EXTRACTION AND CI-IARACTERIZATION OF MANGO

SEED OIL FOR SOAP Pl~ODlJCTION

BY

IGWE-ABRAHAM UGOCHUKWU

2003/15003EH

A project submitted to the Departm,ent of Chemical

".

Engineerin1~~

,.

Federal University of Technology Minna,

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor

of Engineering (B.Eng) degree in Chemical Engineering.

November, 2008.

DELARATION.

I Igwe-Abraham Ugochukwu with matric number 2003115003EH declare that this research

project report Extraction and char<;l.cterization of mango seed oil for soap production is my

original work and has not b~en presented elsewhere to the best of my knowledge.

--------------~~--~------------Igwe-Abraham U gochukwu.

2003/15003 EH.

ii

CERTIFICATION.

This research project "Extraction and Characterization of Mango Seed Oil for Soap Production"

by Igwe-Abraham Ugochukwu with matriculation 2003/15003EH has been examined and

certified under the careful supervision of Engr.M.A Olutoye, to be adequate in scope and quality

for the partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng) in Chemical

Engineering.

--------~----Engr. M.A Olutoye Date

(Project Supervisor)

Dr. M.O Edoga Date

(Head of Department)

Date

(External Supervisor)

iii

DEDICATION.

This project extraction and characterization of mango seed oil for soap production is dedicated,

to the good lord God Almighty for his wldying and unquantifiable love, protection, provision

and above all success towards the execution of this research work.

,·,1,'

iv

ACKNOLEDGEMENT

My appreciable gratitude goes to my lovely parents Mr. and Mrs. A.O Igwe for their endless

parental love and assistance both financially, morally and spiritually towards the successes of

this project. '

Also my appreciations go to the head of chemical engineering department minna, Dr Edoga

and my wonderful supervisor Engr. M.A Olutoye for his supervisory assistance. Not forgetting

the entire students of chemical Engineering 2003 class.

I can't for~et to acknowledge my very special brothers and sisters Mr. and Mrs. C Igwe, Dr

Chioma, Dr Chinyerem, Engr. Chinemerem, Kelechi, Udodirim and also Mr. Owo, Dr. Mrs. f" .

Damaris Onwuka and the entire extended Igwe-Abraham family for their prayers and support.

Also to my good friends, baba kayode, Aliyu, Izunna, Eno, fummi, 50cent, Obagi, Chileed, ,

Musa, kishman etc for their support, encouragement one way or the other.

v

ABSTRACT

The physiochemical properties of oil extracted from mango seed w~re obtained to be ,similar to

those of tallow and palm kernel oil. The oils property was investigated properly by analyzing for

the acid value which was gotten as 6.5, iodine value 48.22, ester value 197.78, the peroxide

value 39.20, saponification value 211.80, unsaponification matter content 1.62, the moisture and , ,

volatile matter 0.23, viscosity 21.95, boiling point 160-170 and free fatty acid contents were

determined. Also the boiling point, melting point, specific gravity and viscosity of the oil were

properly investigated. Furthermore, the extracted mango seed oil was used to produce soap. The

soap produced was characterized for'formability, colouration, pH, fragrance, and cleanability.

Finally, it was seen that the soap produced vvith the extracted oil compared favorably well with

that made with tallow and palm kernel oil.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

Title page ................................................................................................... .i

Declaration ................................................................................................. .ii

Certification ................................................................................................ iii

Dedication ................................................................................................. .iv

Acknowledgement ........................................................................................ v

Abstract ................................................................. ; .................................. vi .

Table of content. ......... , ........................................................... : ..................... vii-x

List of tables ................................................................................................. xi

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introductiop ........................................................ :.· ................................... 1-4

1.2 Aims and objectives .................................................................................... 4

1.3 Scope of project ......................................................................................... 4

1.4 Reasons for using normal hexane as solvent. ...................................................... .4

1.5 Linlitations ...... .' ............ , ........................................... ·: ................................ 5

1.6 Justification ............................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Literature review ........................................................................................ 6

2.2 Mango seed ............................................................................................. 6-S

2.3 Oil extraction ................................................... .' ..................................... S-11

vii

2.4 Principles and theory of extractions ................................................................ 11

2.4.1 Pr~paration of the solids ........................................................................ .11-12

2.5 Solvent extraction using sox let extractor ........................................................ 12-13

2.6 Solvents for oil extraction ........................................................................ 13-14

2.7 Properties of an ideal solvent for oil extraction .................................................. 14

2.8 Soap .................................................................................................... 15

2.9 Saponification .................. ' ..................................................... : ................ 15-16

2.10 The saponification reaction ....................................................................... 16

2.11 Fats and oiL ........................................................................................ 17

2.12 Characteristics of fats and oil ........................... , ................................ , ....... 17

2.12.1 Iodine value ..... , ............................................................................... 17 d'

2.12.2 Saponification value ............................................................................. 17

2.12.3 Solidification and melting point ............................... " .............................. 18

2.12.4 Peroxide Value (PV) .... , ..................................................................... 18-19 .' t " " ~ ,

2.12.5 Acid Value (AV) ......... , .............................................................•......... 19

CHAPTER THREE.

3.1 Experimental procedure ............................................ , .............................. 20 , ,

3.2 Oil extraction .................................. : ......................................... ; ........ 20

3.2.1 Determination of percentage oil yield ........................ '" .............................. .21

3.2.2 Oil analysis ................................... , ................................................. ~ .... 21

3.2.3 Acid value ....................................................................................... 21-22

3.2.4 Iodine value ....................................................................................... 22

3.2.5 Saponification value ........................................................................ ' .... .22-23

viii

3.2.6 Peroxide value ................................................................... ' ................ 23-24

3.2.7 Moisture and volatile matter .................................................................. .24

3.2.8 Unsaponifiable matter ................... : ...................................................... ;24

3.2.9 The ester value .................................................................................... 25

3.2.10 Free fatty acid .................................................................................... 25

3.2.11 Refractive index .................................................................... ; ............ 25

3.2.12 Light ...................... .' ...................................................................... 25

3.2.11 Viscosity ....................................................... " .................................. 26

3.2.12 Boiling and melting points ................................................................... 26

3.2.13 Specific gravity ......... ' ........................................................................ 26

3.3 Soap making ........... " .................................................................... ; ..... 26

3.4 Characterizing of soap produced ................................................................ 26

3.4.1 pH ....................................................................................... '" ......... 26

3.4.2 Clean ability ............................................ , ......... " ................................ 26

3.4.3 Fragrance ................................................................... ' ...................... , .. 27

3.4.4 Colouration .................................................... : ..................................... 27

3.4.5 Formability ............................................................................................ 27

CHAPTER FOUR

4. 1 Results and discussion ............................................. , .................... '" .......... 29

4.2 Table of results ........................................................................................ 29

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Conclusion ........ : ........ , ............................... : .... -..... : ...................... : ............. 32

References ........................................................ ' .......................................... 3 3

Appendix ......................... : .................... :.: ................. :' ............................... 34-36

ix

LIST OF TABLE

Page

Table 1

Comparison of fatty acid in mango seed oil, Palm kernel oil (P.K.O) and coconut oil.. ......... 3

Table 2

Comparison of oil content literature value .. ~ .......................................................... 7

Table 3

Comparison of the physiochemical properties of mango seed oil with tallow and P.K.O ....... 7 .

Table 4

Table of results ............................................................................................. 29

Table 5

Free fatty acid content of mango seed oiL ............................................................... 30

x