Introduction

Primary flight control

- Elevator Control System

- Aileron Control System

- Rudder Control System

Secondary flight control

- Elevator Trim Tab System

- Rudder and Aileron Trim Tab System

Auxilliary flight control

- Flap Control System

- High Lift Devices

Introduction

Primary flight control

- Elevator Control System

- Aileron Control System

- Rudder Control System

Secondary flight control

- Elevator Trim Tab System

- Rudder and Aileron Trim Tab System

Auxilliary flight control

- Flap Control System

- High Lift Devices

Aircraft flight control systems consist of flight control

surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkages,

and the necessary operating mechanisms to control an

aircraft's direction in flight. Aircraft engine controls are also

considered as flight controls as they change speed. They can

be divided into three main groups:

- Primary flight control

- Secondary flight control

- Auxilliary flight control

Primary Flight ControlElevator Control System

An elevator is mounted on the back edge of the horizontal

stabilizer on each side of the fin in the tail. They move up and

down together. When the pilot pulls the stick backward, the

elevators go up. Pushing the stick forward causes the

elevators to go down. Raised elevators push down on the tail

and cause the nose to pitch up. This makes the wings fly at a

higher angle of attack which generates more lift and more

drag. Many aircraft use a stabilator — a moveable horizontal

stabilizer — in place of an elevator.

Primary Flight ControlElevator Control SystemDrive or climb

Rotate around lateral axis

Forward and aft. Action

Push / pull rod or cable

An Elevator Control System of a Commercial Aircraft

Primary Flight ControlAileron Control SystemAilerons are mounted on the trailing edge of each wing near

the wingtips, and move in opposite directions. When the pilot

moves the stick left, or turns the wheel counter-clockwise, the

left aileron goes up and the right aileron goes down. A raised

aileron reduces lift on that wing and a lowered one increases

lift, so moving the stick left causes the left wing to drop and

the right wing to rise. This causes the plane to bank left and

begin to turn to the left. Centering the stick returns the

ailerons to neutral maintaining the bank angle. The plane will

continue to turn until opposite aileron motion returns the bank

angle to zero to fly straight.

Primary Flight Control

Aileron Control System

Prevent side slip, skid

Bangking / rolling

Increase and decrease wing cambers

Differential mechanism

Greater up than down

An Aileron Control System Linkage

An Aileron Control System of a Commercial Aircraft

Primary Flight Control

Rudder Control System

The rudder is typically mounted on the back edge of the fin in

the empennage. When the pilot pushes the left pedal, the

rudder deflects left. Pushing the right pedal causes the

rudder to deflect right. Deflecting the rudder right pushes the

tail left and causes the nose to yaw right. Centering the

rudder pedals returns the rudder to neutral and stops the

yaw.

Primary Flight ControlRudder Control System

Secondary Flight ControlElevator Trim Tab System

Elevator trim balances the control force necessary to

maintain the aerodynamic down force on the tail. When

aircraft is flying, a lot of trim could be required to maintain

the desired angle of attack. This mainly applies to slow flight,

where maintaining a nose-up attitude requires a lot of trim.

An important design parameter for aircraft is the stability of

the aircraft when trimmed for level flight. Any disturbances

such as gusts or turbulence will be damped over a short

period of time and the aircraft will return to its level flight

trimmed airspeed.

Trim Tab Up Elevator Down Trim Tab Down Elevator Up

An Elevator Trim Tab System

Secondary Flight Control

Types of Trim Tab System

Secondary Flight ControlRudder and Aileron Trim Tab System

Trim doesn't only apply to the elevator, as there is also trim

for the rudder and ailerons. The use of this is to counter the

effects of slip stream, or to counter the effects of the centre

of gravity being to one side. This can be caused by a larger

weight on one side of the aircraft compared to the other,

such as when one fuel tank has a lot more fuel in it than the

other, or when there are heavier people on one side of the

aircraft than the other.

A Rudder Trim Tab System

Auxiliary Flight ControlFlap Control System

Flaps are hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of the wings of

a fixed-wing aircraft. As flaps are extended, the stalling speed

of the aircraft is reduced. Flaps are also used on the leading

edge of the wings of some high-speed jet aircraft, where they

may be called Krueger flaps. Flaps increase the camber of the

wing airfoil, thus raising the lift coefficient. This increase in lift

coefficient allows the aircraft to generate a given amount of lift

with a slower speed. Therefore, extending the flaps will reduce

the stalling speed of an aircraft. They also increase drag

which helps to slow the aircraft.

Types of flap systems:Krueger flap: hinged flap on the leading edge.

Plain flap: rotates on a simple hinge.

Split flap: upper and lower surfaces are separate, the lower surface

operates like a plain flap, but the upper surface stays immobile or

moves only slightly.

Fowler flap: slides backwards before hinging downwards, thereby

increasing both camber and chord, creating a larger wing surface

better tuned for lower speeds.

Slotted flap: a slot (or gap) between the flap and the wing enables

high pressure air from below the wing to re-energize the boundary

layer over the flap. This helps the airflow to stay attached to the flap,

delaying the stall.

Blown flaps: systems that blow engine air over the upper surface of

the flap at certain angles to improve lift characteristics.

Three Staged Slotted Flap System of a commercial Aircraft

Spoilers

On low drag aircraft like sailplanes,

spoilers are used to disrupt airflow

over the wing and greatly increase

the amount of drag. This allows a

glider pilot to lose altitude without

gaining excessive airspeed.

Spoilers are sometimes called "lift

dumpers". Spoilers that can be

used asymmetrically are called

spoilerons and are able to affect an

aircraft's roll.

High Lift Devices

Rolling Effect by Spoiler

Slats

Slats, also known as Leading Edge Devices, are extensions to the

front of a wing for lift augmentation, and are intended to reduce the

stalling speed by altering the airflow over the wing. Slats may be

fixed or retractable - fixed slats give excellent slow speed and STOL

capabilities, but compromise higher speed performance.

Retractable slats, as seen on most airliners, provide reduced

stalling speed for take-off and landing, but are retracted for cruising.

Leading Edge ExtensionLeading edge extensions or LEX (also referred to as leading edge root extensions or LERX or strakes or chines) are fillets added to the front of a modern fighter aircraft's wings in order to provide usable airflow at high angles of attack. They are typically roughly triangular in shape, running from the leading edge of the wing root to a point near the cockpit along the fuselage. They tend to be fairly small in span, extending out less than a meter. In effect, they are small delta wings grafted onto the front of the normal wings.

Leading edge cuffs are a fixed aerodynamic device employed

on fixed-wing aircraft to modify the airfoil used. They may be

either factory-installed or, more commonly, an after-market

modification. In most cases a leading edge cuff will “droop” the

leading edge of the airfoil. This has the effect of causing the

airflow to attach better to the upper surface of the wing at

higher angles of attack, thus lowering stall speed. This allows

lower approach speeds and shorter landing distances.

Wing vortex generators – In order to reduce the drag caused

by supersonic flow over portion of the wing, small airfoils called

vortex generators are installed perpendicular to the surface of

the wing. They are mounted in complementary pairs. This

causes the vortices being developed to add one another, thus

increasing the effect. On some aircraft, fences are installed on

the wings and elevons. This gives more stability and control of

the aircraft, reduces buffeting, and reduces high-speed stall

characteristics.

B777 Wing Vortex Generator

Wing Fence, Winglet and Wing Tip Vortex