bzupages.com in the name of allah,the most merciful and the most beneficial……
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In the name of Allah,the most Merciful and The most Beneficial……
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Theories of Motivation Theories of Motivation
Presented to: Sir Ahmad Tisman Pasha
Presented By: Madiha Fatima
BS(IT) 07- 07
Department of Information Technology
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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory
Concepts:
Behavior is environmentally caused.
Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by providing (controlling) consequences.
Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.
Concepts:
Behavior is environmentally caused.
Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by providing (controlling) consequences.
Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.
Behavior is a function of its consequences.
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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory
process of shaping behavior by controlling the consequences of the behavior.
combination of rewards and/or punishments
The specific behavioral consequence is called a reinforcer
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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory
Individuals can choose from several responses to a given stimulus, and that individuals will generally select the response that associated with positive outcomes in the past .
Responses to stimuli that are followed by satisfaction will be strengthened, but responses that are followed by discomfort will be weakened .
Internal needs and drives of individuals can be ignored because people learn to exhibit certain behaviors based on what happens to them as a result of their behavior
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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory
Types of reinforcement : Positive Reinforcement : Following a response with something pleasant
Negative Reinforcement : Following a response by termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant
Punishment : attempts to decrease the probability of specific behaviors
Extinction : Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior
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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory
Reinforcement schedules :
Continuous :- Behavior is reinforced each time it occurs
Intermittent :- Each instance of a desired behavior is not reinforced
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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory
Types of intermittent reinforcement schedules:
Fixed interval Fixed ratio Variable interval Variable ratio
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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory
Reinforcement theory is an important explanation of how people learn behavior
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Equity TheoryEquity Theory
Referent Comparisons:
Self-inside
Self-outside
Other-inside
Other-outside
Referent Comparisons:
Self-inside
Self-outside
Other-inside
Other-outside
Equity Theory
Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.
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Equity Theory Equity Theory
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Equity Theory Equity Theory
Choices for dealing with inequity:
1. Change inputs (exert less effort)
2. Change outcomes (increase output)
3. Distort/change perceptions of self
4. Distort/change perceptions of others
5. Choose a different referent person
6. Leave the field (quit the job)
Choices for dealing with inequity:
1. Change inputs (exert less effort)
2. Change outcomes (increase output)
3. Distort/change perceptions of self
4. Distort/change perceptions of others
5. Choose a different referent person
6. Leave the field (quit the job)
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Equity Theory Equity Theory
Propositions relating to inequitable pay:
1. Overrewarded hourly employees produce more than equitably rewarded employees.
2. Overrewarded piece-work employees produce less, but do higher quality piece work.
3. Underrewarded hourly employees produce lower quality work.
4. Underrewarded employees produce larger quantities of lower-quality piece work than equitably rewarded employees
Propositions relating to inequitable pay:
1. Overrewarded hourly employees produce more than equitably rewarded employees.
2. Overrewarded piece-work employees produce less, but do higher quality piece work.
3. Underrewarded hourly employees produce lower quality work.
4. Underrewarded employees produce larger quantities of lower-quality piece work than equitably rewarded employees
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Equity TheoryEquity Theory
Distributive Justice
Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.
Procedural Justice
The perceived fairness of the process to determine the distribution of rewards.
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Equity Theory Equity Theory
Organizational justice
Overall perception of what is fair in workplace
Interactional JusticePerceived degree to which one is treated with dignity and respect
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Equity theoryEquity theory
Model of Organizational justice
Distributive Justice
Procedural Justice
Internal justice
Organizational justice
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Expectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory
Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom)
The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.
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Expectancy Theory RelationshipsExpectancy Theory Relationships
Effort–Performance Relationship– The probability that exerting a given amount of
effort will lead to performance. Performance–Reward Relationship
– The belief that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome.
Rewards–Personal Goals Relationship– The degree to which organizational rewards
satisfy an individual’s goals or needs and the attractiveness of potential rewards for the individual.
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Questions in the mind of workers…
Questions in the mind of workers…
If I gave a maximum effort, will it b recognized in my performance appraisal ?
If I get a good performance appraisal, will it lead to organizational rewards ?
If I rewarded, are the rewards ones that I find personally attractive ?
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Does Expectancy theory works ?Does Expectancy theory works ?
If organization actually rewarded individual For Performance rather than according to criteria Such as seniority, effort, skill level, and job difficulty,
then the theory’s validity might be considerably greater.
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