by nandkumar nair. one of the most important industry in developing countries. backbone of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A Brief Look on the Market Leaders Of Cement, Capital Goods And Basic
Materials Industries
By Nandkumar Nair
![Page 2: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
One of the most important industry in developing countries.
Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business
Cement Industry
![Page 3: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Nearly 7% of the Gross Domestic Product of India
2nd largest producer of cement in the world Approx 30-40 million tonnes per annum FDI of approx INR 11,779 cr
![Page 4: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ultratech cement
ACC Ambuja Shree cement India Cement JK Cement Madras cement Binani cement
Main players in Indian cement markets
![Page 5: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Started in 1983 by Awarpur Plant 1, known as L&T cement
India’s biggest cement company
India’s largest cement exporter
Main international markets:◦ Africa◦ Europe◦ Middle East
Ultra tech Cements
![Page 6: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Kumar Mangalam Birla heads the company Oct 2004.
The main products include:◦ Portland cement◦ Blast furnace slag cement◦ White Cement◦ Portland Pozzolano cement◦ Ready mix concrete
![Page 7: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Location of units
![Page 8: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Inception of ACC in 1936 At that time was known as Associated
Cement Companies Ltd. Corporate office in Mumbai is called
cement house India’s largest cement producer
ACC
![Page 9: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Their range of products include:◦ Ordinary Portland Cement
43 grade 53 grade
◦ Blended cement◦ Bulk cement◦ Ready Mix Concrete
![Page 10: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Very active and committed to CSR Cement House is now one of the most fuel efficient and
green office buildings.
Make valuable contributions in the fields of:◦ Healthcare◦ Education◦ HIV treatment◦ Disaster relief◦ Conservation of heritage
CSR
![Page 11: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Earlier Gujarat Ambuja Cement. Founded in 1983 by Sekhsaria and Suresh
N. Production commenced in 1986. Their main products are:
◦ Ordinary portland cement Ground portland clinker & gypsum.
◦ Portland Pozzolano Cement Portland cement and fly ash; proportions will differ.
Ambuja Cement
![Page 12: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Corporate office is in Mumbai. In 50% partnership with Holcim, making Ambuja the
2nd largest manufacturer. Offices and their manufacturing units are in:
◦ Kodinar◦ Surat◦ Uttarakhand◦ Bhatapara◦ Chandrapur◦ Panvel◦ Solan◦ Ropar◦ Murshidabad◦ Cochin
![Page 13: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Bio gas powered plants. Involved in various social
issues:◦ Livelihood◦ Social issues◦ Education◦ Disaster relief◦ Women’s empowerment
CSR
![Page 14: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
◦ Mr. N.S. Sekhsaria (Chairman)◦ Mr. Paul Hugentobler (Dept. Chairman)◦ Mr. Kuldip K Kaura (CEO & MD)
BOD
![Page 15: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Based in Rajasthan. They have their manufacturing units
in:◦ Beawar◦ Ras◦ Khushkera◦ Suratgarh◦ Laksar (Roorkee, Uttarakhand)
Shri Cement
![Page 16: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Shri B.G. Bangur – Chairman Shri H.M. Bangur – M.D. Plants are in line with environmental
complainces. Their brands:
◦ Shri Junk Rodhak cement◦ Bangur cement◦ Rock strong cement
![Page 17: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Started in 2002. Together the two plants produce 120 MW. Came up in 21 months each. The plants are situated in:
◦ Ras◦ Beawar
Shree PowerShree Power
![Page 18: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Founded by S.N. Shankaralinga & T.S. Narayanaswami in 1946.
Production in 1949. Seven manufacturing plants in:
◦ Sankar nagar◦ Dalavoi◦ Sankari◦ Yeramguntla◦ Chilamkur◦ Vishnupuram◦ Malkapur
India Cements
![Page 19: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Their main products include:◦ Blended cement◦ Sulphate resisting portland cement◦ 53 grade
Coromandal King Sankar Shakti Raasi gold
Brands◦ Sankar cement◦ Coramandal Cement
![Page 20: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Mr. N. Srinivasan - chairman & M.D. Mrs. Chitra Srinivasan – Director Ms. Rupa Gurunath – Director
BOD
![Page 21: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sponsors the Chennai Super Kings team of IPL.
Recent backfire. Negative publicity. Coromandel Infotech is the IT wing of the
company.
![Page 22: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Part of the JK group of companies.
Commercial production – May 1975
BOD:◦ Dr. Gaur Hari Singhania – Chairman◦ Mr. Yadupati Singhania
JK Lakshmi Cement
![Page 23: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Main products:
◦ Ordinary Portland cement◦ Portland Pozzolano cement◦ Portland Slag Cement◦ White Cement◦ Wall putty◦ Water proofing solutions
![Page 24: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Plants:◦ International plants:
JK plant in Fujairah (commissioning soon)◦ Rajasthan
Nimbhara Mangrol Gotan (grey and white cement)
◦ Karnataka Mudhol
![Page 25: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Environmental preservation
Education Healthcare Vocational training Community welfare Spirituality - temples
CSR
![Page 26: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
A part of Ramco group. Also known as Ramco cements.
Cement:◦ OPC 43 grade◦ OPC 53 grade◦ Sulphate resisting cement (SRC)◦ Sleeper grade cement (53S)
Madras Cements
![Page 27: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Other dry mix products include:
◦ General purpose plaster◦ Water repellant plaster◦ Brick/block mortar◦ Ramco super fine putty (cement based)◦ Ramco tile fix
![Page 28: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Totally based and operational in South India.
Plants:◦ RR nagar, Tamil Nadu◦ Alathiyur, Tamil Nadu◦ Ariyalur, Tamil Nadu◦ Mathodu, Karnataka◦ Jayanthipuram, Andhra Pradesh
![Page 29: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Contributed in education sector
Their schools:◦ Ramco vidyalaya◦ Sethu Ramammal Vidya Mandir◦ Vidya Mandir nursery◦ Sri ram primary school◦ Sri Gokul higher primary school
CSR
![Page 30: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Flagship subsidiary of Braj Binani group.
Incorporated on Jan 15th 1996
Was Dynasty Dealers earlier – renamed as Binani cement.
Binani Cement
![Page 31: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Main products:
◦ OPC (grade 43 & 53)◦ PPC◦ Ground granulated blast furnace
Slag◦ Fly ash (industrial waste of coal)◦ Ready mix concrete (RMC)
![Page 32: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
International brand Manufactured internationally:
◦ India◦ China (Shandong Binani Cement company)◦ Dubai (Binani cement factory)
Well established markets in:◦ India◦ UAE◦ UK◦ Sudan◦ South Africa◦ Tanzania◦ Namibia
![Page 33: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Livelihood Schools Scholarship drives Financial help to rural public Developing professional skills Free meals and medical check ups in
schools
CSR
![Page 34: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Discovery development and processing of raw materials
Growth in this sector is positive Depends largely on the customer’s decision to
buy Low cost production = biggest boon Operational problems = biggest bane
Basic Materials Industry
![Page 35: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Some of the key players in the Indian basic materials industry include:
◦ Tata Chemicals◦ Nirma◦ Nilkamal◦ Supreme Industries◦ Finolex industries◦ Century plyboards◦ Greenply industries
![Page 36: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The operations of Tata Chemicals officially started in 1944
World’s 2nd largest producer of Soda ash (5.5 mn tonnes PA)
Main focus on LIFE◦ L – Living◦ I – Industy◦ FE – Farm Essentials
Tata Chemicals
![Page 37: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Their main products include:◦ Living:
Consumer salt Pulses Water purifier (swach)
Main products
![Page 38: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
◦ Industries Soda ash Industrial salts Sodium bicarbonate Tata cement Allied chemicals
![Page 39: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Farm essentials◦ Fertilizers
Urea Bi ammonium phosphate Single super phosphate
◦ Customized fertilizers◦ Bio fuels
Bio Ethanol Bio Diesel
![Page 40: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Started by Vrajpal Parekh in 1934 – buttons
Started with plastic tea glasses – big hit Currently known for its moulded furniture Got enlisted since 1991 Turnover exceeds Rs. 1499.44 crores
Nilkamal
![Page 41: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Main business include:◦ Material handling crate◦ Moulded furniture◦ Custom moulding◦ @Home (hospitality)
![Page 42: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Innovative technologies:◦ Injection moulding◦ Rotational moulding◦ Vacuum forming◦ Blow moulding
![Page 43: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Listed since 1991 and has a turnover of over 1499.44 crores
Metallic storage system JV with Bito Lagertechnik Bittman
Hospitality products JV with Cambro JV with Omnium systems for waste
management
Some more facts
![Page 44: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
A group of companies based in Ahmedabad Started by Karsanbhai Patel 15000 employees 3550 crores turnover Main products:
◦ Soaps◦ Detergents◦ Salt◦ Industrial products
Nirma
![Page 45: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Soda ash Packaging Sulfuric acid Alkyl benzene Soaps Detergents Edible & Industrial salts Glycerin Medical disposals
Productline
![Page 46: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Most cost effective brand of India Perfect example of entrepreneurship
![Page 47: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Nirma Education & Research Foundation (NERF) started in 1994
Nirma labs for entrepreneurs Gram Vikas trust Nirma memorial foundation and trust for:
◦ Deprived women◦ Elder ashrams◦ Contributes to
Schools Colleges Social institutions
CSR
![Page 48: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Successful business & favorable conditions = super success
Finolex = Fine & Flexible Started in 1945 by two brothers:
◦ PP Chabaria◦ KP Chabaria
Finolex
![Page 49: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The various brands in the market include◦ Finolex cables◦ Finolex pipes◦ Finolex plasson industries◦ Finolex J power system
![Page 50: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Wires & cables Switches Compact fluorescent lamps Copper rods PVC resin Chemicals PVC-U pipes & fittings Optic fibre
Products
![Page 51: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Super strategy is the core of business developemnt
Turnover exceeding 30 billion INR Manufacturing units in:
◦ Pune ◦ Ratnagiri
![Page 52: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
India’s largest interior infrastructure manufacturer
36% market share in India Last turnover 1997.68 crore INR Presence in over 100 nations
Greenply
![Page 53: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The main brands of the company include:◦ Greenply plywood◦ Greenclub premium ply◦ Greenlam laminates◦ Green decowood◦ Ecotec
![Page 54: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Manufactyuring units are at:◦ Tizit, Nagaland◦ Kriparampur, West Bengal◦ Behror, Rajasthan◦ Pantnagar, Uttarakhand◦ Nalagarh, Himachal Pradesh◦ Bamanbore, Gujarat
![Page 55: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
CSR◦ Educational facilities for girl children at U.P. &
West Bengal◦ Regular tree plantation drives◦ Abolishment of child marriage in Rajasthan
![Page 56: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Founded in 1942 B.L. Talparia – Managing Director M.P. Talparia – Executive Director B.V. Bhargava - Director Most comprehensive range of products 19 manufacturing plants 2,00,000 tonnes of production
Supreme industries
![Page 57: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Main products:◦ Moulded furniture◦ Material handling products◦ Petrochemicals◦ Industrial moulded products◦ Performance films◦ Protective packaging◦ Plastic pipes
![Page 58: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Extensive R&D
Technical advancements like◦ Injection moulding◦ Rotational moulding◦ Extrusion◦ Compression moulding
![Page 59: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
CSR◦ Supreme Sanskrit college◦ ITI & Medical Institute (Rajasthan)◦ Drinking water & Library for nearby
villages◦ Waste management drives◦ Plantation drives
![Page 60: By Nandkumar Nair. One of the most important industry in developing countries. Backbone of progress Many players = competitive business](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cf15503460f949c0562/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
www.google.com www.wikipedia.com Official web sites
Bibliography