c-h bonds in methane figure 22.2: (a) lewis stucture of ethane (c2h6). (b) molecular structure of...
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![Page 1: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
C-H bonds in methane
![Page 3: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane
HYBRIDIZATION?
![Page 4: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Name calling
CH
HH
H
methane
![Page 5: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Name calling
CH
HH
CH
HH
ethane
![Page 6: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Name calling
CH
HH
CH
HCH
HH
propane
![Page 7: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Name calling
CH
HH
CH
HCH
HHC
H
H
butane
![Page 8: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Name calling
CH
HH
CH
HCH
HHC
H
HCH
H
pentane
![Page 9: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Name calling
CH
HH
CH
HCH
HHC
H
HCH
HCH
H
hexane
![Page 10: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Name calling
CH
HH
CH
HCH
HHC
H
HCH
HCH
HCH
H
heptane
![Page 11: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Name calling
CH
HH
CH
HCH
HHC
H
HCH
HCH
HCH
HCH
H
octane
![Page 12: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Name calling
• CH4 methane• C2H6 ethane• C3H8 propane• C4H10 butane• C5H12 pentane• C6H14 hexane• C7H16 heptane• C8H18 octane
![Page 13: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Figure 22.3: Structures of (a) propane (b) butane
HYBRIDIZATION?
CH
HH
CH
HCH
HH C
HH
HCH
HCH
HHC
H
H
![Page 14: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Figure 22.3: Structures of (a) propane (b) butane
CH
HH
CH
HCH
HH C
HH
HCH
HCH
HHC
H
H
![Page 15: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Figure 22.3: Structures of (a) propane (b) butane
C
C
C C
C
C
C
![Page 16: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Figure 22.3: Structures of (a) propane (b) butane
![Page 17: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
C
C
C
C
![Page 19: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
CH3
CH
CH
CH3
![Page 20: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
CH
HH
HCH
HCH
CH
![Page 21: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Reactions of Alkanes
Combustion
alkane + O2 CO2 + H2O + heat
![Page 22: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Learning Check Alk3
Complete and balance the reaction for the complete combustion of C7H16
![Page 23: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Solution Alk3
Step 1
C7H16 + O2 CO2 + H2O
Step 2
C7H16 + O2 7 CO2 + 8 H2O
Step 3
C7H16 + 11 O2 7 CO2 + 8 H2O
![Page 24: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Combustion In the Cell
Metabolic oxidation is combustion
C6H12 O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat
glucose
• How does this reaction occur in living organisms?
![Page 25: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Aerobic Oxidation Occurs in a Mitochondrion Located within a Cell
![Page 26: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Branched Alkanes
Structural Formulas
Structural Isomers
![Page 28: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Alkyl GroupsBranches on carbon chains H
H C H methane H H H
H C C H ethane H H
![Page 29: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Alkyl GroupsBranches on carbon chains H
H C CH3 methyl H H H
H C C CH3CH2 ethyl H H
![Page 30: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Branched Alkanes
CH3
CH3CHCH3
methyl groups
CH3 CH3
CH3CHCH2CHCH3
![Page 31: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Naming Branched Alkanes
CH3 methyl branch
CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1 Count
![Page 32: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Naming Branched Alkanes
CH3 methyl branch
CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1 Count
3-Methylhexane
on third C CH3 six carbon chain group
![Page 33: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Naming Summary
1. Count the C’s in the longest chain
2. Name each attached group
3 Count the longest carbon chain to
give the first attached group the
smallest number
4. Name and locate each group
![Page 34: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Learning Check Alk4
A. CH3 CH3
CHCH2CH
CH3 CH3
B. CH3 CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CH
CH3 CH2CH3
![Page 35: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Solution Alk4
A. CH3 CH3
CH3CHCH2CHCH3 2,4-dimethylpentane
B. CH3 CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CHCH2CH3
CH3 3,3,5-trimethylheptane
![Page 36: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Learning Check Alk5
Write a condensed structure for
A. 3,4-dimethylheptane
B. 2,2-dimethyloctane
![Page 37: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Solution Alk5
A. 3,4-dimethylheptane CH3
CH3CH2CHCHCH2CH2CH3
CH3
B. 2,2-dimethyloctane CH3
CH3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3
![Page 38: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
IsomersSame molecular formula
Same number and types of atoms
Different arrangement of atoms
![Page 39: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Butane structures
n-butane
methylpropane
![Page 40: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Learning Check Alk6
Write 3 isomers of C5H12 and name each.
![Page 41: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Solution Alk6CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane or n-pentane
CH3
CH3CHCH2CH3 2-methylbutane
CH3
CH3CCH3 2,2-dimethylpropane
CH3
![Page 42: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cyclopropane structure
Cyclic Alkanes
![Page 43: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Cyclohexane structure
![Page 44: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Figure 22.11: The structure of benzene
![Page 45: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Naming Cycloalkanes with Side Groups
Number of Namingside groups
One Side group name goes in front of the cycloalkane name.
Two Number the ring in the direction that gives the lowest numbers
to the side groups.
![Page 46: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Cycloalkanes with Side GroupsCH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
methylcyclopentane
1,2-dimethylcyclopentane
1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane
![Page 47: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Learning Check Alk8Name the following cyclic alkanes
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
![Page 48: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Solution Alk8
1,3-dimethylcyclohexane
methylcyclopentane
1,2-dimethylcyclobutane
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
![Page 49: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds
Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom
Unsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanes
Unsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds
![Page 50: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Alkenes Carbon-carbon double bonds Names end in -ene
H2C=CH2 ethene (ethylene)
H2C=CH-CH3 propene (propylene)
cyclohexene
![Page 51: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Alkynes
Carbon-carbon triple bonds Names end in -yne
HCCH ethyne(acetylene)
HCC-CH3 propyne
![Page 52: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
When the carbon chain has 4 or more C atoms, number the chain to give the lowest number to the double or triple bond.
1 2 3 4
CH2=CHCH2CH3 1-butene
CH3CH=CHCH3 2-butene
CH3CCCH3 2-butyne
![Page 53: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Learning Check HA3
Write the IUPAC name for each of the following unsaturated compounds:
A. CH3CH2CCCH3
CH3
B. CH3C=CHCH3 C.
CH3
![Page 54: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Solutions HA3
Write the IUPAC name for each of the following unsaturated compounds:
A. CH3CH2CH=CHCH3 2-pentyne
CH3
B. CH3C=CHCH3 C.
2-methyl-2-butene 3-methylcyclopentene
CH3
![Page 55: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Calling names
• ALKANES
• ALKENES
• ALKYNES
• CYCLO-
• ALKYL-
![Page 56: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
HydrogenationAdds a hydrogen atom to each carbon atom of a double bond H H H H
+ Ni H–C=C–H H–C–C–H
H H H H
ethene ethane
![Page 57: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Products of Hydrogenation
Adding H2 to vegetable oils produces compounds with higher melting points
Margarines
Soft margarines
Shortenings (solid)
![Page 58: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Figure 22.11: The structure of benzene
![Page 59: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Figure 22.12: Some selected substituted benzenes and their names
![Page 60: C-H bonds in methane Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane HYBRIDIZATION?](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d605503460f94a407ca/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Compounds containing aromatic rings are often used in dyes, such as these for
sale in a market in Nepal
Source: Getty Images
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Bonding in ethane
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Bonding in ethylene
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Bonding in acytylene
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Cis and Trans Isomers
Double bond is fixed Cis/trans Isomers are possible
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH = CH CH = CH
cis trans CH3
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Vision begins with a light induced cis-trans isomerization reaction of retinal
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isomers
• Structural – chain
• Structural - position
• Structural – function
• Stereo - geometrical
• Stereo - optical
butanemethyl propane
2methylhexane3methylhexane
cistrans
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STEREO-ISOMERS
Non-Superimposable Mirror Images
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COOH
CH3
HHO
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C C
COOH COOH
CH3 CH3
HO HH OH
lactic acid
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Electromagnetic Radiation
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(b)
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Figure 20.13: Unpolarized light consists of waves vibrating in many different planes
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Figure 20.14: Rotation of the plane of polarized light by an optically active substance.
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Optical Isomer and Interaction with LightEnatiomers rotate the plane of polarized light.Enatiomers rotate the plane of polarized light.
Dextrorotatory- “d” isomer Dextrorotatory- “d” isomer Complex which rotates plane of polarized light to the Complex which rotates plane of polarized light to the right.right.
Levorotatory- “l” isomerLevorotatory- “l” isomerComplex which rotates plane of polarized light to the left.Complex which rotates plane of polarized light to the left.
Chiral molecules are optically active because effect on Chiral molecules are optically active because effect on lightlight
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Polarizing sun glasses reduce glare of polarized reflections from surfaces