions.

How can we produce more meat, fish and shellfish- we can mix the genes of similar types of organisms and mix the genes of different organisms.

Objectives

How can we protect food resources from pests- organisms found in natural control populations of most pest species as part of the earths free ecological services we can use chemicals to repel or kill them

How do government policies effect food productions and food security- we can produce food more sustainably by reducing resource throughputs and working with nature.

How can we produce food more sustainably- presenting more research, demonstrating projects, government subsidies and training can promote organic agriculture

Objectives