by: chris kazun. king of england from 1509-1547 highly educated spoke french, english and latin...
TRANSCRIPT
Henry VIII and the Reformation in England
by: chris kazun
Henry VIII (1491-1547)
King of England from 1509-1547
Highly educatedspoke French,
English and LatinDevout CatholicDetested
ProtestantismHated Martin
Luther
First MarriageHenry betrothed to
Catherine of AragonSpanish-English
allianceProblem: She was
the widow of Henry’s brotherWas Henry’s sister
by marriagePope Leo X wrote a
dispensation allowing the marriage
1521Wrote a pamphlet which condemned Martin
Luther and his ideas “Defence of the Seven Sacraments” by Henry
VIIIGiven the title “Defender of the Faith” by
Pope Leo X
A Catholic King
“ We have in this little book, gentle reader, clearly demonstrated, I hope, how absurdly and impiously Luther has handled the holy sacraments. …that others may understand how false and wicked his doctrine is, lest they might be so far deceived as to have a good opinion of him…” “…it is evident to all men what sacrilegious opinions he has of the sacrament of our Lord's Body, from which the sanctity of all the other sacraments flow: who would have doubted, if I had said nothing else, how unworthily, without scruple, he treats all the rest of the sacraments?”“he so undervalues customs, doctrine, manners, laws, decrees and faith of the church (yea, the whole church itself) that he almost denies there is any such thing as a church, except perhaps such a one as himself makes up of two or three heretics, of whom himself is chief…”
Excerpts from “Defence of the Seven Sacraments”
Problems for HenryCatherine only bore
him one surviving childMary (1516–1558)Other children had
died in infancyNeeded a male heir to
succeed to the throneWithout an heir civil
war was likelyFelt God was punishing
him for marrying his brothers widow
Desired Pope to grant an annulment of his marriage to Catherine Annulment declares marriage invalid – it never
took placePope Clement VII (cousin of Leo X) refused to
grant the annulmentReasons:
Church was convinced marriage was legalpapal dispensation had been issued to allow marriage
to begin withPope needed to be cautious politically
Catherine's nephew was Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V
Pope refused to annul the marriage
Something needs to be done
Anne BoleynHenry married Anne,
1533Archbishop of
Canterbury annulled Henry’s marriage to Catherine in 1533
Anne also had trouble producing a male heir
Only surviving child was Elizabeth (1533-1603)
King of England was made supreme head of the Church in EnglandPope no longer had any religious authority in
EnglandAnne Boleyn was recognized as Queen All English subjects required to take oath of
allegiance to the kingThose who didn’t were imprisonedSpeaking out against Act of Supremacy =
execution
Act of Supremacy, 1543
Sir Thomas MoreGenerally cheerful with
great sense of humorHumanist – emphasis on
the value of humans and human actions
LawyerBecame increasingly
close to HenryWas often asked for
counsel/adviceHenry respected him
greatlyChancellor of England
(highest gov’t official)Followed policies of the
King
Thomas More Cont.Refused to recognize
Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn
Refused to take the oathNever spoke for or
against Act of SupremacyRemained loyal to the
king, but did not renounce the pope
2 reasons for refusal:violated scripture Violated Magna Carta
Imprisoned in Tower of London for a yearHenry tried to get him to
change his mind
Thomas meets his endTrial was held in
Parliament False testimony used
Thomas declared his support of the pope
Convicted of treasonBeheaded
To executioner: "Pluck up thy spirits, man, and be not afraid to do thine office. My neck is very short. Take heed, therefore, thou not strike awry for saving thine honesty. I die the King's good servant and God's first."
Established Anglican Church (Church of England)Despite breaking with Rome, Henry remained
extremely conservativeThe statements of faith and practice he
approved were very CatholicBig difference was rejecting pope’s authority
Maintained:TransubstantiationSacrament of penanceCelibacy of clergy (priests not marrying)
Rejected Luther’s teachingsAlways saw himself as a good Catholic
Henry’s Religious Views
After Henry VIIIEdward VI – Henry’s only
son (died age 15)His ministers tried to
turn England into a Lutheran state
Mary I (“Bloody Mary”)Re-established
CatholicismExecuted hundreds of
AnglicansElizabeth I
Solidified the dominance of Anglicanism
Incorporated bits and pieces of Protestant belief