DEATH, TAXES & MOVEMENTS OF DUST ON THE MOON:

REALITY CHECKS APOLLO 11 TO CHANG'E-3 &-4

by

ProfessorBrianJ.O’Brien

<brianjobrien@ozemail.com.au>UniversityofWesternAustralia

www.web.uwa.edu.au/person/brian.obrien

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PROGRESSINSCIENCE

EXPLORATIONOFTHEMOON

• THISCONFERENCEASSUMESPROGRESSINSCIENCE

KNOWLEDGEADVANCESSTEADILYINTIME;

• SOTHATONECANRELYONROADMAPS,RELYONA

BASE2007REPORT,RELYONREVIEW&UPDATE,

UPDATESKGs&DISCUSSHEREFORNEWREPORT;

• SCIENCEOFDUSTONTHEMOONISUNUSUALIN

PARTBECAUSETHESCIENCEISMOVEMENTSOFDUST,NOTSIMPLYDUST,BUTDYNAMICSOFDUST;

• ASTRONAUTPROBLEMMOVEMENTOFDUSTFROM

SURFACEONTO&INTO SPACESUITS/WRISTGUARDS

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SECONDDIFFERENCEISSCIENCEIS

VERYNEW SHOWNIN2 KUHNCYCLES

PRE-SCIENCE LUNARDUST 2014YUTUIMMOBILISED

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SECONDDIFFERENCEISTHISSCIENCE

VERY NEW SHOWNIN2 KUHNCYCLES

PRE-SCIENCELUNARDUST POPULATED2014-2016

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LOOMINGPARADIGMCHANGEIN

PRIORITYIMPORTANCEOFDUST

CHINESEPRIORITIES

• ATELS2016,ZOUY.LETAL.

REPORTEDPRIORITIESOF

CHANG’E-4IN2018HAVE

CHANGEDTOGIVETOP

PRIORITYTODUST– FIRST

LANDERTODOSO

• ASOFDEC2017,NOTYET

CONFIRMEDBUTVARIED

OPAQUECOMMUNICATION

USAAPOLLOMINDSETS

• IN1964APOLLOMINDSET

“DISMISSED”THE

IMPORTANCEOFDUST

(SEENOELHINNERS,NASA

ORALHISTORY2010);

• CONTRARYTOAPOLLO17

SEVEREDUSTPROBLEMS

DESPITETECHNOLOGY&

MANYASTRONAUT

REPORTSOFPROBLEMS

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SERENDIPITOUSINVENTIONOFAPOLLODUST

DETECTOR(DDE)IN1966IS8th ALSEPEXPERIMENT:

INITIALLYRISKMANAGEMENTOFBRIAN’SCPLEE

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APOLLO12DUSTDETECTOR

EXPERIMENT(DDE)

CALIBRATEDUNITIN1968 APOLLO12DDEONMOON

NOTESPLASHESOFMOONDUST

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HOWDOESDUSTDETECTOR

EXPERIMENT(DDE)WORK?• 3ORTHOGONALSOLARCELLSFACEEASTWEST&UP

• THERMOMETERONBACKOFEACHCELL

• SOMEASURESBOTHCAUSE&EFFECT,TOTALSYSTEM

• CELLVOLTAGEVARIESWITHSUNLIGHT,COMPUTABLE

• SIMPLERCANUSECHANGESTOMEASUREMOVEMENTS

• DUSTONCELLCAUSES%CHANGEINVOLTAGEWHICHIS

FUNGIBLE,ANYRESEARCHERWITHAPREFERENCEFORA

GIVENDUSTJUSTDROPSITONHISOWNCELLTOMATCH%;

• COSTCIRCA$50,APOLLORECORD6YEARSCONTINUOUS;

• PARADIGMSHIFTINDESIGN,MEASURINGMOVEMENTSOF

BILLIONSTOTRILLIONSOFPARTICLES,NOTONEATATIME.

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YUTUPUZZLESOLVED(?)BY

APOLLO12DDESUNRISEEFFECTCHANG’E-3YUTUSTOPS

AFTER1st SUNRISE2014

DDEMEASURESSUNRISE

CAUSESDUSTSTORMS

(SHOWNATAMES2009)

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TRANSPARENCY&DUSTEFFECTS

YUTU-RELATEDPAPER

WITHDRAWN2017

PRESENTATIONOFCHANG’E-3

MEASUREMENTSOFDUST

WITHDRAWNATADELAIDE

2017,

ABSTRACTONIAC2017

WEBSITE

APOLLOTRANSPARENT

IN21st CENTURY

(BUTREJECTIONSIN1969-70

OFBRIAN’SFIRSTREPORTS

ONSUNRISEEFFECTS)

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SUNRISEHORIZONBRIGHTENING

&DUSTSTORMS

APOLLO12DDE1stSUNRISE APOLLO12DDELD2,LD3,LD4

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HOWRELEVANTTOPLANNINGARE14

PEER-REVIEWEDDUSTDISCOVERIES?

CONFIRMASTRONAUTVIEWS

FORHIGHESTREALISM(SEE

NEXTSLIDEFORDETAILS)

• NEEDNOWFORROOT&

BRANCHREMOVALOF

1964MINDSETS

DISMISSING IMPORTANCE

(SEENOELHINNERS:NASA

ORALHISTORY2010).

3SENSITIVEISSUES

1. STRONGPOPULARITYOF

POLARLANDINGSITES:

HAVEMOVEMENTSOFDUST

ATLOWSOLARELEVATION

BEENFACTOREDINYET?

2. HERITAGEASPECTSAND

SUSTAINABILITY

3. COMMERCIALINTERESTS

INCOST-EFFECTIVENESS:

DUSTDELAYEDASTRONAUTS

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ASTRONAUTPRIORITIESOFDUST

GAIER(2005)REVIEW

• Equipmentwasclogged

andmechanismsjammed

ineveryApollomission.

Includingzippers,wristand

hoselocks,faceplatesand

sunshades.

• Themostalarmingwas

howquicklyand

irreversiblythiscould

happen.

DIRECTQUOTES

• CernanDebriefing:

• “(Dust)probablyoneofour

greatestinhibitorstoa

nominalmission”;

• “..WECANOVERCOME

OTHERPHYSIOLOGICALOR

PHYSICALORMECHANICAL

PROBLEMSEXCEPTDUST”

• YOUHAVETOLIVEWITH..

CONTINUALLYFIGHTING...DUST

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QUICK-LOOKSUMMARY:DUSTAS

AFACTORINSITESELECTION

SUMMARYFROMAPOLLO

1. APOLLODDEDATAARE

FROMAPOLLO11,12,14

&15SITES;

2. WEHAVENOTHINGFROM

DUSTFACTORSTO

RIGOROUSLYCONTRIBUTE

DIFFERENTIATINGTHEM;

3. WERATEFARSIDEASVERY

HIGHPRIORITY,RICHEST

INKNOWN&UNKNOWN

UNKNOWNS.

SPECULATIONS

• VARIOUSDUST

DISCOVERIESREMAIN

UNEXPLAINEDBY

THEORIES;

• UNCERTAINTIESREMAIN

ABOUTSUNLIGHT

BRIGHTNESSALTERING

ADHESIONTOVERTICAL

SURFACE(1exampleonly).

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POSSIBLESTRATEGICIMPORTANCE

OFDUSTMOVEMENTSTO

LUNARPOLAREXPEDITIONS

• APOLLO12DDEMEASUREMENTSSHOW

DUST-CAUSEDVARIATIONSOFDAWNLIGHT

OF1TO4%ATLOWSOLARELEVATIONS

• RESEARCHERSMIGHTREVIEWIMPLICIT

ASSUMPTIONSOFDUSTPLAYINGNOROLES

ONPLANSFORPOLAREXPEDITIONSOR

• MOUNTAINSOFETERNALLIGHTLLW2018-44 15

HERITAGEMANAGEMENT,DUST

&COSTEFFECTIVENESS

• MargaretRace&Commercialentrepreneurs

discussmanagingheritageandsustainability

• 14discoveriestodateprovideonlydust

measurementsofmovementstodatefrom:

• (a)humanandroboticactivities

(b)fromNaturalphenomenae.g.sunrise

effects&for6years

• Dustmanagementvitalincosteffectiveness

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COMMERCIALISSUES&

COSTEFFECTIVENESS

PRIVATEFIRMS’REVOLUTION

• INDUSTRIESNEED

SUSTAINABILITY&LOCAL

RESOURCES

• LUNARDUST&SUNRISE

EFFECTSANSWERBOTH

• NATURALPROCESSESAT

SUNRISERETURNMINED

SURFACETOOPTICAL

SMOOTHNESS,COHESION

• RELYONCOHESIVEFORCE

DENIALSBYLUNARSCIENCE

• APOLLO14PSR1972

TOMMYGOLDWITHTDS

DISCOVEREDCOHESIVE

FORCESOFDUST(seenext)

• DISCOVERYIGNOREDFOR

40YEARSUNTILO’BRIEN

(2011);

• TDSEXPERIMENTRETURN

TOHOUSTON,PUTIN

QUARANTINE&LOST.

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LUNARSCIENTISTS1972-2015:IGNOREDTOMMYGOLDCOHESIVEFORCES

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O’BRIENPURPOSESIN1966-67

ALL7PIsGETLUNARDUSTDATA

SHAREDDDEDATAALSEP

• O’BRIEN&BENDIX

ORGANISEDALSEP

TELEMETRYTOENSURE

EACHALSEPPIGOTALL6

CHANNELSOFDDERAW

DATAINCLUDEDINHIS

OWNINDIVIDUALPI

COMPUTERDATATAPES

• INWORD30

COMMUTATED

ENGINEERING&

HOUSEKEEPING

IN2009-2010O’BRIENRE-

PUBLICISEDSUCHFACTS

• 2009WITHNASAHQTRS

ANDJSCATHIGHLEVELS

• ATNASAAMESJULY2009

WITHYOSIONAKAMURA

• YOSIO&BRIAN2009-10

FORMATTEDDDERAW

DATAYOSIO1991TAPES

• ON-SHARINGWITHNSSDC

VIAYOSIOALLDUSTDATA

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LONG-STANDINGARTEFACTS OFFUTUREPLANNING,

SKGs&SITESELECTIONS,MAYREQUIRENEW

REVIEWSBECAUSEOFOUTDATEDMINDSETSONDUST

• GENECERNAN(Debriefing1972)"Wecanovercome(allproblems)exceptdust”ASTRONAUTS

• VASTMAJORITYOFSCIENCEGROUP&MAYREGARDDUSTONLYASNUISANCEGEOLOGISTS

LUNAR (N.B.UPDATERECOHESIVEFORCES)• 1964RANGERPHOTOSHOWEDBIGROCKSITTING"CALMLYONTHESURFACEANDNOTSINKINGOUTOFSIGHT“,SOWE"DISMISSEDTHAT(DUST)CONCERNALTHOUGHTOMMYGOLDKEPTATIT...WEHADTODEALWITHHIM.”

ADMINISTRATION:NoelHinners NASAOralHistory2010

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LEAVEOPENFORRICKYGUEST

13DEC.WASHINGTONPOST

VIDEO

• http://www.washingtonpost.com/video/national/health-science/apollo-17-left-the-moon-45-years-ago-that-dirty-space-gear-has-a-story-to-tell/2017/12/13/004583cc-e01e-11e7-b2e9-8c636f076c76_video.html

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THINKTESTonHORIZONGLOWIF DUSTHEIGHTIS100cm(asinDDE)

SURVEYOR7“AT” SUNSET:

ISDUSTINDAYORNIGHT?

APOLLO12DDEHORIZON

BRIGHTENINGAFTERSUNRISE

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5-STEPO’BRIENMODEL

1. COHESIVEFORCESSMOOTHSURFACE;

2. ROCKETGASESUNDERSURFACEFREEDUST;

3. FREED DUSTMOBILISESWHENCHARGEDBY

MASSIVESUNRISEPHOTO-ELECTRICEFFECTS

4. COULOMBFORCESLEVITATEFREED DUST;

5. DURINGEACHLUNARNIGHTSOMEDUST

FALLS&RECAPTUREDBYCOHESIVEFORCES

CIRCA1TO2YEARSBEFOREOPTICALSMOOTH

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