by - nasa...pause height shows that the pressure height of an ozone mixing ratio of 0.3 ug/g, and...

THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA IN HUNTSVILLE

Huntsville, Alabama 35899

' {NASA-OS-178871). I N T E B N f t L H A V E MOTION N86-30275Progress fieport, 1 Bar. ,,- 31 Aug . ,1986(fl labama Oaiv. , Buntsviile.)/ 59 p CSCi,! 04A -

UnclasG3/46 43558

Semi-AnnualProgress Report

Contract NAS8-33726

Covering March 1 - August 31, 1986

By

• R. J. Hung

Principal Investigator

Prepared for

George C. Marshall Space Flight CenterNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationMarshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860020803 2020-04-20T02:33:34+00:00Z

PROGRESS REPORT

NASA CONTRACT NO. NAS8-33726

INTERNAL WAVE MOTION

Period: March 1, 1986 - August 31, 1986

Three papers have been published. - Titles and journals of

the publications are as follows:

(1) "Infrared Remote Sensing of Convective Clouds and Amount

of Rainfall over the Tibet Plateau Area," by R. J. Hung,-

J. M. Liu and R. E. Smith, was published at Annales

Geophys., vol. 3, pp. 767-776, 1985.

(2) "Remote Sensing of Cloud Distributions over the Bayanhar

Mountains - Watershed of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers,"

by R. J. Hung, J. C. Dodge and R. E. Smith, was published

at International Journal of.Remote Sensing, vol. 7, pp.

577-587, 1986. -- J-.

(3) "Application of Geophysical Fluid Mechanics to the Severe

Storm Simulation," by R. J. Hung, Y. D. Tsao and R. E.

Smith, was published at SECTAM, vol. 13, pp. 825-830,

1986.

We have just accomplished another report, entitled

"Vertical Distribution of Ozone and the Variation of

Tropopause Heights Based on Ozonesonde and Satellite

Observations." This technical report will be attached to this

Progress Report. Part of the materials will be submitted for

publication in the open literature.

Gravity wave initiated convection has been calculated by

using microbarograph data. This study can be used to predict

the starting time of the initiation of convection. Prelim-

inary results show that the calculation is conclusive. Cloud

modeling by using the super computer, Cyber 205, located at

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, has been carried out in

conjunction with gravity wave-initiated convection.

R. J. Hung, Ph.D.Principal Investigator

1f>

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF OZONE AND THE VARIATION

OF TROPOPAUSE HEIGHTS

BASED ON OZONESONDE AND SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS

R. J. Hung and J. M. Liu

The University of Alabama in Huntsville

Huntsville, Alabama 35899

I«•

Abstract

The distribution of atmospheric ozone is non-uniform both

in space and time. Local ozone concentrations vary with

altitude, latitude, longitude, and season. Two year

ozonesonde data, January 1981 to December 1982, observed at

four Canadian stations and two and a half year backscattered

ultraviolet experiment data on the Nimbus-4 satellite, April

1970 to August 1972, observed over five American stations were

used to study the relationship between the total ozone,

vertical height distribution of the ozone mixing ratio,

vertical height distribution of half total ozone, and the

local tropopause height. The results show that there is a

positive correlation between total ozone in Dobson Units and

the tropopause height in terms of atmospheric pressure. This

result suggests that local intrusion of the stratosphere into'

the troposphere, or the local decreasing of tropopause height,

could occur if there is a local increasing of total ozone. A

comparison of the vertical height distribution of the ozone

mixing ratio, the modified pressure height of half total ozone

(multiplication of a value of 5.5 to the vertical pressure height

of half total ozone, ozone center of gravity) and the tropo-

pause height shows that the pressure height of an ozone mixing

ratio of 0.3 ug/g, and the modified pressure height of half

total ozone (ozone center of gravity) are very well correlated

with the tropopause pressure height.

AUTHORS' ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to thank the Office of Space Sciences

and Applications, National Aeronautics and Space Administra-

tion Headquarters, and NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center

through contract NAS8-33726, which support the present

research.

They would also like to express their gratitude to Dr.

Robert E. Smith for the technical consultation during the

course of present study.

11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Abstract i

Authors' Acknowledgement ii

Table of Contents iii

List of Figures iv

1. Introduction 1

2. Total Ozone from Ozonesonde and Satellite Measurements

and Tropopause Height Variation 5

(A) Ozonesonde Measurements 6

(B) Satellite Measurements 7

3. Vertical Distribution of Ozone Mixing Ratio, Half-Ozone

Profile and Tropopause Height Variations 24

(A) Ozonesonde Measurements 24

(B) Satellite Measurements 32

4. Discussions and Conclusions 41

References 44

111

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Variations of total ozone and the heights of

tropopause at Edmonton, during the time period of

January 28, 1981 to September 9, 1981, based on

ozonesonde data 6

2 Variations of total ozone and the heights of

tropopause at Edmonton, during the time period of

September 16, 1981 to April 21. 1982, based on ozone-' ' * " " • . ' . - ' * " . - ' ~" *

sonde data 7

3 Variations of total ozone and the heights of tropo-

pause at Edmonton, during the time period of

April 28, 1982 to December 15, 1982, based on .

ozonesonde data 8

4 Variations of total ozone and the heights of - - •

tropopause at Goose Bay, during the time period of

April 21, 1982 to September 15, 1982, based on ozone-

sonde data 10


pause at Churchill, during the time period of March 4,

1981 to July 29, 1981, based on ozonesonde data . . . . 12


pause at Resolute Bay, during the time period of March

18, 1981 to August 19, 1981, based on ozonesonde data . 13

7 Variations of total ozone, pressure heights of half

total ozone, and the pressure heights of tropopause

iv

Figure Page

at Little Rock, Arkansas, during the time period of

April 16, 1970 to September 10, 1970, based on satel-

lite data 15




September 28, 1971 to February 22, 1972, based on

satellite data 16




March 14, 1972 to August 15, 1972, based on satellite

data 17

10 Variations of total ozone, pressure heights of half- '


at Amarillo, Texas, during the time period of April

20, 1970 to September 12, 1970, based on satellite

data 19



at Greensboro, North Carolina, during the time period

of March 13, 1972 to July 3, 1972, based on satellite

data 20



v

Figure Page

at Huntington, West Virginia, during the time period

of November 18, 1970 to April 8, 1971, based on

satellite data . 21



at Monett, Missouri, during the time period of Octo-

ber 21, 1971 to March 15, 1972, based on satellite

data ••".-•- 22

14 Vertical distribution of ozone mixing ratio and the

variation of tropopause heights at Edmonton, during

the time period of January 28, 1981 to September 9,

1981, based on ozonesonde data 25


variation of tropopause heights at Edmonton, during~

the time period of September 16, 1981 to April 21,



variation of tropopause heights at Edmonton, during

the time period of April 28, 1982 to December 15, -



variation of tropopause heights at Goose Bay, during

the time period of April 21, 1982 to September 15,



VI

Figure Page

variation of tropopause heights at Churchill, during

the time period of March 4, 1981 to July 29, 1981,

based on ozonesonde data 30


variation of tropopause heights at Resolute Bay,

during the time period of March 18, 1981 to August

19, 1981, based on ozonesonde data 31

20 Vertical height distribution of ozone mixing ratio

with the value of 0.3 yg/g and the variation of

tropopause height at Edmonton, during the time

period of January 28, 1981 to September 9, 1981,



with the value of 0.3 ug/g and the variation of - - -


period of September 16, 1981 to April 21, 1982,





period of April 28, 1982 to December 15, 1982,




tropopause height at Goose Bay, during the time

VI1

Figure Page

period of April 21, 1982 to September 15, 1982,



with the value of 0.3 ug/g and the variation of

tropopause height at Churchill, during the time

period of March 4, 1981 to July 29, 1981, based on

ozonesonde data 37


with the value of 0.3 ug/g and the variation of

tropopause height at Resolute Bay, during the time

period of March 18, 1981 to August 19, 1981, based

on ozonesonde data 38

Vlll

1. Introduction

Most of the atmospheric ozone (87 - 91%) is found in

the stratosphere, a layer of the atmosphere at altitudes

from about 16 km to 50 km at low latitudes and about 8 to 50

km at high latitudes. The rise in temperature with altitude

in the stratosphere is a consequence of the absorption of

ultraviolet radiation by ozone and its conversion into heat.

This inverted thermal structure in turn inhibits vertical

transport (National Research Council, 1984).

In contrast to the stratosphere in which radiation (both

ultraviolet and infrared) serves as the major driving

mechanism, in the atmosphere below the tropopause, convective

motions play the major role in vertical transport. The

equilibrium layer which separates radiation and convection is

called the tropopause.

The concentration of stratospheric ozone is maintained by

a balance of processes that create and remove it. Ozone is

created in photochemical processes that begin with the

photolysis of diatomic oxygen. It is destroyed in several

complex series of chemical reactions involving oxygen,

hydrogen, chlorine, and nitrogen compounds, with the last three

acting as catalysts at very small concentrations. Ozone is

also removed from the stratosphere by large-scale transport

processes (National Research Council, 1984).

The distribution of atmospheric ozone is nonuniform both


altitude, latitude, longitude, and season. The vertical

maxima occur in the altitude range of 17 to 25 km with the

higher concentrations toward the poles,for region outside

the equatorial belt. For each hemisphere, the annual cycle

has a maximum in spring and a minimum in fall. The Northern

Hemisphere has 2 - 3 % more total ozone than does the

Southern Hemisphere (Miller et. al., 1982; Frederick et.

al., 1983).

Convective instability is a major driving mechanism for

the dynamical behavior in the troposphere. It has long been

recognized that severe storm development is favored by strong

Convective instability, abundant moisture at low levels of the

troposphere, and a dynamical lifting mechanism that can

release the instability (Newton, 1963). In the study of

severe storm intensity using infrared imagery from a geosynchro-

nous satellite, Hung and Smith (1982, 1983) show that the

difference between the temperature of the overshooting cloud

top penetrating above the tropopause and the temperature at the

tropopause could serve as an indicator of the intensity of the

storm, rather than the absolute value of the cloud top

temperature. Hung et. al., (1983) indicate that the

possibility of the conversion of a severe thunderstorm into a

tornadic thunderstorm depends on the difference between the

temperature of the overshooting cloud top penetrating above

the tropopause and the tropopause temperature rather than

either the absolute temperature or the height of the top of

the overshooting turret. Recently, Hung et. al., (1984),

further show that the difference between the overshooting

cloud-top height and the tropopause height is important in the

development of severe storms and this difference may increase

if the tropopause height decreases during the storm formation

time period.

The local tropopause height can possibly be modified by

heating from sources in either the stratosphere or the

troposphere. There is a possible correlation between the

tropopause height and the latent heat released during the

condensation process. There are also possible correlations

between the tropopause height and the heating of the

stratosphere due to the absorption of ultraviolet radiation

and the releasing of infrared radiation during the conversion

of oxygen to ozone (Stranz, 1959; Newell et. al., 1969; Reed

and Vleck, 1969; Cole, 1975; Gage and Reid, 1981).

By using ground-based high resolution infrared spectra,

Marche et. al., (1983), measured the total atmospheric ozoneo o

at Chiran Station (43.88 N, 6.18 E), France, during the time

period of June 9 to June 23, 1981, and concluded that there is

a negative correlation between total ozone and tropopause

height.

The ozone measurements are obtained from ground truth

measurements and satellite remote sensing measurements. The

ground truth measurements include Umkehr, ozonesonde, and

rocket measurements. The Umkehr method is particularly

insensitive to changes in low-level (tropospheric and lower

stratospheric) ozone. There is no long term routine rocket

measurement of ozone available. In this study, ozonesonde

data are used to investigate total ozone and the vertical

distribution of the mixing ratio of ozone, from ground trutho o

measurements, at geographical locations from 52 to 75 N ando o

60 to 113 W, during the time period of January 7, 1981 to

December 15, 1982. As to the satellite remote sensing

measurements of ozone, data from the backscattered ultraviolet

(BUV) experiment on the Nimbus-4 satellite are used. The BUY

experiment is capable of retrieving total ozone as well as the

vertical distribution of ozone in the stratosphere (Goddard

Space Flight Center/NASA, 1980). The geographical area

covered in this study for satellite remote sensingo o o o

measurements of ozone are 34 to 38 N and 82 to 101 W,

during the time period of April 16, 1970 to August 15, 1972." '

Comparisons between the variation of ozone profiles and the

tropopause height variation are made. Tropopause height and

pressure are obtained from rawinsonde data, and the

determination of the tropopause height is strictly based on

the definition proposed by the World Meteorological

Organization (WHO).

2. Total Ozone from azonesonde and Satellite Measurements and

Tropopause Height Variations,

Dobson ozone spectrometers remain the standard ground-

based instrument for measurement of the total column ozone and

vertical ozone profiles. Other types of ground-based

instruments have also been used, but have not contributed much

to useful data either because of poor data quality or because

of limited deployment (WHO 1981; 1982a; I982b).

(A) Ozonesonde Measurements

In this study, ozonesonde data based on Dobson

instruments have been studied at the following four stationso o o

in Canada: Goose Bay (52.7 N, 60.5 W), Edmonton (53.5 N,o o o

113.5 W), Churchill (58.6 N, 94 W), and Resolute Bayo o

(75 N, 94 W). At these Canadian stations, ozone

measurements are avaiable every seven days. Ozonesonde data

are available from the World Ozone Data Center through the

Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service, at Downsview,

Ontario, Canada. Tropopause data are included in the

ozonesonde data.

Figures 1, 2, and 3 show the variations of total ozone

and the pressure heights of the tropopause at seven day

intervals at Edmonton during the time periods of January 28,

1981 to September 9, 1981; September 16, 1981 to April 21,

1982; and April 28, 1982 to December 15, 1982, respectively.

These three figures clearly show that a correlation exists

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between total ozone (dotted line) in Dobson Units and

tropopause pressure height (solid line) in mbs.

Figures 1, 2, and 3 also show the seasonal variation of

total ozone at Edmonton. The average maximum total ozone

during March and April is 440 Dobson Units; while the average

minimum total ozone during September and October is 300 Dobson

Units. This result is in agreement with the seasonal

variation of the average maximum and minimum total ozone from

ground-based measurements between 1957 and 1975, from London

and Angell (1982).

To show examples of the observation data in the other

three Canadian stations, one figure each is given to illustrate

the ozone distributions over Goose Bay, Churchill, and Resolute

Bay.

Figure 4 shows the variations of total ozone and the

pressure height of the tropopause at Goose Bay, during the

time period of April 21, 1982 to December 15, 1982. Again, it

clearly shows that a correlation exists between the total

ozone in Dobson Units and the tropopause pressure height in

mbs at Goose Bay.

Figure 4 also shows a seasonal variation in total ozone

at Goose Bay similar to Edmonton. At Goose Bay the average

maximum total ozone during March and April is 440 Dobson

Units, while the average minimum total ozone during September

and October is 300 Dobson Units. Again, this result agrees

with the results of London and Angell (1982).

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Figure 5 shows the variations of the total ozone and the

tropopause pressure height at Churchill during the time period

of March 4, 1981 to July 29, 1981, while Figure 6 is a similar

comparison for Resolute Bay, during the time period of March

18, 1981 to August 19, 1981. These two figures also show that

there is a correlation between total ozone in Dobson Units and

the tropopause pressure height in mbs at both Churchill and

Resolute Bay.

Seasonal variations of total ozone are also apparent in

Figures 5 and 6. It shows that the average maximum total

ozone at Churchill is 460 Dobson Units and 480 Dobson Units

for Resolute Bay during March and April. Again, this result

agrees with the results of London and Angell (1982).

Two years of observations, January 1981 to December 1982,

of ozonesonde data at four Canadian stations, Goose Bay,

Edmonton, Churchill, and Resolute Bay, indicate that there is a

correlation between total ozone in Dobson Units and the

tropopause pressure height in mbs in high latitude areas.

Observations also show that there is a seasonal variation in

total ozone with a maximum in March and April, and a minimum

in September and October.

(B) Satellite Measurements

In this study, ozone data based on the BUV experiment on

the Nimbus-4 satellite have been studied at the following fiveo

stations in the United States: Amarillo, Texas (35 12' N,o o o

101 46' W), Greensboro, North Carolina (38 24' N, 82 24' W),o o

Huntington, West Virginia (38 24' N, 101 46' W), Little

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o oRock, Arkansas (34 45' N, 92 08' W) and Monett, Missouri

o o(36 55' N, 93 55' W). At these American stations, satellite

ozone measurements are available every seven days. Satellite

ozone data are available from the National Space Science Data

Center, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, at Greenbelt,

Maryland, U.S.A. Tropopause data are obtained from rawinsonde

observations.

Figures 7, 8, and 9 show the variations of total ozone

(middle line in the figure) and the pressure heights of the

tropopause (top line in the figure) , at seven day intervals as

the Nimbus-4 satellite passed over Little Rock, Arkansas

during the time periods of April 16, 1970 to" September -10,'

1970; September 28, 1971 to February 22, 1972; and March 14,

1972 to August 15,.-1972, respectively. These three figures

clearly show that a correlation exists between total ozone in

Dobson Units and tropopause pressure height in mbs.

Figures 7, 8, and 9 also show the seasonal variation of

total ozone at Little Rock. The average maximum total ozone

during March and April is 340 Dobson Units; while the average

minimum total ozone during September and October is 260 Dobson

Units. This result is in agreement with the seasonal varia-

tion of the average maximum and minimum total ozone from

ground-based measurements (London and Angell, 1982). The

comparison between high latitude observations, shown in

Figures 1, 2, and 3, and middle latitude observations, shown

in Figure 7, 8, and 9, indicates clearly that there is more

total ozone in higher latitudes than in the lower latitudes

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and there is a positive correlation with the tropopause pres-

sure height distributions with the tropopause pressure higher

in the higher latitudes than in the lower latitudes.

To show examples of the satellite observation data in the

other four American stations, one figure each is also given to

illustrate the ozone distributions in Amarillo, Greensboro,

Huntington, and Monett.

Figures 10, 11, 12, and 13 show the variations of total

ozone and the pressure height of the tropopause at Amarillo,

Texas, during the time period of April 20, 1970 to September

12, 1970; at Greensboro, North Carolina, during the time

period of March 13, 1972 to July 3, 1972; at Huntington, West

Virginia, during the time period of November 18, 1970 to April

8, 1971; and at Monett, Missouri, during the time period of

October 21, 1971 to March 15, 1972, respectively. Again, it

clearly shows that a correlation exists between the total

ozone in Dobson Units and tropopause pressure height in mbs at

these stations in the middle latitudes.

Figures 10 to 13 also show a seasonal variation in total

ozone at Amarillo, Greensboro, Huntington, and Monett similar

to Little Rock. It shows that the average maximum ozone at

Amarillo is 340 Dobson Units; at Greensboro, 350 Dobson Units;

at Huntington, 350 Dobson Units; and at Monett, 330 Dobson

Units, while the average minimum ozone at Amarillo is 270

Dobson Units; at Greensboro, 280 Dobson Units; at Huntington,

280 Dobson Units; and at Monett, 260 Dobson Units. Again,

this result agrees with the results of London and Angell

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A comparison between the two and a half year observations,

April, 1970 to August, 1972, of satellite ozone data at five

American stations in middle latitudes, and two year

observations, January 1981 to December 1982, of ozonesonde

data at four Canadian stations in high latitudes, indicates

that there is more total ozone concentration in higher lati-

tudes for both the maximum total ozone during March and April,

and the minimum total ozone during September and October, than

in the lower latitudes. This total ozone distribution also

shows a positive correlation with the tropopause pressure

"height distributions in which the tropopause' pressure is •

higher in the higher latitudes than in the lower latitudes.

23

3. Vertical Distribution of Ozone Mixing Ratio, Half-Ozone

Profile and Tropopause Height Variations

The vertical distribution of the mixing ratio of ozone

shows a rapid increase from the lower stratosphere to alti-

tudes from 17 to 25 km with quite a low value of the ozone

mixing ratio in the troposphere. The tropopause separates the

ozone-rich stratosphere, in terms of mixing ratio, from the

ozone-lean troposphere.

The BUV measurements of ozone mixing ratio for the

Nimbus-4 satellite are limited to 16 standard pressure levels

from 0.4 to 40.0 mbs. There is no measurement available for

the vertical distribution of the ozone mixing ratio at the

altitude of the tropopause from satellite remote sensing. In

this study, ozonesonde data are used to study the vertical

distribution of ozone mixing ratio at the altitude of the

tropopause, while the BUV data from the Nimbus-4 satellite are

used to investigate the vertical distribution of the altitude

of half total ozone. Their correlations with the variations of

the tropopause height are studied.

(A) Ozonesonde Measurements

Figures 14, 15, and 16 show how ozone mixing ratios of

0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 ug/g and the tropopause pressure heights at

Edmonton varied from January 28, 1981 to September 9, 1981;

September 16, 1981 to April 21, 1982; and April 28, 1982 to

December 15, 1982, respectively. These figures show that the

24

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27

amplitudes of the variations decrease as the values of mixing

ratio increase.

To show examples of the vertical distributions in the

other three Canadian stations, one figure each is given to

illustrate the vertical distribution of ozone mixing ratio

over Goose Bay, Churchill, and Resolute Bay.

Figure 17 shows the variations of the ozone mixing ratio

and the tropopause heights at Goose Bay during the time period

of April 21, 1982 to September 15, 1982. As in Figures 14 to

16, this figure also shows that ozone mixing ratios with

values of 0.1 to 0.5 yg/g occur fairly close to the location

of the height of the tropopause. They also indicate a large

fluctuation in the height of the ozone mixing ratio of 0.1

yg/g with the fluctuations decreasing as the value of the

mixing ratio increases.

Figure 18 shows the variation of the ozone mixing ratio

and the tropopause pressure heights at Churchill, during the

period of March 4, 1981 to July 29, 1981, while Figure 19

illustrates the variation at Resolute Bay during the period of

March 18, 1981 to August 19, 1981. These two figures also

show that the locations of the ozone mixing ratios with values

from 0.1 to 0.5 ug/g are in the neighborhood of the location

of the tropopause. Similar to the Edmonton and Goose Bay

cases the 0.1 ug/g mixing ratio fluctuation is larger than

those of higher mixing ratios.

It is possible that a single value of the ozone mixing

ratio could be used to define the tropopause height. Figures

28

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20, 21, and 22 show that the height of the 0.3 yg/g ozone

mixing ratio and the tropopause height at Edmonton during the

same periods as Figures 14, 15, and 16, respectively, are very

well matched.

Similar plots have been made for Goose Bay, Churchill,

and Resolute Bay. Figure 23 shows the comparisons at Goose

Bay during the same time period as that in Figure 17. Figure

24 shows the comparison at Churchill during the same time

period as that in Figure 18; while Figure 25 illustrates the

comparison at Resolute Bay during the same time period as that

in Figure 19. Close examination shows that the height of the

0.3 ug/g ozone mixing ratio is very well matched with the

tropopause heights at Goose Bay, Churchill, and Resolute Bay.

(B) Satellite Measurements

Figures 7, 8, and 9 show how .the vertical pressure

heights of the location of the half total ozone (bottom line)

and the tropopause pressure heights (top line) at Little Rock

varied from April 16, 1970 to September 10, 1970; September

28, 1971 to February 22, 1972; and March 14, 1972 to August

15, 1972, respectively. These figures show that there is a

positive correlation between the locations of the vertical

height profiles of the half total ozone and the tropopause at

Little Rock. If we multiply the vertical pressure height of

the half total ozone by a value of 5.5, one will find out that

this modified pressure height of half total ozone is very well

matched with the pressure height of the tropopause at Little

Rock.

32

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To show examples of the vertical distributions in the

other four American stations, one figure each is given to

illustrate the vertical height profiles of half total ozone in

Amarillo, Greensboro, Huntington, and Monett.

Figures 10, 11, 12, and 13 show vertical profiles of

the pressure height of the half total ozone and the pressure

height of the tropopause at Amarillo, Texas during the time

period of April 20, 1970 to September 12, 1970; at Greensboro,

North Carolina, during the time period of March 13, 1972 to

July 3, 1972; at Huntington, West Virginia, during the time

period of November 18, 1970 to April 8, 1971; and at Monett,

Missouri, during the time period of October 21, 1971 to March

15, 1972, respectively. These figures also show that there is

a positive correlation between the locations of the vertical

height profiles of half total ozone and that of the tropopause

at these four American stations. Similar to the modified

pressure height of the half total ozone at Little Rock, if we

multiply the vertical pressure height of the half total ozone~a

by a value of 5.5, one can also find out that this modified

pressure height of the half total ozone is very well matched

with the pressure height of the tropopause at these four

stations in the United States.

A comparison between the ozonesonde observations of the

vertical height profile of the ozone mixing ratio and satel-

lite observations of the vertical height profile of the half

total ozone, one can conclude that the pressure height of the

0.3 yg/g ozone mixing ratio and the modified pressure height

39

of the half total ozone (multiplication of a value of 5.5 to

the vertical pressure height of half total ozone) are very

well matched with the pressure height of .the tropopause.

40

4. Discussions and Conclusions

The tropopause separates the radiation-driven strato-

sphere from the convection-driven troposphere. Hung et. al.,

(1980) employed GOES infrared data to show that the tempera-

ture of overshooting cloud tops penetrating above the tropo-

pause could serve as an indicator for distinguishing the

difference between the thunderclouds which eventually spawned

tornadoes and those that did not. Hung et. al., (1984) fur-

ther showed that the diffrerence between the overshooting

cloud-top height and the tropopause height, is important in

the development of severe storms and this difference may

increase if the tropopause height decreases during the storm

formation.

The local tropopause height can possibly be modified.by .. -

heating (cooling) from sources in either the stratosphere or

the troposphere. In this study, we are particularly

interested in the heating from the stratosphere. There are

mutual interactions between the variation of the tropopause

height and the heating from the stratosphere due to the absorption

of ultraviolet radiation and the releasing of infrared

radiation during the conversion of oxygen to ozone (Stranz,

1959; Gage and Reid, 1981).

The distribution of atmospheric ozone is non-uniform both


altitude, latitude, longitude, and season. Variations in

41

total ozone with longitude are considerably less than the

variations with latitude. It shows a higher concentration of

ozone toward the higher latitude (poles).

In this study, both ozonesonde data and satellite data

were used for the analysis. The ozonesonde data obtained at

four Canadian stations in a time period of two years from

January 1981 to December 1982 were used for the analysis of

total ozone and the vertical height distribution of the ozone

mixing ratio; while the BUV satellite data in a time period

of two and a half years from April 1970 to August 1972 were

used at five American stations for the study of total ozone

and the vertical height distribution of half total ozone in

comparison with the local variation of tropopause heights.

The result shows that there is a positive correlation between

total ozone in terms of Dobson Units and the tropopause height

in terms of atmospheric pressure. This result implies that '

local intrusion of the stratosphere into the troposphere, or

the local decreasing of tropopause height could occur if there

is a local increase of total ozone.

Comparison of the height distribution of the ozone mixing

ratio and the height of the tropopause shows that ozone mixing

ratios of 0.1 to 0.5 -g/g are in the vicinity of the tropo-

pause height. There is also a positive correlation between

the locations of vertical height profiles of half total ozone

and that of the tropopause. Closer examination of the pro-

files of mixing ratio and the modified pressure height of half

total ozone (multiplication of a value of 5.5 to the vertical

42

pressure height of half total ozone) shows that the 0.3 ug/g

ozone mixing ratio and modified pressure height of half total

ozone track the tropopause height so well that it could be

used to identify the tropopause height.

43

References

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between the height of the low-latitude tropopause and

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Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Tape formats and

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CPEL) for the Nimbus-4 backscattered ultraviolet experiment,

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Hung, R. J., J. C. Dodge, and R. E. Smith, the life cycle of a

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ionospheric sounder array, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 4_, 617-630,

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Reed, R. J., and C. L. Vleck, The annual temperature variation

45

in the lower tropical stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 163-

167, 1969.

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near the equator, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 16, 180-192, 1959.

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46

FINANCIAL STATUS REPORT

CONTRACT NAS8-33726

Total Cumulative Costs incurred as of Ju"e 30> 1986 $ 443>254'80

155,543.20Estimate of cost to complete

777Estimated Percentage of Physical Completion °

Statement relating the Cumulative cost to the percentage of physicalcompletion with explanation of any significant variance:

by - nasa...pause height shows that the pressure height of an ozone mixing ratio of 0.3 ug/g, and...

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