by g.a. zherebtsov, a.s. potapov , and o.m. pirog ― all istp sb ras,irkutsk, russia ,

Complex investigations of the Complex investigations of the dynamics of the Earth’s dynamics of the Earth’s

magnetosphere and magnetosphere and geomagnetic activity using geomagnetic activity using space-borne and ground-space-borne and ground-

based measurementsbased measurements (EoI 946)(EoI 946)

by G.A. Zherebtsov, by G.A. Zherebtsov, A.S. PotapovA.S. Potapov, , and O.M. Pirog and O.M. Pirog ― ― all ISTP SB all ISTP SB RAS,RAS, Irkutsk, RussiaIrkutsk, Russia, ,

“Heliospheric Impact on Geospace” kick-off meeting.Helsinki, Finland, 5-9 February 2007

ContentsContents

IntroductionIntroduction Participating institutions and Participating institutions and

personspersons Outline of Russian IPY/IHY Outline of Russian IPY/IHY

Programme in magnetospheric Programme in magnetospheric studiesstudies

Magnetic measurements in RussiaMagnetic measurements in Russia ConclusionConclusion

IntroductionIntroduction

RRussian Academy of Sciencesussian Academy of SciencesCouncil on Solar-Terrestrial Connections Council on Solar-Terrestrial Connections

(The “(The “SSun-un-EEarth arth CCouncil” - ouncil” - SECSEC))Committee for organization of scientific Committee for organization of scientific

research in the framework of programmes of research in the framework of programmes of ““IInternational nternational PPolar olar YYear”ear”

and and ““IInternational nternational HHeliophysical eliophysical YYear” ear”

IntroductionIntroduction

Chairman:Chairman: Geliy ZHEREBTSOV, chairman of the Geliy ZHEREBTSOV, chairman of the

SECSEC

Co-chairmen:Co-chairmen: Alexander STEPANOV, responsible for Alexander STEPANOV, responsible for

IHY national IHY national programmeprogramme Evgeny TERESCHENKO, responsible for Evgeny TERESCHENKO, responsible for

IPY national geophysical programmeIPY national geophysical programme

http://idg.chph.ras.ru/rus/sunearco/web_ihy.htm

Institutions participating Institutions participating in the EoI 946in the EoI 946

Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) SB RAS, Irkutsk / (ISTP) SB RAS, Irkutsk / www.iszf.irk.ruwww.iszf.irk.ruDirector: Geliy ZHEREBTSOVDirector: Geliy ZHEREBTSOVContact person: Alex Potapov [email protected] person: Alex Potapov [email protected]

Institute of Space Research (IKI) RAS,Institute of Space Research (IKI) RAS,Moscow / Moscow / www.iki.ruwww.iki.ru Director: Lev ZELENYDirector: Lev ZELENYContact person: Anatoli Petrukovich [email protected] person: Anatoli Petrukovich [email protected]

Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIRAN) RAS, Moscow / www.izmiran.rssi.ruDirector: Vladimir KUZNETSOVDirector: Vladimir KUZNETSOVContact person: Alexander Zaitsev [email protected] person: Alexander Zaitsev [email protected]


Institute of Dynamics of Geospheres Institute of Dynamics of Geospheres (IDG) RAS, Moscow / (IDG) RAS, Moscow / http://idg.chph.ras.ru Director: Director: Julius ZJulius ZETZERETZER Contact person: Contact person: Julius ZJulius Zetzeretzer [email protected] [email protected]

Polar Geophysical Institute RAS (PGI), Apatity/Murmansk / pgi.kolasc.net.ru Director: EvgenyDirector: Evgeny TERESCHENKOTERESCHENKO [email protected] [email protected]

Contact person: Contact person: Vladimir Safargaleev


Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy (IKFIA) SB RAS, Yakutsk / ikfia.ysn.ru/ Director: Director: Evgeny BEvgeny BEREZHKOEREZHKO Contact person: StepanContact person: Stepan Solovyev [email protected]

Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Radio Wave Propagation (IKIR) FEB RAS, Paratunka, Kamchatka / www.ikir.kamchatka.ruDirector: Director: Boris SHEVTSOVBoris SHEVTSOV Contact person: Valentina Bulgakova Contact person: Valentina Bulgakova [email protected]@ikir.kamchatka.ru

Outline of Russian IPY/IHY Outline of Russian IPY/IHY ProgrammeProgramme

Space missionsSpace missions

SPECTR-R/Plasma-F: the solar wind SPECTR-R/Plasma-F: the solar wind particles and interplanetary particles and interplanetary magnetic field magnetic field

CORONAS-Photon: gamma CORONAS-Photon: gamma radiation, X-rays, UV emission, radiation, X-rays, UV emission, cosmic rayscosmic rays

TATYANA microsatellite: electrons, TATYANA microsatellite: electrons, ions, and UV emission above the ions, and UV emission above the ionosphereionosphere

Outline of Russian I*Y Outline of Russian I*Y ProgrammeProgramme

Space missionsSpace missions

METEOR-M (apogee 1000 km): METEOR-M (apogee 1000 km): magnetospheric plasma and cosmic magnetospheric plasma and cosmic raysrays

ELECTRON-L (geosynchronous orbit): ELECTRON-L (geosynchronous orbit): magnetospheric plasma and cosmic magnetospheric plasma and cosmic raysrays

KOMPASS-2: ionospheric plasma-wave KOMPASS-2: ionospheric plasma-wave complex, cosmic rays and particlescomplex, cosmic rays and particles

CANOPUS-CANOPUS-VOLCANOVOLCANO: ionospheric : ionospheric plasma-wave complexplasma-wave complex

ISS-based experiments: plasma-wave ISS-based experiments: plasma-wave complex, gamma-radiation, earthquake complex, gamma-radiation, earthquake forecast, hydroxyl emissionforecast, hydroxyl emission


Ground based facilitiesGround based facilitiesSolar-Heliospheric observationsSolar-Heliospheric observations

optical observations of the Sun

solar observations in the radio wave range

cosmic ray observations

Optical and radio observations of the Optical and radio observations of the SunSun

In the Asian part of Russia all solar observatories are located In the Asian part of Russia all solar observatories are located within Irkutsk neighborhood. The only exclusion is one small within Irkutsk neighborhood. The only exclusion is one small observatory in Ussurijsk (Far East).observatory in Ussurijsk (Far East).

SAYAN SOLAR OBSERVATORY (2000 m alt.)

BAIKAL ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS



RADIOASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (SSRT)

The main characteristics 256-element cross-shaped interferometer antenna element – 2.5-meter parabolic, step – 4.9 meter baseline – 622.3 meter central frequency – 5731 MHz receiving bandwidth – 112 MHz top angular resolution:

1-D mode (additive mode) – 15” 2-D mode (correlation mode) – 21”

stokes parameters recorded – I, V time resolution:

1-D mode – up to 14 msec 2-D mode – up to 1 min

sensitivity – 0.003 s.f.u. observing interval - 23.00 — 10.00 UT



Example of main research results of the SSRT –monthly movie of the Sun and CME in Sept 2000

Monthly images of the Sun - October, 2000 CME – September 04, 2000



Data from new geophysical stations and documents and results of experiments and field campaigns will be displayed at a special web sitehttp://www.wdcb.ru/WDCB/IPY/IPY.ru.html.

(International cluster project 409 “Data and Information Service for Distributed Data Management –IPY DIS”)

The Five IHY Science Themes:

Theme 1: Evolution and Generation of Magnetic Structures and TransientsTheme 2: Energy Transfer and Coupling ProcessesTheme 3: Flows and CirculationsTheme 4: Boundaries and InterfacesTheme 5: Synoptic Studies of the 3-D Coupled Solar-Planetary-Heliospheric SystemThe most powerful

for the last half a century solar maximum during IGY, and the solar minimum at present.

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Years

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100

150

200

250

W N

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IGY IHY

Outline of proposal 946Outline of proposal 946

To develop adequate models of the most important processes occurred in the magnetosphere and ionosphere, we need complex analysis of data; the simultaneous measurements are to be done in all crucial parts of the Sun-Earth system such as the Sun, heliosphere, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and atmosphere. An appropriate program of observations made by using both space-borne equipment and ground-based geophysical complexes distributed within the different time sectors is being developed. This program will provide measurements coordinated with orbital motion and operating regimes of space-borne and ground-based equipment. The following space-borne facilities are planned:

Outline of proposal 946Outline of proposal 946

1. The satellite Spectr-R equipped with the magnetometer and the solar wind analyzer. The Spectr-R will be launched to elliptic orbit with high apogee, and during the 90 % of operating time it will be in subsolar direction; so it can be used as a near-Earth monitor of the solar wind flux and interplanetary magnetic field.

2. Plasma wave diagnostic complex on board of ISS (International Space Station).

3. Coronas-Photon space mission equipped with devices for remote monitoring of the Sun.

By the beginning of the IPY-2007 a network of magnetic and ionospheric stations and other facilities situated in polar and mid-latitude regions will be at the disposal of investigators.

Problems of the magnetospheric physics to solve during IHY and IPY

What mechanisms provide energy and What mechanisms provide energy and impulse transfer from the solar wind to the impulse transfer from the solar wind to the magnetosphere?magnetosphere?

The problem of the storms and substorms: The problem of the storms and substorms: what is the true chain of physical what is the true chain of physical processes in the generation and processes in the generation and development of magnetospheric development of magnetospheric disturbances?disturbances?

The problem of energy redistribution The problem of energy redistribution inside the magnetosphere: what are inside the magnetosphere: what are sources and sinks of energy flows there?sources and sinks of energy flows there?

Scientific tasks of the magnetospheric investigations within EoI 946

1.1. Quantitative modelling of geomagnetic disturbances Quantitative modelling of geomagnetic disturbances in the whole power range: from weak isolated in the whole power range: from weak isolated substorms to the most powerful superstorms.substorms to the most powerful superstorms.

2.2. Phenomenological modelling of physical processes at Phenomenological modelling of physical processes at the magnetosphere boundary including plasma the magnetosphere boundary including plasma transfer events and penetration of particles through transfer events and penetration of particles through the cusps.the cusps.

3.3. Investigation of wave channel of energy transfer Investigation of wave channel of energy transfer from the solar wind to the magnetosphere.from the solar wind to the magnetosphere.

4.4. Theoretical and experimental search for wave-Theoretical and experimental search for wave-particle mechanisms of plasma redistribution inside particle mechanisms of plasma redistribution inside the magnetosphere resulting in energy transfer to the magnetosphere resulting in energy transfer to the ionosphere and upper atmosphere.the ionosphere and upper atmosphere.

Magnetic measurements in Magnetic measurements in RussiaRussia

The widest network of magnetic stations has been achieved in the Soviet Union during the previous, 2nd International Polar Year (1957-1958), when 38 stations were established, see Table. Unfortunately, economical difficulties in the end of last century forced to stop operation of most FSU observatories: in 1998 only 5 stations of 38 were sending their data to the World Data Centers.

Magnetic measurementsMagnetic measurements

To improve the situation, we To improve the situation, we applied to INTERMAGNET applied to INTERMAGNET community for help. We community for help. We proposed a project proposed a project CRENEGON to use financial CRENEGON to use financial support of European support of European Commission for renewing Commission for renewing FSU magnetic observatories FSU magnetic observatories and joining them to and joining them to INTERMAGNET. INTERMAGNET.

In 2000 Irkutsk (IRT) became In 2000 Irkutsk (IRT) became a full member of a full member of INTERMAGNET, which turned INTERMAGNET, which turned it into locomotive in it into locomotive in recovering other Russian and recovering other Russian and FSU observatories.FSU observatories.

Budapest, March 1999


Magnetologists of Belgium, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine participated Magnetologists of Belgium, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine participated in the project. As a result, instrumentation base of the participating in the project. As a result, instrumentation base of the participating observatories has been totally renewed, magnetic observations have observatories has been totally renewed, magnetic observations have been transferred into digital format, and these been transferred into digital format, and these observatories have been integrated into the worldwide network.

ProjectProject CRENEGON, supported by international CRENEGON, supported by international European foundation INTAS inEuropean foundation INTAS in 2002-2004 2002-2004

Current map of INTERMAGNET observatories network. One Current map of INTERMAGNET observatories network. One can see that owing to CRENEGON project a large gap in the can see that owing to CRENEGON project a large gap in the

northern part of Asia has been bridgednorthern part of Asia has been bridged


http://www.intermagnet.org./Welcom_e.html


Simultaneously with the above activity Simultaneously with the above activity of our Institute, Arctic and Antarctic of our Institute, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) in Research Institute (AARI) in cooperation with Kyoto University cooperation with Kyoto University began activity on recovery of Arctic began activity on recovery of Arctic magnetic stations planning to re-magnetic stations planning to re-establish 9 stations. Norilsk (NOK) establish 9 stations. Norilsk (NOK) (under supervision of our Institute), (under supervision of our Institute), Tixie (TIX), and Pebek (PBK) are already Tixie (TIX), and Pebek (PBK) are already operating. operating.

Data are available via internet:Data are available via internet: http://www.http://www.aariaari..nwnw..ruru//clgmiclgmi//geophysgeophys/index./index.htmhtm and and http://swdcwww.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/imagdir/imahttp://swdcwww.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/imagdir/imag1/quick.htmlg1/quick.html


Eight magnetic stations with 1-second time resolution belonging to IKFIA and IKIR institutes participate in the International Project CPMN (Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network) under the leadership of Prof. Yumoto. The main scientific goal of the project is to investigate the processes of energy transfer from the solar wind to the magnetosphere. [email protected]

Ground based facilitiesGround based facilitiesMagnetic and ionospheric observationsMagnetic and ionospheric observations

ionosphere sounding

observations of the atmospheric emissions

magnetic observations


SuperDARN plansSuperDARN plans

Green sectors show planned positions of two new HF radars to be deployed in Siberia. Constructions of these radars will allow Russian geophysicists to join SuperDARN community.

Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) electromagnetic observationselectromagnetic observations

Geomagnetic pulsationsGeomagnetic pulsations::frequency rangefrequency range – – 1 1 mHzmHz toto 5 5 HzHzamplitude rangeamplitude range – – 1 1 pTpT toto 500 500 nTnT wavelength rangewavelength range – 100 – 100 toto 150000 150000 kmkm

Examples of the most powerful and long-period pulsations of Pc5 type (left) and the Pc1 pulsations with the shortest perioid (right, simultaneous observations at three stations)

In In 1994-2003 1994-2003 a network of digital inductional (search-coil) a network of digital inductional (search-coil) magnetometers was established in cooperation with colleagues magnetometers was established in cooperation with colleagues from Japan and Finland, which allowed to plan and from Japan and Finland, which allowed to plan and carry outcarry out joint experiments. All stations are operating continuously.joint experiments. All stations are operating continuously.

ULF electromagnetic ULF electromagnetic observationsobservations

Data are available at:Data are available at:www.sgo.fiwww.sgo.figeobrk.adm.yar.ru:1352/geobrk.adm.yar.ru:1352/

geopuls/index.htmlgeopuls/index.htmlhttp://http://www-space.eps.s.u-www-space.eps.s.u-

tokyo.ac.jp/~hayashitokyo.ac.jp/~hayashihttp://magnit.iszf.irk.ruhttp://magnit.iszf.irk.ru

Some examples of the results Some examples of the results achieved in the magnetosphere achieved in the magnetosphere studiesstudies Global Pc5 oscillations as indicator of a new Global Pc5 oscillations as indicator of a new

regime of energy transfer from the solar windregime of energy transfer from the solar windDuring the strongest geomagnetic disturbances when the Earth in its orbit hits upon superfast flow of the solar plasma the whole magnetosphere is used to be subjected to very large oscillations in the frequency range of units of milliherz. At that, the energy input to the magnetosphere grows, though Bz component of the interplanetary magnetic field is positive. We suppose that global Pc5 pulsations evidence that a new regime of energy transfer from the solar wind switches on; and this regime is not related to magnetic reconnection, but is provided by some powerful instability on the magnetosphere boundary. A. Potapov, A. Guglielmi, B. Tsegmed, J. Kultima. Global Pc5 event during 29–31 October 2003 magnetic storm. Adv. Space Res., In Press, Available online 30 June 2006.

Some examples of the results Some examples of the results achieved in the magnetosphere achieved in the magnetosphere studiesstudies

The solar plasma penetration into the magnetosphere (Plasma Transfer Events - PTE)(Plasma Transfer Events - PTE)

As defined by Yamamuchi, PTE is reflection of “transiently weakening the As defined by Yamamuchi, PTE is reflection of “transiently weakening the magnetic barrier of magnetopause”. We proposed that inverse Faraday magnetic barrier of magnetopause”. We proposed that inverse Faraday effect due to Pc1 ion cyclotron waves is a possible cause of such effect due to Pc1 ion cyclotron waves is a possible cause of such weakening. weakening.

• Magnetization of plasma by a circularly polarized wave is

• The ion cyclotron wave (upper sign) leads to weakening of the external The ion cyclotron wave (upper sign) leads to weakening of the external magnetic field since magnetic field since B = H + 4B = H + 4 M M. The effect is . The effect is quadraticquadratic in respect to the in respect to the electric field amplitude electric field amplitude EE.

Some examples of the results Some examples of the results achieved in the magnetosphere achieved in the magnetosphere studiesstudies

We checked connection between PTE and Pc1 for 22 CLUSTER CIS Cusp crossings and found that Probability of Pc1 without PTE is 0.09 Probability of Pc1 with PTE is 0.36

Moreover, number of hours with Pc1 during 12-hour intervals after Cluster cusp crossing when: PTE was not detected 5 h PTE was detected 30 h

The solar plasma penetration into the magnetosphere (Plasma Transfer Events - PTE)(Plasma Transfer Events - PTE)

Examples of unusual Pc1 emissions when PTEs were observed:

A. Guglielmi, A. Potapov et al. Action of the solar wind on the magnetosphere wave activity in the Pc1 frequency range. In: Solar-Terrestrial Physics. Vol.8, 122-125, 2005.

ConclusionsConclusions

Expression of Intent 946 is a part Expression of Intent 946 is a part of activities planned by the of activities planned by the Council on Solar-Terrestrial Council on Solar-Terrestrial Connections of RAS for IPY and Connections of RAS for IPY and IHY period in magnetospheric IHY period in magnetospheric studies. studies.

Thanks for attention!

by g.a. zherebtsov, a.s. potapov , and o.m. pirog ― all istp sb ras,irkutsk, russia ,

Documents

julius zetzer contact

institute of solar

solar observations

evgeny berezhko contact

boris shevtsov contact

lev zeleny contact person

radio observations

magnetospheric plasma