By Matt Conrad

And

Danny Vickers

REGIONAL, RELIGIOUS, AND ETHNIC MOVEMENTS CHALLENGE COLONIAL RULE

MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH

• Born Dec. 25 1876

• Karachi, Pakistan

• Was British Controlled India

• Wanted Hindu-Muslim Unity

EARLY POLITICAL LIFE

• Joined National Indian Congress (NIC) 1906

• In March 1913, Jinnah joined the All India Muslim League.

• Resigned From NIC in 1920 due to Ghandi’s boycotting of British

• 1923- Elected into the Central Legislative Assembly

• 1927-fourteen points- used to reduce differences between Muslim league and NIC

• all points were rejected

1946- British Cabinet Mission to India

• May 16 Plan- India split into provinces that were grouped by religion

• June 16 Plan- Split India into Religious states that could choose independence or to be ruled by the dominion of their choice

• Jinnah accepted both plans

• Congress accepted May 16 plan without the grouping principle

• League withdrew from acceptance, calling it dishonesty.

• Congress rule seen illegitimate by Muslims

FORMATION OF PAKISTAN

• Gov’t fell apart in late 1946

• Jinnah used chaos to his advantage

• Aug 14 1947-Pakistan becomes independent

• Jinnah Becomes first Governor General

• Jinnah died in 1948

BIAFRA SECESSIONIST MOVEMENT• In 1960 nigeria became independent from United Kingdom

• The country was split up into religious regions

• On may 26th, 1967, eastern nigeria seceded

• On may 30th, 1967, the republic of biafra was formed

• Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu led the biafra movement

WAR OF BIAFRA• Nigeria tried to annex through force(FMG)

• In 1967 nigeria launched their first offensive against biafra

• They failed

• In 1968 nigeria launched their final offensive to try to annex biafra

• Nigeria failed at first

• But southern forces broke through

BIAFRA WAR CONTD.• In june of 1969, nigeria banned red cross services to biafra

• After 2 weeks, nigeria allowed medical supplies but did not allow food

• In june 1969 Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu made the ahiara declaration

• One of the first constitutions in africa

• In the ahiara declaration ojukwu talked about the “ unalienable right of self determination.

• Also said that it is genocide to not provide aid to non combatants

• October 1969– biafra asked U.N. to mediate a cease fire

• U.N. said that they would have to surrender to the federal

Government.

AHIARA DECLARATION• Take another example. For two years we have been subjected to a total blockade. We all know how bitter, bloody

and protracted the First and Second World Wars were. At no stage in those wars did the white belligerents carry out a total blockade of their fellow whites. In each case where a blockade was imposed, allowance was made for certain basic necessities of life in the interest of women, children and other non-combatants. Ours is the only example in recent history where a whole people have been so treated. What is it that makes our case different? Do we not have women, children and other non-combatants? Does the fact that they are black women, black children and black non-combatants make such a world of difference?

Nigeria embarked on a crime of genocide against our people by first mounting a total blockade against Biafra. To cover up their designs and deceive the black world, the white powers supporting Nigeria blame Biafrans for the continuation of the blockade and for the starvation and suffering which that entails. They uphold Nigerian proposals on relief which in any case they helped to formulate, as being “conciliatory” or “satisfactory”. Knowing that these proposals would give Nigeria further military advantage, and compromise the basic cause for which we have struggled for two years, they turn round to condemn us for rejecting them. They accepted the total blockade against us as a legitimate weapon of war because it suits them and because we are black. Had we been white the inhuman and cruel blockade would long have been lifted.

The mass deaths of our citizens resulting from starvation and indiscriminate air raids and large despoliation of towns and villages are a mere continuation of this crime. That Nigeria has received complete support from Britain should surprise no one. For Britain is a country whose history is replete with instances of genocide.

DIVISION OF BIAFRA• In december of 1969– Biafra was split In half

• Colonel Benjamin Adekunle

• Known as the “black scorpion”

• Adekunle led 3rd nigerian marine commandos into biafra and split it in half

• Because of this, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu fled to the ivory coast leaving Philip Effiong(chief of staff) in charge of the government

• Effiong called for a cease fire on January 12th, 1970

• Biafra was reabsorbed back into Nigeria on jan 12th, 1970

Front de libération du Québec (FLQ)

• Terrorist Organization

• Marxist-Leninist Quebec Nationalist

• In action from 1963-1970

• Wanted Quebec to become independent state

• Attacked In 4 Waves

WAVE 1

• Bombed railway that Canadian prime minister, John Diefenbaker, was supposed to be traveling on

• Other targets were British owned businesses and banks

• Also attacked Loyola College and McGill University

WAVE 2• September 1963-April 1964

• Called Themselves the Quebec Liberation Army

• 6 people-Brothers of some of the people who initiated wave 1

• Stole $100,000 in goods and money

• Current day $747,000

WAVE 3

• Known as “Revolutionary Army of Quebec”

• Better Trained

• Armed Robbery in August 1964 led to two civilian deaths and 5 members of the organization sentenced to a life in prison

• Leslie MacWilliams and Alfred Pinisch Killled

WAVE 4• 1965- FLQ joined forces with the Popular liberation Movement

• Robbed a New Democratic Party office and a radio station for supplies

• Wrote La Cognée or The Hit

• Used explosives much more

• Most were arrested by 1966

• In 1968 the group rose again and exploded 52 bombs in a single year

• Wrote La Victoire or The Victory

THE OCTOBER CRISIS• Oct. 5, 1970- FLQ kidnapped James Richard Cross, British Trade Commisioner

• Oct. 10 1970- Pierre Laporte, Vice-Premier of Quebec, was kidnapped by FLQ after leaving a meeting in which he was discussing the terms of Cross’s release

• After FLQ found out that the terms were declined, they killed Laporte

OCTOBER CRISIS (CONT.)• Main Terms of Cross’s release

• Release of 23 Political Prisoners

• $500,000 in gold

• Broadcast and Publication of FLQ Manifesto

• Rehiring of 450 workers who were laid off for supporting FLQ

• Cessation of all police search activities

• 6 people eventually tried and found guilty of the kidnappings and murder.

WORKS CITED• "People Bio Data." Muhammad Ali Jinnah -. Web. 11 May 2012. http://

peoplebiodata.blogspot.com/2011/08/muhammad-ali-jinnah.html

• . http://www.google.com/imgres?q=biafra+map&hl=en&safe=active&biw=1280&bih=885&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=wAkB4QRHR8GDbM:&imgrefurl=http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,5126009,00.html&docid=U5Tyf3PV_XEuTM&imgurl=http://www.dw.de/image/0,,5126411_4,00.jpg&w=330&h=244&ei=mA-xT6PiNOaz6QHgo-WdCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=792&vpy=533&dur=4736&hovh=193&hovw=261&tx=92&ty=147&sig=102059230304445150574&page=3&tbnh=142&tbnw=192&start=45&ndsp=26&ved=1t:429,r:13,s:45,i:204&surl=1

• "Ahiara Declaration. Biafra 1969." Ahiara Declaration. Biafra 1969. Web. 14 May 2012. <http://www.biafraland.com/Ahiara_declaration_1969.htm>.

• http://politics.knoji.com/images/user/handshakegowonph3(1).jpg

WORKS CITED (CONT)• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jinnah_mohammad_ali.shtml

•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra

•http://www.biography.com/people/muhammad-ali-jinnah-9354710

•http://www.myinfobell.com/politician_ojukwu.html

•http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/medicare/medic-4k03e.shtml

•http://rockradioscrapbook.ca/arc-oct3.html