PRESENTATION ON

EVOLUTION OF IT

By : Rajat 2249 Manoj 2301 Arushi 2211

Information Technology

Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise.

THERE ARE 4 MAIN ERAS IN THE HISTORY OF IT

The Pre-mechanical Age The Mechanical Age The Electromechanical Age The Electronic Age

The Pre-Mechanical Age(3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.)

First humans communicated only by speaking and drawing pictures

Sumerians made cuneiform

The first numbering systems similar to that used today was invented around 200 A.D. in India consisting of 9-digits.

World’s First Calculator

The Abacus

The Mechanical Age(1450-1840)

Pascal began work on his calculator in 1642. He had been assisting his father who worked as a tax commissioner.

He invented Pascaline.

Pascaline could only add and subtract.

Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine and Analytical Engine that used punched cards

Difference Engine

Analytical Engine

Punch Cards

Lady Augusta Ada Byron

Recognized as “the first programmer”

She foresaw the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number-crunching while others including Babbage, focused only on calculating

The Electromechanical Age(1840-1940)

Voltaic battery by Alessandro volta

Morse Code by samuel morse

The telegraph

The Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell

Herman Hollerith

Developed a mechanical ‘tabulator” based on punched cards in order to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data

Founder of Tabulating Machine Company

IBM ( International Business Machines Corporation )

founded in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Company (CTR)

major producer of punch card tabulating machines in 1911

IBM co-funded the Mark 1 computer together with Harvard University,

built the 701 which had electrostatic storage tube memory, used magnetic tape to store information, and had binary, fixed-point, single address hardware

In 1981, IBM created its first personal home-use computer called the IBM PC

Famous inventions by IBM include the following:

Automated teller machine (ATM) Floppy disk Hard disk drive Electronic keypunch Magnetic stripe card Virtual machine Relational database Universal Product Code (UPC) Financial swap Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Watson artificial intelligence

First Computers

The electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was the world's first programmable computer

Colossus was programmable but It lacked the ability to store its program in memory

SSEM

The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer

The Programma 101, was the first commercial "desktop computer" produced by the company Olivetti

The Electronic Age(1940- present)

First era of vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal storage

The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage

Four main ERAS of digital computing:

The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors

The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The personal comptuer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was developed.

Greatest Innovations by Apple

Apple II - most popular personal computers ever built With it’s innovative software and hardware

i-pod -The iPod has dominated the MP3 player market with its innovative design, and integration with iTunes music store

OS X – features like expose which helps in multi -tasking, Spotlight helps to search for files

MACINTOSH – innovative GUI made Desktop Publishing possible. The Macintosh has evolved into Apple’s current lines of computers, the iMacs , Mac Mini, Macbooks,

IMACS - started with the “blueberry” iMac in 1998.In the new millennium, the iMac has continued to evolve twice, with each system becoming more compact, and more amazing than the last.

Evolution of Operating Systems

The first computers used batch operating systems, in which the computer ran batches of jobs without stop. Programs were punched into cards that were usually copied to tape for processing.

In the 1960s, time-shared operating systems began replacing batch systems. Users interacted directly with the computer via a printing terminal like the Western Electric Teletype. Printing terminals required that programs had character or command-line user interfaces (CLI), in which the user typed responses to prompts or typed commands.

Printing terminals were later replaced by video terminals that could only display fixed size characters.

Personal computers became affordable in the mid 1970s. The Altair 8800, shown here, was the first commercially viable personal computer marketed to individuals.

personal computers with bit-mapped displays that could control individual pixels were developed. These made personal computer with graphical user interfaces

(GUIs) possible. The first commercial success was the Apple Macintosh

Evolution of internet 1957 The US government creates the Advanced Research Projects

Agency (ARPA) in an attempt to become the world leader in science and technology, in relation with the military.

1965 The ARPANET led to the development of protocols for

internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks.

1975 John Vittal develops MSG. This is the first all–inclusive email

program that offers reply, forward and filing capabilities.

1984 The domain name system is developed and the “.com” era is born.

Other domains are also developed including .edu and .gov.

1990 The Internet is introduced to the public. World.std.com

becomes the first company to provide Internet access through dial–up.

1991 The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)

releases World–Wide Web (WWW).

2000 The size of the World Wide Web is estimated to exceed 1

billion pages and Napster, the first large peer 2 peer file sharing website, is in full swing.

2004 Network Solutions offers the one-hundred year domain

name registration.