c hapter 26: c erebral p alsy p ages 387-408 melissa ewerth adapted physical education west chester...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 26: CEREBRAL PALSYPAGES 387-408
Melissa Ewerth
Adapted Physical Education
West Chester University
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICpl0F6AqdE&feature=youtu.be
OBJECTIVES
Define Cerebral Palsy Identify the causes of cerebral palsy Understand the diagnosis for cerebral palsy Explain ways to help children with cerebral
palsy Identify useful strategies for teachers
WHAT IS CEREBRAL PALSY?
Cerebral palsy is a movement and posture disorder that is caused by a non- progressive abnormality of the immature brain.
Cerebral palsy is a developmental disability that is associated with signs of neurological dysfunction.
CAUSES OF CEREBRAL PALSY
Cerebral palsy is most often caused by a brain injury.
In some cases, cerebral palsy is caused by genetic problems with brain development.
Birth asphyxia is only the cause of cerebral palsy in a minority of cases.
CAUSES OF CEREBRAL PALSY:PREMATURITY-RELATED
Premature infants are at increased risk for cerebral palsy.
The increased risk comes from the weakness in the white matter of the brain.
Two common causes of white matter injury at this stage of life are periventricularleukomalacia (PVL) and intraventricular hemmorage (IVH) Both of these conditions can result from
immature brain development.
CAUSES OF CEREBRAL PALSY:FULL-TERM INFANTS
Full-term infants with cerebral palsy are often smaller than average at the time of their birth or have deformities of the central nervous system (CNS) or other body systems.
Birth asphyxia can be a cause of cerebral palsy in a full term infant as it can cause severe brain damage at the time of birth.
CAUSES OF CEREBRAL PALSY:INFECTION
Infections are also a known cause of cerebral palsy in both premature and full-term infants.
Fetal viruses and other agents of infections such as parasites are an uncommon cause of cerebral palsy.
Chorioamnionitis is an intrauterine infection of the mother and is known to be linked with the Cerebral Palsy.
DIAGNOSIS
Cerebral palsy is diagnosed based on delays in motor development paired with dysfunction in the central nervous system.
Cerebral palsy cannot be diagnosed at birth. Severe cerebral palsy is usually diagnosed by
age one. Mild cases of cerebral palsy are usually
diagnosed by two years of age
DIAGNOSIS:DELAYED MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
The most common cause of motor delay in children is not cerebral palsy.
Individuals with motor delays that are related to cerebral palsy tend to have more severe motor delays that are related to signs of upper motor neuron dysfunction.
UPPER MOTOR NEURON SYSTEM
Two Primary Components Pyramidal Tract/Corticospinal Pathways Extrapyramidal System
Upper Motor Neuron dysfunction is often characterized by positive and negative signs.
PERSISTENT PRIMITIVE REFLEXES Primitive reflexes are reflexes that are
present early in life. Suckling reflex, hand-grasp reflex
These reflexes are controlled by the primitive regions of the nervous system Spinal cord, lower brain areas, brain stem
For children with cerebral palsy, it is common for primitive reflexes to continue on past infancy.
The asymmetrical tonic neck reflex and the tonic labyrinthine response are primitive reflexes that that are helpful in the diagnosis of cerebral palsy.
PERSISTENT PRIMITIVE REFLEXES CONTINUED
PERSISTENT PRIMITIVE REFLEXES CONTINUED
INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS & ATAXIA
Dyskinesias- atypical, involuntary movements
Chorea- rapid, random, jerky movements Athetosis- slow, writhing movements Dystonia- rigid posturing that is centered in
the trunk and neck Ataxia- abnormal voluntary movement when
it comes to balance and the spacial position of the limbs and trunk.
WALKING AND CEREBRAL PALSY
Walking Maintain upright posture Move forward smoothly with coordination Protective safety responses
Even those with the mildest forms of cerebral palsy have trouble walking. Scissoring: Increased muscle tone/internal hip
rotation. Toe Walking: Tightness of calf muscles and Achilles
Quick Fact: Children with better motor skills at a younger age have a better prognosis for walking than those with more underdeveloped skills.
SUBTYPES OF CEREBRAL PALSY
Spastic Cerebral Palsy Spastic hemiplegia Spastic diplegia Spastic quadriplegia
Dyskinetic cerebral palsy Athetoid cerebral palsy Dystonic cerebral palsy
Ataxic cerebral palsy Mixed cerebral palsy
IMPAIRMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
Intellectual Disability Visual Impairments Hearing Impairments Speech and Language Disorders Seizures Feeding and Growth Abnormalities Behavior and Emotional Disorders
GROSS MOTOR FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION
There are 5 levels of function classification.
Each level is broken into age classification.
Compare and contrast levels 1 and 5.
HELPING CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
Habilitation Therapy
Neurodevelopmental Therapy (NDT) Hippotherapy Aquatic Therapy
Bracing and splinting Orthotic Devices Positioning Devices
Adaptive Equipment Crutch, walker, cane Wheelchairs Cushions Car seats
USEFUL INFORMATION FOR TEACHERS
Know your students! Physical exercise is important and can be
modified. Swimming, dancing, horseback riding
Be creative in adaptations! Work with the family and additional
resources to best meet the needs of the student as an individual.
DID YOU KNOW?
Most children with CP will live into adulthood, although life expectancy is shorter than the general population.
The ability to successful function in society is based more on the cognitive ability than physical ability.
Young Adults Study 30% lived with parents 12.5% lived with a partner 32.5% lived alone 53% had secondary education 36.3% had paid employment
SUMMARY
Cerebral palsy is a disorder resulting from brain damage or dysfunction of the developing brain.
There are different types of cerebral palsy that must be taken into account when treating and teaching individuals with the disorder.
Physical activity is beneficial in a variety of ways for individuals with cerebral palsy.
CONTACT INFORMATION
Melissa Ewerth: [email protected]
Presentation Link:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICpl0F6AqdE&feature=youtu.be