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C. Difficile Primer for Primary Care and LTC facilities Dr Diane Lu and Dr Kieran Moore KFLA Public Health January 8, 2013

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Page 1: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

C. Difficile Primer for Primary Care and LTC facilities

Dr Diane Lu and Dr Kieran MooreKFLA Public HealthJanuary 8, 2013

Page 2: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Disclosure• No funding from pharmaceutical industry• Do not knowingly own shares in Pharmaceutical industry‐Mutual Funds

• The findings and conclusions represent those of the presenter and may not necessarily represent the official position of Public Health Ontario, KFLA Public Health or of the MOH LTC

Page 3: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Objectives‐Novice to PRO• Understand trends in C. Difficile and become a PRO

• Prevention• Recognition of Cases, Response, Risk assessment in routine practice‐SHEAR

• Optimal Management

Page 4: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Agent: Gram Positive Spore forming anaerobe...perfringens, botulinum,tetany

Page 5: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community
Page 6: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

C Diff Seasonality‐IATROGENIC

Page 7: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community
Page 8: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

NAP 1 toxin production

Page 9: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Outbreak?

Page 10: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

ELISA• Assessment of the A and B toxins by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for toxin A or B (or both) has a sensitivity of 63–99% and a specificity of 93–100%: At a prevalence of 15%, this leads to a positive predictive value (PPV) of 73% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 96%.

Page 11: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

PCR• Detects the gene encoding C Difficile toxin B, tcdB(strains producing only toxin A are rare)

• Very sensitive‐>=, 90 percent, high NPV• Very specific, false positive in less than 2%• Turn around time (TAT) less than 24 hours• Need expertise and expensive• Does NOT differentiate carrier state‐CLINICAL correlation required

Page 12: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Testing

• For all clinical suspicions• Cytotoxin A and or B• PCR may be available‐Public Health Lab• A single negative ELISA test is non‐reliable

Page 13: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

• Who should you not test?

• What should you not test?

• When should you not test?

Page 14: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

CDI testing in Ontario Hospitals

• 38 percent have on site CDI testing• 90 percent have a max TAT of  48 hours• PCR eliminates need for two tests• PCR‐rapid answer, reduced isolation days• PCR needs clinical correlation‐3‐5 percent adult 

colonization

• NOW HOST....

Page 15: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

AHE

Page 16: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Host Risk Factors

• What are these?

Page 17: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

HOST: Risk Factors?‐BEWARE• Increasing age especially > 65 years• History of antibiotic use, particularly fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins and clindamycin

• Use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) • Prolonged hospitalization• Immunocompromised conditions such as illness, immunosuppressive therapy

• Bowel disease such as IBD and bowel surgery

Page 18: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Severe CDI

• Who are most at risk?

Page 19: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Risk factors for severe CDI illness• History of CDI especially if with NAP‐I/B1 strain

• Increasing age• Recent surgery• Immunosuppressive therapy

Page 20: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

CDI

• What are the symptoms?• What are the possible complications?

Page 21: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Symptoms• New onset diarrhea that is unusual or different for the patient with no identified etiology.  It may be watery, mucus or bloody.  

• Abdominal pain, cramping or tenderness• Nausea, anorexia, fever• 3 lose stools in 24 hours‐36 percent of causes of  diarrhea in Hospital

• Differentiate: Nosocomial: 72 hrs, 4 weeks

Page 22: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Toxic Megalcolon

• Fever• Abdominal pain• Shock• Abdominal distension or bloating

• Dehydration• Tachycardia• Possible loss of bowel sounds, 5.5 cm or more

• Decompress or surgery

Page 23: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Treatment• For mild‐moderate (WBC < 15 x 109/L and serum Cr < 1.5 baseline) CDI7:

• Adults:  oral metronidazole (Flagyl) 500mg TID or 250mg QID x 10 days

• For severe (WBC > 15 x 109/L and serum Cr ≥1.5 baseline) CDI7:

• Adults:  oral vancomycin 125mg QID x 10‐14 days

Page 24: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Management• Severe CDI may require hospitalization with IV antibiotics

• Serious sequelae of CDI such as pseudo‐membranous colitis or toxic megacolon may also need to be ruled out

• Consider contacting public health if you have 2 or more cases

Page 25: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Management• Consider treatment of high risk suspicious symptomatic clinical cases with antibiotic pending results and discontinue once confirmed negative on at least 2 separate occasions

• If symptoms persist after completion of antibiotic treatment then samples should be submitted for retesting

Page 26: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Management• Discontinue use of the implicated/inciting antibiotic

• Discontinue use of any laxatives and/or stool softeners

• Review all other medications until clinically improved including PPI

• Symptomatic treatment including rehydration and potentially hypodermoclysis

• Avoid use of anti‐motility/peristaltic agents

Page 27: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

AHE

Page 28: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community
Page 29: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community
Page 30: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Environment....

Page 31: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Environment• High touch areas‐bathroom, toilet, commode , bedpan, knobs, phones

• Twice daily cleaning• Hospital grade disinfectant

• Sporocidal: if ongoing transmission‐accelerated H2O2, hypochlorite

• Deep clean post transfer/discharge

Page 32: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Human Waste Management• Stop use of spray wands• Use bedpan liners• Separate clean from soiled• Assist patients to clean hands• Single stocked rooms‐dedicated equipment, no tape

Page 33: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Your LTC calls you….

Page 34: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

On call :Telephone Call….• 200 bed LTC care facility• Rate had been 0.5  to 2.0 per 1000 patient days over the 

last year• They now state they have seen a significant rise from 

baseline to... 3

• Next steps?

Page 35: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

They are up to their…..in c diff...outbreak management priorities?

Page 36: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Outbreak Management

Page 37: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Management• Implementation of site‐specific infection control protocol for CDI including identification, isolation and contact precautions

• Use of gloves when providing care to residents with CDI

• After glove removal, hand hygiene with preferably soap and water in the presence of a dedicated hand wash sink

Page 38: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

SHEAR Approach• Surveillance‐case definition, thresholds, lab notification

• Hand Hygiene‐rates, contact precautions>48hr• Environmental cleaning‐checklists, sporocidal, audit, ICRT report

• Education‐staff, patients, families, signage• Antibiotic Stewardship‐program, audit• Risk Factors‐Epi triad of Agent , Host, Environment

Page 39: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

patientsafetyontario.net compare

Page 40: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

KEY Resource

Page 41: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Outbreak declared???• Ensure that the rationale for declaring the outbreak is documented.

• Once an outbreak is declared, the health unit will provide the LTC with an outbreak number and will enter preliminary data into iPHISwithin one business day of outbreak notification.

• Is this a true “outbreak”?

Page 42: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Treatment…antibiotic for antibiotic associated illness!

• Stop  inciting antibiotic• Rehydrate• Avoid anti‐motility and peristaltic agents• Metronidazole 250 mg q 6 h, or 500 mg q 8 h for TEN DAYS minimum

• Vancomycin if allergy or non response to metronidazole or if severely ill

• Follow protocols…Kelly NEJM Oct 2008

Page 43: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Population Prevention

• Immunization:• Influenza immunization for everyone!• Especially those over 65 years of age, Staff and VISITORS to LTCF

• Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine:• All residents of nursing homes for the aged and chronic care 

facilities

Page 44: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Why we need to improve in‐patient antibiotic use?

• Antibiotics are misused in hospitals/LTCs• Antibiotic misuse adversely impacts patients and society

• Improving antibiotic use improves patient outcomes and saves money

• Improving antibiotic use is a public health imperative

Page 45: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Antibiotics are misused in hospitals• “It has been recognized for several decades that up to 50% 

of antimicrobial use is inappropriate”– Given when they are not needed– Continued when they are no longer necessary– Given at the wrong dose– Broad spectrum agents are used to treat very susceptible 

bacteria– The wrong antibiotic is given to treat an infection

IDSA/SHEA Guidelines for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programshttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/510393

Page 46: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Antibiotic misuse adversely impacts patients ‐ CDI

• Antibiotic exposure is the single most important risk factor for the development of Clostridium difficile associated disease (CDAD)– Up to 85% of patients with CDAD have antibiotic exposure in the 28 days before infection1

1. Chang HT et al. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28:926–931.

Page 47: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Risk Management‐Active and Passive Immunity

Page 48: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Targeted antibiotic consumption and nosocomial CDI

Valiquette, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:S112.

CHUS; Quebec, 2003-2006

Page 49: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

SHEAR Approach• Surveillance‐case definition, thresholds, lab notification

• Hand Hygiene‐rates, contact precautions>48hr• Environmental cleaning‐checklists, sporocidal, audit, ICRT report

• Education‐staff, patients, families, signage• Antibiotic Stewardship‐program, audit• Risk Factors‐Epi triad of Agent , Host, Environment

Page 50: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

Thanks

• Adam Van Dijk, KFLA Epidemiologist• Amanda Knapp, KFLA PHI ICP• Kingston General Hospital‐Dr. Gerald Evans

Page 51: C. difficile 2013 - sagelink.ca · • PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health care settings • Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community

References• PIDAC Best Practice Document Nov 2007 for Management of C. Diff in all health 

care settings• Ontario Anti‐Infective Guidelines for Community Acquired Infections 2012 

www.mumshealth.com• Control of C. Difficile Outbreaks in Hospitals‐Guide for Hospital and Health Unit 

Staff, Dec 2009 MOH LTC• BCCDC Investigation of C Diff associated disease outbreak at Nanaimo General 

Regional Hospital August 2008• Impact of a Reduction in the Use of High Risk Antibiotics on the Course of an 

Epidemic of Cl. Difficile‐Associated Disease caused by the Hypervirulent NAP1/027 Strain, Valiquette et al, CID 2007 :45

• CDC C Difficile infections Tool kit: Gould and McDonald, December 2009• C Difficile‐More Difficult than Ever, NEJM, 0ct 30th 2008, 359:18 Kelly et al.• A Review of the Epidemiology of Cl. Difficile in Se LHIN and Ontario‐Agnes Tong, 

PHO