BARRIERS IN .MINPLANTATI N ACTIVIT ES

TECHNICAL REPORT No. o4

InO PPD 87/03 REV. 2 (F),ID NTFICATI NOF NYSTYLus spp. (RAMN) POTENCY,DISTRIBUTI N, CONSERVATION AND PLAN ATION ' RRIER

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BARRIERS IN RAMIN

PLANTATIONACTIVITIES

TECHNICAL REPORT No. o4

ITTO PPD 87/03 REV. 2 (F)

IDENTIFICATION OF GoNYSTYLus spp (RAMiN) POTENCY,DISTRIBUTION, CONSERVATION AND PLANTATION BARRIER

Study Team:Dr. Mumiati

Dr. Tati Rostiwati

Ir. Hendromono, M. Phil. ,APU

National Expert:

Dr. 1stomo

MINISTRY OF FORESTRY

CENTERFOR FORESTAND NATURECONSERVATIONRESEARCHAND DEVELOPMENT

IN COOPERATION WITH

INTERNATIONALTROPICALTIMBERORGANIZATION

Bogor - IndonesiaAugust 2005

,

Copyright @ 2005

The publication was funded by project grant from the International Tropical Timber Organization,Yokohama, Japan.

Published byInO PRE-PROJECT PPD 87/03 Rev. 2 (F)Center for Forest and Nature Conservation Research and DevelopmentForestry Research and Development, Ministry of Forestry, IndonesiaJl. Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor - IndonesiaPhone: 62-251-7520067 ext. 209Fax. : 62-25, - 6381/1

E-mail: raininppd87@yahoo. coin

Photo by Study Team, National Expert and Mr. Yoyok (Wetlands)

PREFACE

Rainin (Gonystylus bancanus (Miq) Kurz. ) is one of the most important species growing in tropicalpeat swamp forest in Indonesia. Due to over eploitation, its population decreased sharply in last severalyears. To prevent further degradation of its population and habitats, rainin exploitation has been bannedsince 2001. The permit to harvest rainin is granted to one forest concession only who hold certificate ofsustainable forest management from Indonesia EGO!abeling Institute. In response to this ban, plantationactivities are widely promoted. However, there are several barriers in plantation of rainin. ITTO providesfinancial support to identify those potential barriers through ITFO PPD 87/03 Rev, 2(F). Surveyto identifythe barriers has been conducted in four provinces I. e Riau, Jambi, West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan.

The results indicated that some barriers in rainin plantation include: (I ) Uncertainty of forest areaallocated for rainin, (2). Unavailability of appropriate silviculture technique, (3). Unavailability of seed sources,(4), Irregular Flowering and fruiting of rainin. (5). Short stability of seed, and (6). Lack of incentive to plantrainin at large scale

The above barriers are needed to be overcame in order to promote rainin plantation and rehabilitationsuccess in both Sumatra and Kalimantan.

The project thanks to Dr. 1stomo, Seniorscienties of BogorAgriculture Institute (IPB), Dr. Machfudh,Dr. HarunAI Rasyid, Dr. Herman Daryono, and Dr. ChairilAnwar Siregar, senior researchers of the Centerfor Forest and Nature Conservation Research and Development who have given comments and suggestionsto improve the content of the Technical Report and also to Mr. Agung Presetyo (researcher of CIFOR) whohas proof read this technical report. Contributions from other whose name are riot mentioned are alsogreatly appreciated.

Ir. Taiudin Edy Komar, M. Sc.Project Coordinator

TECHNICAL REPORT

ABSTRACT

Indonesia has the fourth largest peat forest in theworld and the firstlargest tropical peat. One of thefamous tree species in peat-land forests is rainin(Gonysty/us bancanus (Miq) Kurz. ). Because of anover exploitation, the rainin population have beendecreasing sharply and the species tend to benearly extinct. Since the year of 2001, logging andtrading of rainin trees harvested from natural foresthad been prohibited. The exception is given to theforest concessionaires which hold eco-label

certificate. In addition, rainin is listed in Appendix 11of the CITES in the year 2004. Conserving raininand its habitat is needed in order to fulfill the wood

demand by establishing rainin plantation in eitherproduction or conservation forest areas. Therefore,it is n ecessary to identified barriers i n raininplantation activities, The ITFO Pre-Project PPD 87103 Rev. 2 (F) (Identification of rainin plantation

activities and plantation barriers) with the objectiveis to provide sufficient data on rainin plantationactivities and plantation barriers was carried out fromFebruary to April2005 by means of literature reviewand field survey. Direct observation includinginterview of resource personswas conducted in fourprovinces, where peat-swamp forests and raininspecies existed, i. e. Riau, Jambi, West Kalmantanand Central Kalimantan. The barriers in establishingand developing rainin plantation consist of internaland external factors. There are three main barriers

cause in achievement of sustainable peat-swampforest management, namely uncertainty of forestarea s tatus, n of w ell-mastered i n silvicultural

technique and in availability of feasibility study onsocio-economic and environmental aspects. Severalprograms and activities have to be conducted to

overcome the main barriers in rainin plantationactivities

TECHNICAL REPORT...

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LIST OF CONTENTS

PR EFAC E .....,......................,,.................,,...........,............,......................,..

ABSTRACT ,.....,...............,,.....,.........,.,,...........,......

LIST O F C O N TE NTS ..............,...,..........,,,.................................

LI ST O F TAB L E S ....................,.......,,.......,,...............,........,............,,,.

LIST OF FIGURES .,........

L 1ST OF APP E N D IC ES .............,,........... .........---------...-. .....,,.."""""""""""""""""I INTRODUCTION

I . I . Ba ckg ro und . .......,......,............,.............,...... ....,...........,...........,............,

1.2. Objective . .

I ,3 . Meth o d s , ..,.......-----...---"""""""""""""""""' """""""""" """""""""'

11 LITERATURE REVIEW ON RAMIN PROPERTIESAND MANAGEMENT ...............,....

2.1 . Botanical Properties, Ecology and Growth Behavior .......... .......,...,,...... ..,,.....

2.2. Forest Management and SIIviculture

2.3. Uses and Feature of Wood and Non-Wood Product of Rainin ....,........,...... .........

in RAMIN PLANTATION BARRIER BASED ON FIELD SURVEY .........................,.,.......

3 . I . I riternal Facto rs . ..........,.................------------,,......"""""""""""""""""""""'

I . Technical aspect

2 . EGOlog i cal as pect . ....,,......,......,,.............,.....................,............,.............

3. Tra nsfer of kn owledge a rid skill ........ .....,.... . . . ...... . ..... ....,,. . . . ..........

3.2 . E x t e r n a I F a cto rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . , . . . . . . . . . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

I . Social and cultu re aspects . .. . .. . . . ...... ., . .. ..... . . . . ,.,,. .

2. Economic and business aspects ..,....

3 . P O Iicy aspect . ......,.................,......,.................,..........,. .........,..........,,.

IV AN ALYSIS AN D DISC U S SIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , . . . . . . . . . . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . .

v c ON CL us 10N AN D R EC O M M E N DATiON . . .,,,,. .. .......... . . .......,,. . . . .......... . . ...... .. .. . .....5.1. Conclusion ......,

5.2. Recoin in e n d at ion . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REFERENCES

AP P E N D IC E S , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .

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TECHNICAL REPORT V

LIST OF TABLES

Table a . Main barriers, barriers encountered and activities for overcoming raminIantation barrie rs . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Vl LISTOF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure , . Description of Gonystylus bancanus (Miq. ) Kurz. I. tree habit; 2. sterile twig;3, flower; 4, sectioned flower; 5, dehisced fruit. ........

Figure 2. Rainin (Gonys^jus bancanus (Miq. ) Kurz. ), A. the wood B. the barkFigure 3. Three main barriers in rainin plantation activities cause in achievement of

sustainable peat-swamp forest management

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TECHNICAL REPORT Vll

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix I . Internal constrains in rainin plantation activities ............................. ...................,.Appendix 2. External constrains in rainin plantation activities .................................................

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Vll, LIST OF APPENDICES

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Industrial plantation forest (Hutan Tanaman Industri/IPF) have been developed since 1985 in line withdecreasing of wood supply from natural rain forest.The main purpose of IPF establishment was toguarantee supply of raw material of forest productindustry such as construction wood, pulp, rayonand paper a s well as luxury woods. The otherpurpose was to decrease deforestation of naturalforest. However, supply of wood materials, whichwas hopefully fulfilled from the IPF was not realizedsince the wood production from the IPF was stilllow. Based o n data f rom the Direktorat Bina

Pengembangan Hutan Tanaman, DirektoratJenderal Bina Produksi Kehutanan, production ofwood from the IPF was only 3.5million in' per year.On the other hand, estimated supply of wood fromthe IPF started from the year of 2000 reached 90million in '1year, with a ssumption that wood'svolume increment was 15 myha/year (Suseno,2000). The low production of plantation forest,among others because of slowly p rogress ofplanting activities (the IPF areas up to the year200,was only I. 93 million hectares from 6.2 millionhectares of planned area), less fertile o f theplantation land, low quality of planting stock andun-appropriate species-site matching.

So far, establishment of IPF was only in dryland forest areas by planting dryland tree species.There is still less attention to peat-swamp forestas a habitat of peat-swamp tree species. Although,condition of t he peat-swamp forest h as beendegrading and the potency has been declining toan apprehensive level

Degradation offorest caused by uncontrolledlogging, forest fire and forest conversion to otheruses increases continuously, Deforestation rate inIndonesia in the period of 1985 to 1997 reached17 million ha per year (FWl/GFW, 2001), whereasin 1999/2000, more than 2.3 million ha forest have

been destroyed (Departement Kehutanan, 2003).Smoke haze that is produced by forest fire is oneof the important negative effects offorestfire to thehealth of human being and environment. Forest fire,whichis happens every yearduring dryseason hascaused environmental problem riot Only forIndonesia but also for neighbour countries. Forestfire will produce bigger smoke if it happens in peatforest. Indonesia has the fourth largest peat forestin the world and the first largest tropical peat. Onefamous tree species in the peat-land forest is rainin(Gonyst^us bancanus (Miq. ) Kurz. ). In the year ofI983, Forestry Department estimated that the areaof peatforest, which has potency of rainin was morethan f 3 million hectares. Therefore, Indonesiarepresents the biggest producer of ramin wood inthe world and then is followed by Malaysia(Peninsular of Malaysia, Sabah and Serawak).

Rainin (G. bancanus) is a luxury treespecies. High demand of this wood has lead to overexploitation that had been occurred during last twodecades. Hence, the rainin population decreasedsharply and the species tended to be nearly extinctBy comparison of two series of data (data in yearsof 1983 and 2002) about area of peat-swamp forestand rainin potency, it was estimated that the peat-swamp forest area decreased to be 53.6% andrainin potency declined to be 11.4 % of the initialpotency (Bismark at a1,2005. in press).

In order to protect the population of rainin innature, since the year of 2001 there had been aban on rainin logging and trade (moratorium of raminlogging and trade) based on decree of ForestryMinister No. 1271Kpts-IV/2001, except for forestconcession right holder which had got eco-labelcertificate could conduct logging byrecommendation from Lembaga 11mu PengetahuanIndonesia (LIPl/Indonesian Institute of Science).Based on t he CITES c onference in B angkok,Thailand 3 to 14 October 2004, the rainin wood wasincluded into Appendix " of the CITES (An onjinous,

TECHNICAL REPORT

2004). This means that trading of ramin wood hasto be controlled internationally and logging of rainincan be conducted on plantation forest or inari madeforest only. Consequently, ramin plantation has tobe established and developed in large scales. Raininplantations should be established either inproduction forest or in conservation forest areasPlantation of rainin in production forest areas ismainly aimed to provide rainin woods, both fordomestic and international consumers, Whereas,

the purpose of rainin plantation in conservation areasis to conserve rainin population and it's habitat.

Establishment of rainin plantation requirescomprehensive knowledge and skill especially onsilviculture aspect b y field manager and s taff.Besides, plantation barriers that may be occurredshould be identified. Further, programs and activitiesto study and to solve the identified barriers have tobe constructed,

District Forestry Services, State a rid PrivateCompanies as well as non-governmentorganizations. The review was focussed onconstrains and p roblems in r amin plantationactivities, including forest management andsilviculture, properties and uses of wood and non-wood product of rainin.

Field survey was conducted by means ofinterview and direct observation. Method used to

determine respondent institutions was purposivestratified sampling. There were Ihree strata o frespondent's institutions, i. e. g over ninent (asregulator and/or executor), company and n on-government organizations ( as executors). T hegovernment institutions w ere province/districtforestry services where peat-swamp forest and raminspecies existed, and other organizations that wereinvolved in rainin plantation activities. There wereI4 institutions of respondents: 10 governments, 3companies and I non-government institution in fourprovinces, namely Riau, Jambi. West and CentralKalimantan. The total respondents were 18 persons,The direct observation was also carried out in those

four provinces at several sites of rainin plantations.The identified barriers were tabulated and

classified as internal and external factors. Further,those data were analyzed by using a problem treediagram to determine the main barriers in raminplantation activities in Indonesia, Finally, programsand activities that should be conducted to studyand to solve the barriers were constructed.

This report presents data and information onbarriers that may be faced in establishing raininplantation forest as well as programs and activitiesthat should be conducted to studyand to overcomethe barriers.

I. 2. Objective

The objective of the ITTO Pre-Project PPD 87/03Rev. 2 (F) Identification of ramin plantation activitiesand plantation barriers, especially for activity 1.2.2is to provide sufficient data on rainin plantationbarriers.

,. 3. Methods

Activities of the trio Pre-Project PPD 87/03 Rev. 2(F) Identifications of rainin plantation activities andplantation barriers were carried out from Februaryto April2005. There were two methods used, i. e.literature review and field survey. Literature reviewwas conducted in National Library, Library of LIPl,Research institutions, Universities, Province and

2 INTRODUCTION

11. LITERATURE REVIEW ON RAMIN

PROPERTIESAND MANAGEMENT

2.1. Botanical Properties,Ecology and GrowthBehavior

Review and current status o f rainin p Iantationactivities has been discussed in the technical reportof activities 12.1. Raininis the trade name of timber

from a group of species, which belong to Gonystylusgenus. Although it has 30 species, however, thereare only 6 or 7 species, which are known as largetrees. One of those species is Rainin (G.bancanus). Rainin is known and very popular bothinterms of timber quality and value. Aramin tree isecologicalIy and momhologically easyto recognizein forests. The freshwater swamp or peat swampforest habitat appears to be almost unique in thegenus (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1994).

The ecology of the most important speciesG bancanus differs from the others. In a few heath

forests on podzol, G bancanus is often found inassociation with Calophyllum spp, Dryobalanopsspp, Kompasia malaccensis, and Shorea spp withtrunk d laineter is usually less than 75 c in. G.bancanus prefers flat land withoutinfluence of tidalwater and a n acid, rather poorly drained soil(Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1994).

Appearance of rainin tree in the forest is veryimpressive and easy to be identified. The height ofrainin trees are up to 42 in tall. The boles arecylindrical, straight. branchless for up to 21 in. Thetrunk diameter up to 60.20 cm, buttresses arethick if present. The bark surfaces are smooth tocracked, shallowly fissured or scaly, dull gray tored-brown or dark brown in color, occasionally withwhite patches. The inner bark is yellow, brown, pinkor orange, laminated or fibrous, with glisteningslightly irritating fibers on the cut surface. The twigsare striate, black or chocolate brown, pendulous(Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1995). Inner bark

contains numerous fine, brittle fibers, which break

off andirritate the skin (Anonymous, ,953).

Rainin trees are reported not produce fruitevery year (Supriyanto and Wit^kson0, I994) andthe fruiting s eason is different among v ariouslocations ( A1rasyid and S oerianegara, 1978).Flowering and fruiting of G bancanus trees are atcomparatively short but irregularintervals, In WestKalimantan the flowering time is August to Octoberand i n Central Kalimantan during April to M ay.Soediarto at at (1963) reported that rainin produceflowers in some regions during February to Marchand in the other regions in September to October.After 2 to 3 months of flowering season, fruitingseason of ramin trees was coining. In WestKalimantan ramin trees were fruiting during Octoberto December and the fruit will be mature f rom

December to January (A1rasyid and Soerianegara,1978). According to Soediarto at 81. (1963) ramintrees produced fruit from May to June

Rainin s eeds have t he characteristic o f

recalcitrant (Supriyanto and Wit^kson0, 1994).Therefore, they must be planted as soon as possibleafter collecting. The germination vigor will reducesharply when the seeds are stored for more thantwo weeks without treatments. Water content of

the seeds should be maintained during itstransportation from the forest by putting the seedsin a moist gunnysack under shading. Kanik0 (1998)reported the seeds could be stored mixed wi!h moistsawdust in a covered plastic bag in a room withtemperature 18 to 20'C for two weeks to maintainthe germination vigor higher than 80%. Actually, thegermination vigor of the seeds can be kept higherthan 80% for three months period of storage, butseveral of the seeds will germinate during thoseperiod. Hence, to avoid a bent stem, the storagebag should be substituted with an impermeable box.Figure I described a rainin tree, the twig, the flowerand the fruit.

TECHNICAL REPORT 3

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Figure I . Description of Gonystylus bancanus (Miq. ) Kurz. I .tree habit; 2. sterile twig; 3, flower;4, sectioned flower; 5, dehisced fruit.

Source, . Soerianegara and Leminens. 1994.

2.2. Forest Management andSilviculture

In Indonesia, rainin peat-swamp natural forest ismanaged through the Indonesian selective fellingand planting system regulation (TPTl silviculturalsystem). Based on Decree of Directorate Generalof Forest Utilization number 5641Kpts/IV-BPHH/I989 and number 241Kpts/IV-SeV96, limit diameterof tree cutting in peat-swamp forest was 40 cm anda cutting cycle was 40 years' At least 25 healthytrees per ha with the trunk diameter more than 20cm should be left as core trees.

Access to the swamp forest, where rainingrows is often very difficult because of the spongysoil, stagnating water and the presence of fallenbranches and trees. The trees are mostly harvestedmanually but chain saws are used for felling andcross cutting, Logs are hauled on wood sleds by

man's power. Then the logs are transported to logyard b y railway. During t he logging a ctivities,usually the felled tree destroy the seedlings orsaplings of various species, including rainin. Soselective cutting is not only reduce the number ofold trees, but also young trees (seedlings a ridsaplings).

As required by TPTl guideline, after logging,forest concessionaires (HPH) should do plantingon felling areas or other open areas. However, thesuccess was difficult to evaluate due to low

accessibility o f the area. The c oncessionairesnormally carried out regularassessment of standingstocks before and after felling. However, the outputis rarely verified by local government and neverpublished as data and information validly,

Soerianegara and Lemmens (, 994)suggested that in order to halt the over exploitationof ramin natural forest, the amount of harvested and

4

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LITERi\TURE REVIEW ON RAMIN PROPERTIES AND MANAGEMENT

traded timber should be restricted. Logged overforest should be regenerated by means ofenrichment planting, and large areas of swampforest should be designated as protected reserves,

Soeharlono and Mardiastuti (2002) reportedthat efforts to control international trade and toconserve ramin has been proposed at the beginningof 1992 in order to include rainin to Appendix 11CITES. At that time, I ridonesia a rid Malaysiasuccessfully fought against the proposal, arguingthat the population status of rainin was in no waythreatened. On 11 April2001, through the Ministerof Forestry, Indonesia decide to impose a ban onany attempts to log rainin and trade the species forboth domestic and export markets. Simultaneously,Indonesia transmitted a notification to the CITESSecretariat that I ridonesia's rainin populationsshould be i ncluded in Appendix 1/1 ( MinisterialForestry Decree No. I 271Kpts-V/2001 ). At present,there is only one concessionaire, which is allowedto harvest rainin, and has received a certificate ofsustainable harvest namely, PT. Diamond RayaTimber. In 2004, based on the CITES conference inBangkok, Thailand, the rainin wood was in dudedinto Appendixllofthe CITES (Anonymous, 2004).

Based on the results of data collection on

current status of plantation activities indicated thatrainin plantation on the field was very limited andthe rainin plantations were still within research orplanting trial scales. The problems were uncertaintyof forest areas status due to forestland conversionor forestland occupation, low accessibility of theareas, ramin cutting cycle is very long, scarce ofseed source, flood and fire. Nevertheless, basedon several literature reviews and field survey, thepropagation and producing of rainin planting stockswere riot difficult, especially through shoot cutting.However, sources of seeds and wildlings for cuttingwere become problems due to mother trees or raininseed stand was rare.

Political w ill of t he g over ninents, eithercentral or local forestry agencies are needed tosupport and to achieve sustainable forestmanagement especially in peat-swamp forest ashabitat of ramin species.

2.3. Uses and Feature of Woodand Nori-Wood Product ofRain i n

The timber of rainin is highly prized and popular asa decorative cabinet timber. Generally, it is suitablefor f urniture, interior d ecoration such a s wallpaneling, lightflooring, toys, turnery, broom handlesand other non-impact handles, Venetian blind SIats,dowels, rulers, picture frames and drawing boards.Rainin wood can be used for light constructionsunder cover such as door and window frames,

mouldings, skirtings, ceilings, partitions, s tairtreads and counter tops (Mariawijaya at a1, 1986),Various other applications are planks, barrels, boxesand shipboards. Rainin is very suitable for veneer,plywood and blackboard manufacture and can bemade into a satisfactory quality of particleboard(Soerianegara and Lemmens, 4994).

The resin jin pregnated pathologicalheartwood of several species is well known as'gaharu' or 'kayu garu' and is used as incense oustlike Aquilariaspp. The pounded fruits are sometimesused as a fish poison. A decoction of the roots ofseveral species is administered after childbirth asa protective medicine (Soerianegara and Lemmens,I994).

Soerianegara and Lemmens (1994) reported,good veneer can be produced from rainin wood atpeeling angle of 92' 30' without pretreatment, butmild soaking in hot water renders peeling easier.Rainin wood is easy to work with hand tools aswell as machines. It is easy to saw and plane inboth green and drycondition, It can be easily workedinto smooth mouldings. Turning gives quite goodresults, but boring produces rough surfaces. Thewood can be stained and polished well, and gluedwith all types of glue, Rainin is prone to splittingwhen nailed, so pre-boring is recommended.

Ramin is a lightweight to moderately heavyhardwood. The heartwood is white to yellowish-whiteoryellow, sometimes weathering to straw-colored,and not distinctly demarcated from the 3-6 cm thicksapwood. The grain is straight or shallowly

TECHNICAL REPORT 5

Interlocked, texture moderately fine to moderatelycoarse and even, The wood surface is slightlylustrous and lacks a conspicuous figure. Rainindries fast, but it is slightly susceptible to endsplitting, cupping and warping. The use of an endcoating can minimize end splitting (Soerianegaraand Lemmens, 1994),

The wood is susceptible to blue stain andambrosia beetle attack, but resistant to dry-woodtermites and wood-rotting fungi is poor. Rainin is,however, easy to treat with preservatives. Theinner bark contains numerous fine brittle fibres,

which may cause skin and eye irritation, and wooddust has been reported to cause occupationalasthma. Fresh wood has an unpleasant smell. Indepots the logs are sprayed with preservatives.This is necessary, as they are very susceptible toblue stain and insect attack. In Sarawak a mixture

Of benzene hexachloride, sodium

pentachlorphenate, borax and water (5:1:2:, 0) isused fordipping, in West Kalimantan agrocide (1/3kg/in ), borax (1/3 kg/in ) and sodiumpentach!orpheny1 (2 kg/inI) (Soerianegara andLemmens. I 994). Figure 2 describes the raininwood and the bark.

According to Soerianegara and Lemmens(1994), some timbers which are good substitutesfor rainin, e. g. perupok (Lophopetalum spp. ),which is particularly harvested in East Kalimantan,Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. L.Juss. ) Muell. Arg, ) seems to be a promisingsubstitute, as it can be planted easily, growsrapidly and has fairly similar wood properties. Itwas already planted on a large scale for theproduction onjinber.

Figure 2, Rainin (Gonystylus bancanus (Miq. ) Kurz. ), A. the woodSource : Martawjaya et a1. ,I986

LITERATURE REVIEW ON RAMIN PROPERTIES AND MANAGEMENT

B. the bark.

1/1. RAMIN PLANTATION BARRIER

BASED ON FIELD SURVEY

Attention, k nowledge and skill about w etland,especially peat-swamp forest management are stilllack up to now, while the area is a habitat of manycommercial tree species as source of raw materialof forest product industry. Peat-swamp area as ahabitat of rainin tree species has specificcharacteristics. such as influenced by up and downof the tides, influenced by the depth of peat soil, aswell as low fertility of the peat soil. Forest fire inpeat-swamp area cause to decrease of the peatdepth, then layer of hard and watertight mineral soilwill be e xposed ( Bastoni a rid S ianturi, 2000)Consequently, roots of plants have difficulties todevelop. Changing c ondition of rainin habitatecosystem will affect in decreasing the capacity ofrainin to regenerate.

Considering the specific rainin habitat, growbehavior and plantation management, plantationbarrier can be classified into two major factors, i. e.internal and external factors. In the following part,constrains of rainin plantation will be discussedbased on data and information collected from the

field of four provinces where peat~swamp forestexisted, namely Riau, Jambi, West Kalimantan andCentral Kalimantan, Besides, reasons for plantingand not planting of rainin trees are also discussed.

Detail of t hose internal c on strains and

stakeholders, who faced those c on strains is

presented in Appendix I .

I. Technical aspect

The t echnical aspect c omprises t he f o110wingin atIers :

3.1. Internal Factors

I . SIIvicultural technique, starting from seedharvesting, seed treatments, propagationtechnique, nursery, seed transportation,planting technique, tending of plants untilwood harvesting.

2. Techniques of land preparation to constructnursery infrastructure, inspection road,road for planting stocks and forestproducts transportation.

Based on discussion and interview with several

resource persons (experts) in the four provinces,among others are Forestry Service officials, Headof research institutes. researchers, forestconcessionaires, as well as n on governmentorganizations, constrains faced in rainin plantationactivities can be summarized into three aspectsas follows:

I. Technical aspect2. Ecological aspect3. Aspect on transfer of knowledge and skill.

Scarce of seed stand as a source of

seedlings was occurred in the most areas surveyed.As stated in Chapter I, decreasing of rainin potencyup to 11.45% compared to the initial potency. Thisdata in line with most information obtained from

resource persons that mature trees of rainin thatusually bear fruits and seeds were scarce. Actually,planting stock of rainin can be produced fromwildling and shoot cutting. However, technology ofthe shoot cutting has not been understood yet,neither at province/district level staff nor at field levelstaff. Rainin trees do not bear fruit annually andwildlings with right size as a planting stock are notavailable over the time. The verylow increment orvery slow growth of rainin become a crucial barrierin developing rainin plantation. It needs a breakingtechnology to boost the rainin's growth. Raininneeds different light intensity during the stages ofthe growth. When rainin was young, it needs shadeand gradually it needs full light after reaching adultstage. Planting technique is the other constrain inrainin plantation, On peat soils that usually flooded,rainin seedlings should be planted on piled soils.

TECHNICAL REPORT 7

The guideline of rainin plantation activitieshave been published by Soerianegara and A1rasjid(1976), but the information about rainin's growth innatural or in artificial environment is not complete.This is caused by the fact that demonstration plotfor rainin planting trial has not been available insufficient quantity and ages to support plantingguidelines comprehensiveIy.

Peat-land is the unique medium for rainin, interms of physical or chemical aspects (soil fertility).Peat soil is dominated by water, the solidcomponent is small in amount (with bulk density0.1 - 0.2 91cm'), This condition cause the difficultieson s up porting facilities construction, which a reotherwise easily in the case of dryland, for instanceconstruction of physical building inspection road,transportation road, etc. Based on experiences,silviculture activities on LOA depended very muchon the existence of railroad. It will very difficult toconduct plant tending if the railroad has beendismantled. If the railroad is maintained, beside the

need for expensive investment, it will need expensivemaintenance, particularly forthe use of sleeper thatconsumes small trees. Effort to construct limited

amount of canal, probably could be conducted, butthe danger of subsidence and over-drainage isalways threatening. It should always be borne inmind that subsidence and over-drainage reduce thevolume of peat and volume of water, as well as thesoil fertility, because the nutrient that is producedfrom decomposition is accumulated in the peatliquid.

National Park. During dry season the peat soilbecome dry and inflammable, during rainy seasonsurface of the peat soil is inundated and causesmall ramin plants dead. Actually, this constraincan be solved by planting ramin seedling on a pileof soil, but this is costly. Canalization of peat-swamp area that was done in Riau and CentralKalimantan lead to susceptible peat soil on theforest fire. Further, the surface of the burnt peatsoil will be decreased up to 50 cm at deep peatand up to I in at shallow peat (Bastoni and Sianturi,2000). Then, layer of hard and watertight mineralsoil will be exposed and roots of plants difficult todevelop.

Based on the field observation, cutting rainintrees are rapidly and easily attacked by stern borerbeetle (Ambrosia beetle) and need additional costfor spraying to protect the wood. Sometimes ifinsecticide, which is not environmentally friendly isused, then there will be a new problem arising.

2. Ecological aspect

Ecological aspect comprises of interrelationbetween rainin's g rowth behavior a rid the s itecharacteristics. As has been known. rainin growsspecifically in peat-swamp forest. Tropical peat-soilsthat are originated from trees, occur in thick peat(up to 17 in deep). In such site, source of inundationwater is only rainfall, and this is the reason whythetropical peat-land (commonly found in Indonesia)is categorized as poor in nutrient.

High fluctuation and long period of floodoccurred in peat-swamp forest area is a crucialproblem in Jambi Province, particularly in Berbak

3. Transfer of knowledge and skill

Ecology and silviculture of rainin as well aspropagation and planting technologies have beenunderstood comprehensive Iy at t he researchinstitute. However, knowledge and skill on thosesubjects need to be transferred to the users byconducting specific trainings on rainin plantationcovering planting stock propagation. planting andmaintenance techniques. It includes skill inpreparing and making the soilpiles. Manual of rainincultivation technique is crucial to be produced anddisseminated.

8 RAMIN PLANTATION BARRIER BASED ON FIELD SURVEY

3.2.

Based on discussion and interview with similar

resource persons (experts) in the four provinces,there are constrains in rainin plantation activitiesunder external factors. These can be classified into

three aspects and listed in Appendix 2. The threeaspects are:

External Factors

I.

2.

3.

Social and culture

Economic and business

Policy

I. Social and culture aspects

Social and culture aspects become constrains toestablish and develop rainin plantation since thelocal communities do not have habitual in cultivatingtimber trees. They prefer not to plant rainin treessince this species take long period without additionalproduct, T he community u sually gather f orestproduct, either wood or nori-wood product.Participation of local community in timber treescultivation with no additional products generally islow. It caused they are still have opportunity to getwood and other forest product from natural forestareas. T hey p refer to p Iant timber t rees withadditional products such as latex or fruits. Thoseadditional products can be harvested routinelyandbe used as sources of family income (monthly orweekly income). Planting of rainin trees is notbeneficial forthem, even though some of them usepounded fruits of rainin for fish poison and decoctionof the roots for protective medicine after childbirth.However, such utilizations have n ot reached a

commercial scale yet,

In contrary, rainin bark contains brittle fiber,which break easily and is able to irritate humanskin causing itchiness and swollen skin.Psychologically, this phenomenon makes peopletend to avoid close contact with the trees, and evenprobably they are reluctant to plant it.

management. For that reason, low motivation toinvest capital in rainin plantation was occurred inIndonesia. Even though rainin wood is high value,but companies or common people are prefer to plantfast growing multipurpose tree species, such astengkawang (Shorea sp. ) orjelutung (Dyeralowii)that can produce fruits o r latex as additionalproducts. As an alternative, governmentinterventions in form of subsidize or incentive is

needed to establish rainin plantation forest or mixplantation forest between multipurpose tree speciesand rainin.

A study on economic aspect of raininplantation is necessary to carry out, especiallyrelated to b us iness feasibility. D emand of t hemarket on ramin wood is high with very high pricebecause it's superiority. particularly in terms ofdecorative aspect. Rainin is categorized asluxurious wood, in the next rank after ebony.Therefore, a large scale i nvestment i n r aminplantation with high risk of failure, is still debate.

2. Economic and business aspects

There are several barriers in terms of economic and

business aspects stated by resource persons inestablishing and developing rainin plantation. Themain barrier is the inari made forest of rainin is riot

feasible. This is because of very long life cycle ofrainin (more than 50 years) and very high cost, eitherfor initial establishment or for maintenance and

monitoring of the plantation. Peat-swamp forest ashabitat of ramin has specific feature, and it needsspecial treatments i n order t o establish raminplantation, such as construction of soil piles andrailway tracks. The long period of nursery, usuallyaround 12 months, will also increased the cost of

ramin plantation. Long life cycle of rainin plantationaffect to uncertainty of the irisvestment, it relatedto government policy o n the forest and timber

3. Policy aspect

Inconsistency of government policy on forest areaor forestland management is the main barrier todevelop rainin plantation. Forest enterprises needguarantee on definite forest area status, especiallyfor rainin plantation with verylong time of life cycle.It required consistency on land or forest area status,timber and forest product management as well asinternational timber trade policy. Law enforcementon illegal logging and forest encroachment was theother constrains to establish and to keep raininplantation forest saved until harvesting time.

According to s Iaff and h ead of F orestryService of Central and West Kalimantan Provinces,planting of rainin species was contra-productive,because it was not permitted to exploit the rainintrees. Rainin should be planted in conservationforest areas, not in production forest area. Otherbarrier to plant rainin species was national or localgovernment were not give priority to plant ramin inNational Movement of Forest and Land

Rehabilitation (GERHAN)Result of the stakeholdersinterviewed on why

rainin species be planted and not be planted shows:

TECHNICAL REPORT 9

. Reasons for planting rainin species were:(I ) as conservation effort, (2) to achievesustainability of rainin forest, (3) toparticipate on rehabilitation of burnt peat-swamp f orest area, ( 4) to rehabilitateunproductive and burnt peat-swamp forestarea, (5) as a research activity, (6) the areawas rainin's habitat, (7) rainin has a higheconomic value, (8) rainin is anendangered species and (9) rainin is aprotected species.

. Reasons for not planting rainin specieswere: (1) there was n o a governmentprogram for developing rainin plantation,(2) cultivation technique of rainin speciesis riot be understood, (3) rainin species isriot provide additional products or income,and (4) cutting cycle of rainin stand wasvery long.

10 RAMIN PLANTATION BARRIER BASED ON FIELD SURVEY

N. ANALYSISAND DISCUSSION

Chapter lidescribed management and silvicultureof peat-swamp forest, properties and uses of woodand non-wood product o f r amin. C hapter 1/1discussed internal and external barriers in rainin

plantation activities. In this Chapter, main barriersin establishing and developing rainin plantation willbe analyzed by using a problem tree diagram. Tostudy and to o vercome those in ain barriers,programs and activities that should be conductedwere also discussed,

Based on s Gales and p Iantation areas,barriers I n e stablishing and developing r aminplantation a s described i n Chapter 111 can bedifferentiated into three categories:

I . Enrichment planting in natural forest, covering:* Silviculture techniques are riot well-mastered

yet

* No monitoring and evaluation caused by verylow accessibility of the area,

^ Lack of control by the government* Lack of law enforcement on TPTl

implementation* Conflict of land u se and threat of forest

conversion for other uses.

* High of deforestation rate and landdegradation caused by fire

* Difficult to find seed sources and plantingstocks in a big scale

* No additional product of rainin species^ Very low growih increment* A unique habitat of peat-swamp forest (peat

soil and flooded)* Low accessibility of the peat-swamp forest

3. Plantation activities at research scale, covering:* Limited research period or no continuous of

the research

* Limited volume or size of the research

* Threat of forest conversion for other uses,

* Limited seeds s ource (scarce of raminmother trees and they do not produce fruitsevery year)

* Low accessibility of the peat-swamp forestarea

* Very low growth increment* A unique habitat of peat-swamp forest (peat

soil and flooded)+ High risk forenvironmentatimpactdueto peat

land clearing or land preparation forestablishment of plantation forest.

+ Fertility of peat soil is categorized as poor.

Analysis of all barriers described above byusing a problem tree diagram lead to three mainbarriers, i. e. :

I. Uncertainty o f forest a rea status a rid lawenforcement.

2. Notwell-mastered in silvicultural technique3. Unavailability offeasibility study on SOCio-

economic and environmental aspects.Those three main barriers cause in

achievement of sustainable peat-swamp f orestmanagement as presented in Figure 3.

2. Plantation forest in a big scale, consisted of :* Conflict of land u se and threat of forest

conversion for other uses.

* High of deforestation rate and landdegradation caused by fire

* A financial analysis .(a feasibility study) isnot available yet

* Technologies to improve rainin habitat arenot available yet

* Insufficient law enforcement

area

TECHNICAL REPORT 11

In attainment of sustainable

peat-swamp forest managementfor rainin.

Uncertainty offorest

areas status andlaw enforcement.

Figure 3.

Grouping of barriers found in rainin plantingin the field, into three main barriers, eitherenrichment planting in natural peat-swamp forestor plantation forest in a commercial scale, together

Not well- masteredin sitvicultural

technique

Three main barriers in rainin plantation activities cause inachievement of sustainable peat-swamp forest management

Unavailability offeasibility study on

socio-economic and

environmental aspects

with research and activities that should be done to

overcome e ach main b amer, are I 1sted in t hefollowing Table I.

,2 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Table I . Main barriers, barriers encountered and activities for overcoming rainin plantation barriersMain bamers

Uncertainty offorest areastatus and lawenforcement.

Barriers encountered in the field.

. Conflict of land use and threatof forest conversion for otheruses.

. Lack of control by thegovernment

. Lack of law enforcement on

TPTl implementation. High of deforestation rate and

land degradation caused by fire. Insufficient jaw enforcement

Not well-mastered insilvicuitural

technique

. Silviculture techniques are notwell-mastered yet

. Technologies to improve raininhabitat are not available yet

. Difficult to find seed sources

and planting stocks in a bigscale

. Limited seeds source (scarceof ramin mother trees and theydo not produce fruits everyyear)

. Very low growth increment

. A unique habitat of peat-swamp forest (peat soil andflooded)

. Fertility of peat soil iscategorized as poor

Activities for overcoming the barriers. Evaluate forest and use planning. Study on social forestry and land tenure. Enhance law enforcement and create a

consistency government regulation insustainable forest management

. Study on institutional arrangementamong stakeholders involved(local/central government, localcommunity and private sector) in raininplantation activities

. Conducting specific trainings to transferthe knowledge and skill on raininplantation activities covering plantingstock propagations, planting andmaintenance techniques to the users

. Study on rainin propagation throughtissue Culture

. Establishment of hedge orchards assources of shoot cuttings

. Determination and/or establishment of

seed sources (seed stands and/or seedorchards)

. Study on growth and yield pattern ofrainin

. Study on land preparation techniques inrelation to peat water level andhydrological system in peat-swampforest areas

. Study on site manipulation of raininspecies and mechanism of nutrlentavailability

. Study on fertilization and my corrhizalfungi inoculation

Unavailability offeasibility studyOn SOCiO-

economic andenvironmental

aspects.

. Limited research period or nocontinuous of the research

. Limited volume or size of theresearch

. A financial analysis (afeasibility study) is not availableyet

. No additional product of raininspecies

. A unique habitat of peat-swamp forest (peat soil andflooded)

. High risk for environmentalimpact due to peat landclearing or land preparation forestablishment of plantationforest

. Long term demonstration plot for raininplantation is necessary with sufficientarea size and distribution.

. Study a financial feasibility ofestablishment of rainin plantation forest

. Study plantation and managementmodels of rainin and its impact onsocio-economic condition of the

surrounding community.

. Analysis environmental impact ofestablishment of ramin plantationforests, including carbon emission andsequestration

TECHNICAL REPORT 13

V. CONCLUSIONSAND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Conclusions

I . Barriers in ramin plantation activities consistof internal and external factors. Internal factor

covers technical and ecological aspects aswell as transfer of knowledge and skill on rainincultivation and the ecosystem. External factorincluding social and culture, economic andbusiness as well as policy aspects.

2. The barriers can be differentiated into three

categories based on scales and areas of theplantation, i. e. enrichment planting in naturalforest area, plantation forest in a commercialscale and plantation activities at a researchscale.

4. Three main barriers, namely uncertainty offorest area status law enforcement, not well-mastered in silvicultural technique, as well asin availability of feasibility study on SOCio-economic and environmental cause in

achievement of sustainable peat-swampforestmanagement.

5.2. Recommendations

2. For the main barrier of "not well-mastered in

SIIvicultural technique" activities that shouldbe conducted are as follows:

a. Conducting specific trainings to transferthe knowledge and skill on raininplantation activities

b. Study on rainin propagation t hroughtissue c ulture and e stablishment of

hedge o rchards as s ources of shootcuttings

c. Determination and/or establishment of

seed sources (seed stands and/or seedorchards)

d. Study on growth and yield pattern ofrainin

e. Studyon land preparation techniques inrelation to peat water level andhydrological system i n peat-swampforest areas

f. Study o n site in anipulation of raininspecies a rid mechanism of nutrientavailability and study on fertilization andmycorrhizal fungiinoculation

For the main b amer of "unavailability o ffeasibility s tudy on socio-economic andenvironmental aspects" activities that shouldbe conducted are as follows :

a. Long term demonstration plot for raminplantation is necessary with sufficientarea size and distribution. .

b. Study a financial feasibility ofestablishment of rainin plantation forest

c. Study plantation and managementmodels of rainin and its impact on SOCio-economic condition of the surroundingcommunity.

d. Analysis environmental impact ofestablishment of ramin plantation forests,including carbon emission andsequestration

Several programs and activities should beconducted to overcome the main barriers in ramin

plantation activities, depending on main barriersencountered, namely:

I . For the main barrier of "uncertainty of forestarea status and law enforcement" activities

that should be conducted are as follows:

a. Evaluate forest land use planningb. Study on social forestry and land tenurec. Enhance law enforcement and create a

consistency government regulation insustainable forest management

d. Study on institutional arrangementamong s takeholders involved ( local/central government, local community andprivate sector) in rainin plantationactivities

3.

14 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

Agency of Forestry Plannology. Vegetation Mapsof Riau, Jambi, S outh S urnatera, WestKalimantan and Central Kalimantan. Ministryof Forestry. Jakarta. 2002.

Airasyid, H, and I. S oerianegara. Percobaanenrichment planting pohon rainin(Gonystylus bancanus Kurtz. ) pada area!bekas penebangan di komplek hutanTelukbelanga Kalimantan Barat. Bogor. 1978.

Anonymous. Kayu Rainin (Gonys^Jusspp. ) masukAppendix 11 dalam konvensi

perdagangan internasionalspesies flora danfauna, CITES. Kronik, MK! Edisi V1.2004.

Anonymous. Flora Males iana, Series I, V01.4, part4. March 1953. Published by Noordhoff-KOIffN. V. Djakarta, Printed in the Netherlands byJoh. Enschede en Zonen Haarlem. I 953

Bastoni & A. Sianturi. Dampak kebakaran hulanrawa gainbut terhadap tanah dan tegakanhubn serta implikasinya dalam rehabilitasiareal hutsn bekas terbakar (studi kasus ofdaerah Air Sugihan, Sumatera S elatan).Daiam. P rosiding Seminar P engelolaanHutsn Rawa Gainbut dan Ekspose HasilPenelitian d i Hutsn L ahan Basah, B 81aiTeknologi Banjarbaru, Pusat Litbang Hutsndan KonservasiAlam : 44 - 54,2000

Bismark, M. , A. Wibowo, T. Kalima, R. Sawitri.Potency, Distribution and Conservation

of Rainin in Indonesia. Technical Report ofITFO Pre-Project, Forestry Research

and Development Agency, Ministry ofForestry. In press

Departemen Kehutanan. Eksekutif Data StrategiKehutanan. Jakarta. 2003.

Directorate o f Forestry Planning. Potency a ridDistribution of Commercial Wood inIndonesia. Rainin Book 3. Directorate

General of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture.Jakarta. 1983,

FWl/GFW. Potret K eadaan h utan I ridonesi6.Bogor, In doensia : Forest Watch Indonesiadan Washington D, C : Global Forest Watch.2001

Kantko, HD. P. Teknik penyimpanan sederhanabenih cepat rusak dari tanamanlangka: Rainin (Gonys^jus bancanusKurts).Buletin Teknologi Benih 5 (1): I-8.1 998.

Mariawiraya, A. , I. Kanasujana. K. Kadir and S. A.Prawira. Indonesian Wood Atlas. Volume I.

Departemen of Forestry, Agency for ForestryResearch and

. Development, Forest Product research andDevelopment Centre. Bogor. 1986.

Paimin, S. , Dutsalam, Hendromono. An analysisof production, industry and

plantation of rainin wood in Indonesia.Draft of ITTO Pre-Project Proposal. 2001 .

Soediarto R. , R. Soetopo, R. I. Ardikusuma dan L.Dartadi. Keterangan-Keterangan TentsngRainin (Gonystylus sp, ). LPH dan LPHH.Bogor. I 963.

Soehartono, T and A. Mardiastuti. CITESImplementation in Indonesia. Nagao NaturalEnvironment Foundation. Jakarta, 2002

Soerianegera, I and R. H. M. J. Lemmens, PlantResources of South-East Asia No. 5 (1)Timber trees: Major commercial timbers.Prosea. Page 221-230.1994

Supriyanto and H. Witjaksono. Masalah dan teknikprersemaian pengem bangan rainin

(Gonystylus bancanus). BIOTROPDocomentation. unpublished. 1994.

Suseno, 0. H. Pemuliaan pohon hutan Indonesiamenghadapi tantangan abad 21 in E. BHardiyanto (ed, ) Prosiding Seminar NasionalStatus Silvikultur. pp 11-, 9. FakultasKeh utanan Universitas Gajahmada.Yogyakarta. 2000.

TECHNICAL REPORT ,5

APPENDICES

Appendix I . Internal constrains in rainin Iantation activities

A Technical

Development ofcanalization

2

'OS I

Seedling preparation andplanting technique (onflooded area)

3

a o, ,in e

Scarce of seed sources orseed stands

Forestry TrainingInstitute, Riau

Forestry Services ofJambi Province

Forestry Services ofTanjung JabungDistrict, JambiForestry Services ofCentral Kalimantan

4 Survival rate and increment

are very low

5.

'Q

Forestry Services ofJambi Province

Forestry Services ofCentral Kalimantan

Forestry Services ofTanjung JabungDistrict, Jambi

Low accessibility of the

an

area

PT. In hulani 11

6 Low human resources

'. n erg

B. Ecological

PT In hutani 11

Fluctuation of the tide up to2 in (flooded)

2 Forest fire

. Research Institute

of Untan, WestKalimantan

. CIMTROP, CentralKalimantan

PT. PIW

C. Tranfer of knowledge and skill

Need a training ontechnical aspect

WetlandInternationalIndonesia

Pro^Ct

Be to ak National ParkInstitute

2

. Research Instituteof Untan

. CIMTROP, CentralKalimantan

WetlandInternational

Indonesia

Pro^Ct

Need a manual of rainincultivation

3

BP2HT-IBT

Be to ak NationalPark Institute

Shoot cutting technologyhas not understood yet

16

Wetland

InternationalIndonesiaPro^Ct

APPENDICES

Forestry Service ofJambi

Forestry Service ofJambi

' PT DRT

^ (Riau). PT PIW

Jambi

CIMTROP, CentralKalimantan

CIMTROP, CentralKalimantan

Appendix 2. External constrains in rainin plantation activities

,I

A. Social and Culture

The community has noculture in cultivating minintrees

.

2 No additional productbeside the wood

3 Social culture of local

community is riotortinSU

. Forestry Service ofRiau Province

. Berbak National Park

o er

B. Economic and Business

on

. Forestry Service ofRiau and CentralKalimantan Provinces

. Forestry Service ofTanjung JabungDistrict, JambiProvince

Untoasible business (lifecycle of Einin more than50 years)

2

e

High cost (especially inmaking soil piles)

.

3 Need governmentintervention subsidize

4

PT. PIW

Low benefit and no budgetavailable

5

. Forestry Service ofRiau Province

. Forestry Service ofJambi Province

Low motivation to invest in

minin plantation (notattractive

C. Policy

RTRW (regional spatialIannin has riot fixed at

2

Forestry Service of RiauProvince

Law enforcementweakness

3

Forestry Service of WestKalimantan Province

Inconsistent policy onforest area (uncertainty offorest area status

' PT. PIW. PT DRT

4

Forestry Service ofCentral KalimantanProvince

Research Instituteof Untan

Forest encroachment

(occupied by thecoinmuni

5

WetlandInternationalIndonesia Pro^Ct

Illegal logging

Forestry Service of RiauProvince

6

Is

Plantation area should be

in protected forest

Forestry Service of WestKalimantan Province

7 Need a regulation toincorpo-rate rainin as IPFcoin orient

Forestry Training Instituteof Riau

8 Local government more

. Forestry TrainingInstitute of Riau

. BP2HT-IBT

. PT. In hutani 11

. PT DRT

Forest Service of Jambi.West Kalimantan andCentral KalimantanProvinces

. PT PIW

. PT DRT

. PT. In hutani 11

Forest Service of JambiProvince

ResearchInstitute of Untan

PT PIW

CIMTROP,

TECHNICAL REPORT 17

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